100例冠状静脉应用解剖学研究

本文应用彩色ABS塑料灌注血管标本及大体解剖方法,对100例中国人心脏表浅静脉进行研究,重点观察了冠状窦口、静脉瓣及静脉吻合。同时对心小静脉、冠状静脉窦的定义作了进一步说明。分析了临床应用的注意事项。认为冠状静脉的临床应用对于缺血性心脏病的手术或非手术治疗及心脏直视手术中的心肌保护等,具有不可低估的价值。     

经股静脉途径放置冠状窦电极的方法及注意事项

心脏电生理检查时冠状窦标测电极的放置比较重要，国内心脏电生理中心常规的放置方法是经颈内静脉或左锁骨下静脉穿刺将十级冠状窦电极放入冠状静脉窦。用标准四级电极经股静脉途径放置冠状窦的方法，国内外少见报道。笔者在北京安贞医院学习心房颤动射频消融时，马长生教授他们电生理团队从2005年始，凡是心房颤动消融患者均经股静脉插管放置冠状窦标测电极，笔者经该中心同意总结了经股静脉及左锁骨下静脉途径放置冠状窦电极方法、成功率、并发症及操作时间上的差异。现将该方法及注意事项介绍如下。     

冠状静脉球囊扩张在左室电极植入中的应用(附三例报道)

目的观察冠状静脉球囊扩张在左室电极植入中的作用。方法 3例冠状静脉狭窄患者,在植入左室电极时行冠状静脉球囊扩张,随访其效果及安全性。结果 2例使用2.5 mm的顺应性球囊进行扩张,1例使用3.0mm的顺应性球囊进行扩张,均获得成功,且无并发症出现。结论冠状静脉球囊扩张是一种有效、安全的手段,扩张狭窄的冠状静脉,可使左室电极植入到理想的靶血管中。     

多层螺旋CT冠状静脉成像在心脏再同步治疗中的应用

目的 评价多层螺旋CT(MDCT)重建冠状静脉系统在心脏再同步治疗(CRT)的应用价值.方法 21例行CRT的心力衰竭患者,男性10例,女性11例,平均年龄(61.6±9.7)岁.分别在CRT术前应用MDCT重建冠状静脉系统,术中行冠状静脉逆行造影.对比两种方法显示冠状静脉系统的效果.结果 15例(71%)患者MDCT获得与CRT术中冠状静脉逆行造影相似的影像.21例(100%)患者行MDCT均能清晰显示冠状静脉窦和心中静脉.冠状静脉窦开口平均(12.1±4.2)mm,与身体矢状面夹角21.7°±7.1°.90%患者可观察到理想靶静脉,其中86%的患者观察到侧后静脉,48%的患者观察到侧静脉.结论 64层MDCT可以获得与冠状静脉逆行造影相似的影像信息,可以指导CRT左室电极的置入.     

冠状静脉窦及其属支的X线解剖研究

目的　研究冠状静脉窦及其属支的Ｘ线解剖特征。方法　利用冠状动脉造影的静脉相对１０２ 例患者的冠状静脉窦及其属支的形态、位置、数目、直径及角度进行观测。结果　所有患者均可见冠状静脉窦和心大静脉，绝大多数患者可见心中静脉及１～３支左室后静脉。心中静脉直径（４．１２±１．２５）ｍ ｍ 和左室后静脉（３．１０±１．０３）ｍ ｍ 多呈直角汇入冠状静脉窦，可能会给左室电极导线植入造成技术上的困难，心大静脉在左房室沟内与冠状静脉窦保持同轴。结论　冠状动脉造影是显示冠状静脉窦及其属支的简单、易行方法，心大静脉可作为左室电极导线植入的部位     

冠状静脉窦逆灌心肌保护进展

冠状静脉窦逆灌心肌保护简单、安全，临床应用越来越广泛，尤其对主动脉瓣关闭不全、二次冠状动脉搭桥及急性心肌梗塞手术的病人，逆灌能对缺血心肌提供有效的营养血流，增加手术的安全性。但其对右室保护欠佳、插管易脱落而致心肌缺血以及可能引起冠状静脉窦损伤等亦受到关注。现就逆灌心肌保护的现状综述如下：１冠状静脉窦逆灌的研究概况早在１８９８年Ｐｒａｔｔ用血从冠状静脉窦灌注使猫心跳动１小时以上，由此提出逆灌可保护心脏功能。Ｂｅｃｋ对冠状静脉解剖和生理进行了进一步的研究，发现结扎梗塞区域的冠状静脉可减小梗塞范围，进…     

冠状静脉形态与左侧旁路关系的研究

目的 :观察冠状静脉形态与左侧旁路的关系。　　方法 :6 7例左侧游离壁旁路和后间隔旁路的患者在旁路成功射频导管消融后行冠状静脉窦逆行显影 ,测量射频导管消融靶点距冠状静脉分支开口的距离 ,小于 5 mm认为二者相关。　　结果 :全部 6 7例成功的进行了冠状静脉造影 ,5 7例 (85 .1% )旁路位于冠状静脉分支开口处 ,4例位于冠状静脉狭窄或扩张处。　　结论 :左侧旁路与冠状静脉形态具有一定相关性     

同步冠状静脉逆行灌注的新进展

同步冠状静脉逆行灌注的新进展上海医科大学华山医院心内科罗心平综述范维琥戴瑞鸿审校冠状静脉逆行灌注早期主要是应用于心脏外科手术中保护缺血心肌。但由于是持续逆灌注、阻塞了冠状静脉的正常回流，常引起心肌水肿、出血、心力衰竭等并发症［１］。自Ｍｅｒｂａｕｍ等...     

猪心静脉的应用解剖学研究

目的：研究以猪心为动物模型经冠状窦逆行灌注和右心房逆行灌注的形态基础。方法：采用大体解剖及丙烯腈、丁二烯、苯乙烯的共聚树酯（ＡＢＳ）铸型方法，观测１００例猪心静脉、静脉瓣及静脉吻合。结果：冠状窦属支中存在静脉瓣，有个体差异。多数（７６％）心中静脉直接注入右心房。心表浅静脉有广泛的吻合，特别位于心尖、左缘和膈面。根据冠状窦的收受范围和心静脉的注入形式，将猪心静脉分为６种类型。结论：经右心房逆行灌注优于经冠状窦逆行灌注，能解决灌注液分布不均、右心保护不足的问题。     

冠状静脉造影及其临床应用

报道 6例冠状静脉造影体会 ,2例因室上性心动过速行射频消融治疗 ,大头消融导管需在冠状静脉内标测 ;4例扩张型心肌病行双心室三腔心脏起搏治疗 ,安置左心室 2 187电极于冠状静脉左室支。使用特制冠状静脉窦鞘管 ,将单球囊造影管经鞘管送入冠状窦开口处 ,充盈球囊的同时行冠状静脉逆行造影。 6例冠状静脉造影均成功 ,发现有冠状静脉憩室 1例 ,消融患者均按造影指引在冠状静脉内精确标测靶点 ,消融成功 ,心脏起搏器安置患者均按造影结果找到理想左心室起搏部位。     

预防静脉桥再狭窄的基因治疗研究现状

在外科治疗动脉狭窄或闭塞性疾病中,应用静脉移植使血管重建是一种常用的方法,其中,在冠状动脉疾病中应用较为广泛,尤其是应用自体大隐静脉进行冠状动脉旁路移植手术。短期内其效果非常有效,但远期通畅率欠佳,尽管有一定的预防方法,但是效果不太理想,而基因治疗作为其中的一项,成为一个潜在的治疗选择。基因治疗可以通过减少血栓形成、血管内膜增生、动脉粥样硬化进而改善桥血管通畅率,本文我们将对预防静脉桥再狭窄的基因治疗做一综述。     

冠状静脉解剖变异对左心室电极置入成功率的影响

目的 了解冠状静脉解剖形态的改变,为成功置入左心室电极提供依据.方法 128例患者,男101例,平均年龄(63.5 ±10.6)岁.其中缺血性心肌病(IHD)41例,均经冠状动脉造影诊断(狭窄≥50%),非缺血性心肌病(NIHD)87例.结果 127例完成冠状静脉造影,1例冠状窦插管失败;123例(96.09%)经静脉将左心室起搏电极导线送至心脏静脉的分支.心侧静脉及心后侧静脉异常(细小、狭窄、扭曲、缺如)占76.38%,心侧静脉细小、扭曲和累计血管变异均明显多于心后侧静脉(P<0.05～0.01),而心后侧静脉缺如则明显多于心侧静脉(P<0.05).心侧静脉和心后侧静脉同时存在变异占25.20%.男性靶静脉缺如比率多于女性(P<0.05),女性靶静脉细小及扭曲明显高于男性(P<0.05).心后侧静脉缺如、细小或双支靶静脉均有变异在IHD组明显多见(均为P<0.05),冠状静脉窦肌桥均发生在NIHD组.IHD亚组分析,左前降支及左回旋支病变主要伴心侧静脉变异.结论 心侧静脉和心后侧静脉的解剖变异发生率高,男性靶静脉缺如发生率明显高于女性,女性靶静脉细小发生率明显高于男性.IHD血管变异比率明显高于NIHD,冠状动脉病变及心肌梗死部位对静脉变异有一定的影响.     

Morphometric analysis of particulate debris extracted by four different embolic protection devices from coronary arteries, aortocoronary saphenous vein conduits, and carotid arteries

Different embolic protection devices have been introduced for endovascular interventions: filters or balloon occlusion and aspiration systems. Despite widening use in a variety of vascular beds and clinical syndromes, little is known about the particulate burden liberated from different vascular beds and caught by different protection devices. We performed histologic and morphometric analyses of particulate debris captured during stenting of degenerated saphenous vein bypass grafts and native coronary arteries during acute myocardial infarction or during elective intervention and carotid arteries to assess the relative performance of different protection devices. We analyzed 232 interventions (90 saphenous vein bypass grafts, 77 native coronary arteries, and 65 carotid arteries) with 4 different devices (65 FilterWires, 99 Interceptors, 41 GuardWires, and 27 Proxis catheters) using the RapidVue particle analyzer. No difference in embolic volume retrieved was demonstrated between devices in saphenous vein bypass grafts and carotid interventions. A smaller volume of particulate debris was retrieved by the GuardWire compared with the FilterWire and the Proxis catheter in native coronary artery interventions. The Interceptor and the GuardWire captured more smaller particles than did the FilterWire or Proxis catheter. During saphenous vein bypass graft or carotid intervention, different embolic protection strategies were performed similarly. In native coronary artery stenting, however, proximal embolic protection retrieved larger amounts of debris than did distal filters or occlusion devices. These data may allow greater tailoring of embolic protection device development and application in specific anatomic locales.     

胰岛素样生长因子1在冠心病发病机制中的作用

目的　探讨胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF1)在冠心病发病机制中的可能作用。方法　前瞻性地测定了 16例正常人外周静脉血清 IGF1水平和 16例冠心病患者外周静脉及冠状静脉窦血清的 IGF1水平 ,且把冠心病患者血清IGF1水平与冠状动脉造影的冠状动脉病变支数进行相关分析。结果　冠心病患者外周静脉血清 IGF1水平显著低于正常人 ,分别为 (2 5 .39± 13.32 )μg/ l和 (4 8.0 2± 33.4 3)μg/ l,(P<0 .0 5 ) ;但其冠状静脉窦血清 IGF1水平明显高于其外周静脉血清 IGF1水平 ,分别为 (4 4 .17± 15 .5 8)μg/ l和 (2 5 .39± 13.32 )μg/ l(P<0 .0 1)。冠心病患者冠状静脉窦血清 IGF1水平与冠状动脉造影的冠状动脉病变支数呈正相关 (r=0 .5 37,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 IGF1可能参与了冠心病的病理生理过程     

Combined use of retrograde myocardial and distal coronary protection for last vessel intervention in an aortocoronary vein graft.

Feasibility, safety, and clinical efficacy of the combined application of the PercuSurge system and the Myoprotect SSR device was demonstrated in a patient with high-risk anatomy undergoing saphenous vein graft intervention. This combined approach of coronary and myocardial protection may be considered in high-risk aortocoronary vein graft interventions.     

The future of saphenous vein as a coronary artery bypass conduit

Continuing widespread use of autologous saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting seems unavoidable despite its poor-term patency. We review here the evidence that platelet activation is responsible for early and late vein graft occlusion and conclude that other mechanisms probably contribute to late occlusions. We suggest that a rational strategy to improve vein graft patency should include: improved endothelial preservation during surgical implantation; use of better antiplatelet agents, in particular those which prevent platelet adhesion as well as aggregation; reduction of risk factors including serum cholesterol; and application of agents (e.g. heparin) which inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation directly. We draw parallels between the pathogenesis of vein graft occlusion and coronary atherosclerosis and suggest that testing strategies for improving vein graft patency may also shed light on atherogenesis.     

Use of microvena snare catheter in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction due to saphenous vein graft occlusive thrombi

A 75-year-old man presented with acute coronary syndrome; he had a saphenous vein graft thrombosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention of bypass graft vessels is more challenging due to a higher incidence of periprocedural distal micro-emobilization and myocardial infarction. Current guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention advocate the use of distal embolic protection devices, especially in patients with large thrombus burden, undergoing percutaneous intervention for vein graft disease. This patient was treated by manual aspiration of graft thrombus using a microvena catheter and successful clot removal was achieved. There are yet no best available therapeutic options for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention of saphenous vein graft lesions.     

Right coronary artery hepatic vein fistula: a case report

There is a slight predominance for coronary artery fistulas that involve the right coronary artery, while multiple fistulas have also been reported. The usual site of termination is one or more of the low-pressure structures in the heart or the great vessels such as the right or left atria, right ventricle, coronary sinus, pulmonary artery, or superior vena cava. However, a coronary fistula that drains into a hepatic vein has not been reported in the literature. Therefore, this is the first case report indicating a right coronary artery fistula that drains into the middle hepatic vein.     

The coronary venous anatomy: a segmental approach to aid cardiac resynchronization therapy

The coronary sinus is the gateway for left ventricular (LV) epicardial lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The implanting electrophysiologist is usually challenged by a high degree of variability in the coronary venous anatomy, making it important to have a more consistent and uniform segmental approach to describe the coronary venous tree and its branches. Classifying the coronary sinus branches and tributaries by the segment of their location rather than by conventional anatomic names (i.e., middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein, and so on), would provide more relevant anatomic and functional information at the time of LV lead placement. This would enable the implanting physician to proactively correlate the venous anatomy with the segmental wall motion abnormalities or dyssynchrony, as defined by echocardiography and other imaging modalities. The current viewpoint calls for a more systematic segmental approach for describing the coronary venous anatomy.     

Coronary venous retroinfusion of procainamide: a new approach for the management of spontaneous and inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia during myocardial infarction

The efficacy of retrograde coronary venous delivery of procainamide for the management of spontaneous and inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia was evaluated and compared with systemic intravenous procainamide administration in 22 conscious dogs with permanent left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Selective retrograde injection of procainamide was achieved through an autoinflatable balloon catheter placed in the great cardiac vein, with the tip positioned in the vicinity of the site of left anterior descending coronary occlusion. Great cardiac vein retroinfusion of procainamide was significantly (p less than 0.05) more effective than systemic intravenous injection against spontaneous ventricular tachycardia 1 day after coronary artery occlusion (13 dogs) and against electrically induced sustained ventricular tachycardia in the 3 to 12 day postocclusion period (9 dogs). Significantly lower doses of procainamide were used with retroinfusion as compared with systemic administration, that is, 19.6 +/- 8.8 versus 35 +/- 0 mg/kg body weight during spontaneous tachycardia and 13.4 +/- 4.1 versus 32.1 +/- 2 mg/kg during induced tachycardia (p less than 0.01). Retroinfusion of saline solution through the great cardiac vein had no effect on either type of tachycardia. Myocardial tissue procainamide levels measured in infarcted and ischemic zones of the left anterior ventricular wall were 9 to 100 times higher after great cardiac vein retroinfusion than after systemic injection. Great cardiac vein dye injection studies demonstrated a preferential distribution in left ventricular regions supplied by the occluded coronary artery. It is concluded that regional coronary venous procainamide retroinfusion in dogs with myocardial infarction is more effective than systemic intravenous injection against both spontaneous and inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia. The greater efficacy of great cardiac vein treatment appears to be primarily related to selectively increased delivery of procainamide to ischemic myocardial sites.