Problematic renal masses in ultrasonography and computed tomography

The diagnosis of renal masses is based upon the contribution of ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT), which enable the recognition of these lesions with high diagnostic accuracy. However, a number of diagnostic difficulties exist in the definition of the nature of the mass, both for cystic and solid lesions, and to a lesser extent in the identification of the mass. "Complicated" cystic masses, such as calcified cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, inflammatory cysts, abscesses, and cystic tumors may be difficult to diagnose with US and sometimes with CT. CT is helpful in most of these cases because it enables the evaluation of the calcifications and the density of the fluid content. CT is also helpful in cases of cystic tumors because it shows the enhancement of septae within the masses. Problems with solid masses are the identification of small renal tumors and the definition of the benign or malignant nature of the mass. Although both techniques enable the recognition of most tumors, even if small in diameter, they are still limited in defining the pathological structure of the tumor.     

螺旋CT及MRI在鉴别肾脏囊性占位病变中的作用

目的分析肾脏囊性占位病变的CT与MRI表现,并评价其对鉴别良恶性病变的临床意义。方法 151例由手术病理证实的肾脏囊性占位病变患者,包括多发囊肿125例,海绵状血管瘤16例及囊性肾癌10例,均经CT与MRI平扫及增强扫描。比较了CT与MRI对肾脏囊性占位病变的诊断能力。结果 151例中,CT诊断肾囊肿118例,血管瘤16例,以及囊性肾癌17例,其诊断敏感性,特异性及准确性分别为58.8%,95.0%及95.4%;MRI诊断肾囊肿122例,血管瘤16例,以及囊性肾癌13例,其诊断敏感性,特异性及准确性分别为76.9%,98.8%及98.0%。CT对肾良性病变低估7例,对恶性病变高估了7例,而MRI对肾良性病变低估3例,对恶性病变高估3例。结论 CT与MRI二者都能对血管瘤作出正确诊断,而在肾囊肿与囊性肾癌的诊断及鉴别诊断中,MRI明显优于CT。     

软组织肿块的MRI诊断价值

目的：探讨软组织肿块的MRI诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析43例经手术或穿刺活检病理证实的软组织肿块患者的MRI资料。结果：MRI能清晰显示出肿块的形态学改变及其范围，尤其对邻近结构受侵情况以及与神经血管柬的关系的显示较为敏感。部分有特异性形态及信号强度征象的肿块如脂肪瘤、血管瘤等依据其MRI可以明确诊断。良恶性两组肿块在大小、信号均匀性、边界及对周围结构的侵犯等方面差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），其MRI特征有很大重叠性。MRI对软组织肿块潜在恶性评估的敏感性、特异性分别是66．67％、60％。结论：MRI对于发现肿块及显示病变所侵及的范围是最敏感、最准确的，对软组织肿块的诊断有很大的帮助，但在鉴别肿块良恶性方面的价值存在一定局限性。     

彩色多普勒超声和多层螺旋CT在肾脏良恶性肿瘤诊断中的应用比较简

目的：比较彩色多普勒超声（US）和多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在诊断肾脏良恶性肿瘤中的临床应用价值。方法对35例肾肿瘤患者分别行超声和螺旋CT检查,将两者检查结果与手术后病理结果进行对比,比较两种检查方法的诊断准确率。结果肾良性肿瘤及病变25例,超声诊断准确率为84％,CT为88％;肾癌10例,超声诊断准确率为80％,CT检查为90％。结论 US和MSCT在诊断肾脏良恶性肿瘤中,超声是筛查肾脏肿瘤首选检查方法,其价格低廉,无电离辐射,简单易行,患者容易接受。MSCT检查在特异性和准确性方面要高于超声,但在敏感性方面超声要优于CT,两者都能较准确地判断肾脏肿瘤及病变的良恶性。     

CT对腮腺病变的诊断价值

目的:评价CT对腮腺良恶性病变的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的47例腮腺病变的CT表现。良性36例,恶性11例。CT平扫46例,增强扫描38例。结果:良性肿瘤无侵袭性,边缘清楚,密度均匀或不均匀,有钙化、囊变、坏死;炎性肿块者,灶周可有磨玻璃影,呈晕征;恶性肿瘤具有不同程度的侵袭性,多呈分叶状,不规则或浸润性生长,边缘不清。CT对腮腺病变定位准确率100% ,而对良恶性定性诊断符合率分别为恶性组72.7% ,良性组80.6% 。结论:CT对腮腺病变定位、定性诊断,特别是区别良恶性病变方面具有较高的价值     

超声造影与增强CT对肾癌的诊断分析

目的:本研究旨在比较超声造影(CEUS)和增强CT(CECT)在肾癌病灶中的诊断价值,探讨超声造影在肾癌的诊断价值。方法:对54例患者临床诊断为肾脏内占位性病灶进行CEUS和CECT检查,通过分析病灶CEUS和CECT的特点,比较两种方法的诊断效能。结果:54个病灶中34个为肾脏恶性肿瘤,20个为肾脏良性病灶,CEUS和CECT诊断敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为97.05%、85.0%、92.59%、91.67%、94.44%与91.18%、80.00%、87.04%、88.57%、84.21%。两种方法诊断差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:分析比较CEUS和CECT在诊断肾癌过程中,两种方法诊断效能无明显差异,均能为临床诊断提供重要依据,但CEUS对微循环灌注方面及假包膜的观察优于CECT;CEUS定量评价肾肿瘤血管现处于动物实验阶段,临床上特异指标的找寻仍有待于进一步研究。     

超声造影对肾脏小占位的诊断分析

目的:探讨不同病理类型肾脏肿瘤的造影特点,评价超声造影诊断肾脏良恶性肿瘤的应用价值,为临床诊断提供依据。方法:应用声学造影剂声诺维对27例超声诊断为肾脏占位病变或可疑肾脏占位病变的患者进行超声造影检查,分析其造影增强图像特点。结果:27例患者均满意获得清晰的肿瘤动态造影灌注图像,大部分与其正常肾组织回声等强,10例肾恶性肿瘤的造影显像比其正常肾组织快,3例肾良性肿瘤造影显像为"同进慢出";4例肾柱肥大造影后与正常肾组织造影剂显像一致;2例肾囊肿内无造影剂显示。结论:超声造影成像技术能清晰显示肾肿瘤的血流灌注特点,对肾脏肿瘤的诊断具有一定实用价值。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of soft-tissue tumors of the extremities: A practical approach

Diagnosis of extremity soft-tissue tumors can be challenging. Characteristics of tumor margins can help precisely identify locally aggressive or non-aggressive behavior for surgical planning, but cannot differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Most malignant tumors can have inhomogeneous signals on T2-weighted images. Although a uniform signal on T2-weighted images can be a reliable indication of a benign lesion, a well-defined mass with homogeneous internal signal intensity does not definitively identify a benign lesion. Some common and distinctive soft-tissue lesions can have specific clinical and imaging features allowing a diagnosis without biopsy. These are known as determinate lesions. This illustrative report presents a diagnostic guide for extremity soft-tissue tumors based on tissue signal and morphological characteristics on magnetic resonance images. It is important for clinicians to be familiar with the imaging characteristics of common determinate lesions.     

彩色多普勒超声对鉴别良恶性肾肿瘤的意义

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDUS）对鉴别肾脏良、恶性肿瘤的意义。方法32例由手术病理证实的肾肿瘤患者（23例肾细胞癌，6例肾盂移行细胞癌，以及3例肾错构瘤）均经CDUS检查，首先分析其二维声像图特征，其次测量其肾动脉峰值血流速度及阻力指数，并将良、恶性患者的测量均值进行比较。结果肾脏良、恶性肿瘤具有不同的声像图特征，恶性肿瘤患者肾动脉峰值流速高于良性肿瘤患者，RI低于良性肿瘤患者。在32例中，CDUS定位诊断准确率为100％，2例恶性肿瘤被误诊为良性肿瘤，2例良性肿瘤被误诊为恶性肿瘤，CDUS的诊断敏感性为93．5％，特异性33．3％，准确性87．5％。结论CDUS，尤其是彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）技术对肾动脉血流参数的检测及对肿瘤内血流分布的评价，在鉴别肾脏良、恶性肿瘤中起重要作用。     

Diagnostic value of CT-guided biopsy of indeterminate renal masses

AIM: To evaluate the role of percutaneous core biopsies in the diagnosis of renal masses that could not be classified as benign or malignant based upon imaging alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed core biopsies of indeterminate renal masses of 23 patients who were referred to us for computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy from 1996-2001. Follow-up ranged from 1-5 years. Analysis was based on indications for biopsy, size and characteristics of the lesion and accuracy of biopsy results. RESULTS: There was one technical failure in 22 patients included in the analysis. Fifteen core biopsies revealed malignancies that were confirmed either clinically or surgically. Seven were benign, one of which was false-negative. The sensitivity was 93%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100% and negative predictive value 75%. The results in tumours <==3 cm were similar to those in larger lesions. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the use of core biopsy as a diagnostic tool for indeterminate renal masses, regardless of mass size. Renal core biopsy can influence the management of lesions: primary renal lesions are resected, while treatment for metastatic disease is tailored to the primary tumour. Tumours with benign biopsy results should be re-evaluated and either referred for resection of the mass or followed up closely with clinical observation and of imaging studies.     

肾占位性病变的CT鉴别诊断

目的：分析肾占位性病变的CT表现，探讨CT对该类疾病的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对手术／病例证实的28例肾占位性病变进行回顾性分析，所有病例均行平扫和增强扫描。结果：肾恶性肿瘤21例(75％)，其中肾癌(RCC)16例，CT表现为肾实质内形态不规则的低密度软组织肿块，增强后不强化或轻度强化；肾盂癌2例，CT表现为肾盂内软组织肿块影，增强后不强化或轻度强化。肾母细胞瘤(Wilms瘤)3例，CT表现为较大不规则的分叶肿块，增强后不强化；肾良性肿瘤3例(11％)，均为肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(ALL)，2两例CT表现为多种不同成分的混杂密度肿块，1例表现为均匀等密度肿块，增强后软组织部分强化，而脂肪成分不强化。其它4例(14％)，3例肾囊肿，CT表现为典型的边界清楚的囊性病灶，增强后未见强化：1例肾脓肿，CT表现为实质性与囊性混杂密度的肿块，增强后实质性部分有轻度强化，囊性部分不强化。结论：CT平扫及增强扫描，以及诊断过程中密切结合病史，对肾占位性病变有重要的鉴别诊断价值。     

肾脏肿瘤患者肾动脉血流的彩色多普勒研究

目的；探讨肾脏肿瘤肾动脉血流的改变，为肿瘤的定性诊断提供一项有价值的指标。方法：运用彩色多普勒超声对32例肾肿瘤患者及30正常人的肾运用血流进行研究。结果：肾脏恶性肿瘤组肾动脉收缩期峰值流速高于肾脏良性肿瘤组及正常组（P＜0．01），阻力指数（RI）低于肾奶性肿瘤组及正常组（P＜0．01）。而肾脏奶性肿瘤组与正常组之间肾动脉的峰值血流速度及阻力指数均无明显差异。结论：肾脏恶性肿瘤患者肾动脉血流的收缩期峰值流速增高和阻力指数降低可作为其定性诊断的 一项有价值指标。     

Echography: problems and errors in the diagnosis of renal masses

US plays an extremely important role in the diagnosis of renal masses. However, a number of diagnostic difficulties still exists in both identification of the mass and definition of its nature. The most frequent causes of diagnostic errors are discussed. Errors may be due to the radiologist, to technical limitations, and to the lesion itself. The radiologist is responsible for inexperience and negligence (incorrect application of the technique, limited clinical information, poor knowledge of US findings). Technical limitations are due to poor spatial and contrast resolution, to extremely fat patients, and to artifacts. As far as lesions are concerned, cystic and solid masses must be distinguished, since the problems are different. As for cystic lesions, problems are relative to their visualization and to the definition of their nature in cases of atypical or complex cysts, due to the complexity of some US findings. The latter involve both cystic wall and content and are related to calcifications, septa, vegetations, blood, purulent debris. In case of solid masses, problems concern the identification of small renal tumors, the differentiation among the various anatomical variants, the differential diagnosis of benign from malignant tumors, and the evaluation of tumor extent. The authors conclude that, whereas operator-dependent errors can be avoided, those inherent to technical parameters and to the lesion itself represent the diagnostic limitation of US.     

肾脏肿瘤的影像组学研究进展

肾细胞癌是最常见的泌尿系统恶性肿瘤,其准确分型分级有助于选取不同方案进行治疗。影像组学可以从高质量、标准化的医学影像中获取病灶高通量纹理特征来指导临床诊断和预后。近年来,基于CT、MRI的影像组学研究逐渐应用于肾脏肿瘤,如鉴别肿瘤良恶性,对恶性肿瘤分型、分级以及预测恶性肿瘤预后及可能潜在转移部位等,就该研究现况及前景作一综述。     

动态CT诊断肾脏占位病变的临床应用

目的 应用动态CT（DCT）扫描技术,评价其对肾脏占位病变的诊断价值并探讨肾肿瘤的DCT特征与病理表现的关系,材料与方法,对33例B超或体检中怀疑为肾脏占位的患者（计35个病灶）运用DCT扫描技术进行前瞻性研究,将其结果与手术病理、脱落细胞学、影像综合诊断、临床随访结果对照比较。结果 （1）手术病理证实17例,穿刺活检及脱落细胞学检查证实2例,超声、血管造影、MRI等综合诊断及临床随访14例。（2）DCT对肾脏占位病变良、恶性鉴别诊断的敏感性为92.86%,特异性为95.24%;准性为94.29%,阳性预测值为92.86%,阴性预测值为95.24%,约登指数为0.881,与病理对照Kappa值为0.88。（3）不同的肾脏肿瘤DCT的表现特征如CT值、强化模式、钙化、肿瘤血管等各不相同,结论 DCT扫描对肾脏肿块诊断准确性高。对肿块的良、恶性鉴别有一定的价值,但对表现特殊的肾脏肿块的定性诊断。良性肿瘤合并出血及恶性肿瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的诊断还存在一定的困难。     

The incidental renal mass

Incidental renal masses are extremely common. Although most represent benign renal cysts, not all incidental renal masses are benign. Most renal cell carcinomas are discovered incidentally when an imaging examination is performed to evaluate a nonrenal complaint. Therefore, differentiating incidental benign renal masses from those that are potentially malignant is important. There are well-established, time-tested, image-based criteria that can be used to diagnose most renal masses definitively. However, some renal masses remain indeterminate even after a thorough evaluation with imaging. This article discusses the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment options of the incidental renal mass.     

Manejo de la lesión renal focal incidental

Incidental renal lesions are relatively common in daily radiological practice. It is important to know the different diagnostic possibilities for incidentally detected lesions, depending on whether they are cystic or solid. The management of cystic lesions is guided by the Bosniak classification. In solid lesions, the goal is to differentiate between renal cancer and benign tumors such as fat-poor angiomyolipoma and oncocytoma. Radiologists need to know the recommendations for the management of these lesions and the usefulness of the different imaging techniques and interventional procedures in function of the characteristics of the incidental lesion and the patient's life expectancy.     

Diagnostic imaging of mediastinal masses in children.

Mediastinal masses are the most common thoracic masses in children. The encyclopedic list of diagnostic considerations can be distilled into a concise and practical differential diagnosis based on the location of the mass and the established prevalence of various tumors and pseudotumors in the mediastinal compartments. Malignant lymphoma, benign thymic enlargement, teratomas, foregut cysts, and neurogenic tumors make up 80% of mediastinal masses in children. Continuing advances in imaging technology have altered traditional approaches to the evaluation and diagnosis of mediastinal masses in children. Plain chest radiography remains the basic imaging examination to define location and morphology. Cross-sectional imaging subsequently clarifies the morphology and extent of the mass. In general, CT is the primary cross-sectional imaging procedure in the evaluation of most mediastinal masses in children. Exceptions to this rule include MR in children with posterior mediastinal masses or suspected vascular lesions: in such cases, MR imaging is the preferred initial postradiographic examination. Sonographic examination may be diagnostic in foregut cysts and some other mediastinal masses. Gallium-67 scintigraphy has an emerging role in management of malignant lymphoma.     

超声弹性成像技术及三维成像技术对乳腺肿块诊断的临床价值

目的：探讨超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术在乳腺肿块良恶性临床鉴别与诊断中的应用价值。方法本文对125例接受诊治的乳腺肿块者采用超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术进行良恶性鉴别和诊断,并与病理结果对照。结果125例患者的139个病灶中恶性病灶19个,占13．67％;良性病灶120个,占86．33％。按照超声弹性成像评分3分以下（包括3分）为良性病灶标准,实时组织弹性成像评分在4分以上（包括4分）为恶性病灶标准,进行超声弹性成像评分鉴别诊断乳腺病灶良恶性的效能分析发现,超声弹性成像评分对良恶性鉴别诊断符合率为89．93％。超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术后,从形态结构、内部回声、与周边组织关系及肿块内血流情况,进一步判断乳腺肿块的良恶性,结果显示超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术诊断对良恶性鉴别诊断符合率为94．24％。结论超声弹性成像技术结合三维成像技术综合评价乳腺肿块的良、恶性,三维超声能提供更加丰富的三维空间信息,超声弹性成像可以有效发现微小病灶,二者互补,可以明显提高超声影像技术的准确率。     

子宫肿块的MRI诊断

目的：分析子宫肿块的MRI表现，探讨MRI的诊断价值及其诊断能力。方法：对经手术理证实的38例（69个病灶）子宫肿块的MRI表现进行回顾性分析，并与超声检查相对比。结果：良性病变26例，分别为子宫平滑肌瘤、腺肌病、慢性血肿。恶性病变15例，分别为子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、子宫平滑肌肉瘤、滋养细胞肿瘤和转移瘤。有3例良恶性肿瘤同时并存。所有病例均于T2WI显示较好，T1WI对于判断肿瘤是否宫外侵犯较有帮助。MRI对子宫肿块的检出率和诊断的正确率分别为94．2％、89．8％，均高于B超（82．6％、75．3％）。结论：MRI能较准确地显示病灶数目、大小、范围、内部结构及与周围的关系，对于判断肿瘤的良恶性及肿瘤的分期有很大价值。