升主动脉-降主动脉心包内旁路术治疗成人主动脉缩窄及主动脉弓中断合并心脏畸形的临床分析

目的探讨经正中切口行升主动脉-降主动脉心包内旁路术治疗成人主动脉缩窄及主动脉弓中断合并心脏畸形的技术要点。方法 2010年4月至2015年1月2例成人主动脉缩窄和1例成人主动脉弓中断合并心脏畸形患者行手术治疗,其中男2例,女1例;年龄35.6(27~46)岁。患者的疾病包括先天性主动脉弓缩窄、二尖瓣前叶脱垂伴中度关闭不全1例,先天性主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形伴主动脉瓣重度关闭不全、升主动脉瘤及主动脉弓缩窄1例,先天性主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形伴主动脉瓣轻度狭窄、房间隔缺损(继发孔)及主动脉弓中断(A型)1例。患者均在升主动脉及股动脉,上下腔静脉插管建立体外循环,经正中切口行升主动脉-降主动脉心包内旁路术及合并心脏畸形矫治手术。结果本组无围术期死亡病例,术后患者症状明显好转,出院随访2~59个月,除1例患者仍有上肢高血压需服用药物控制外,其他患者血压恢复到正常水平,术后下肢乏力症状消失。主动脉CTA检查示人工血管通畅,无人工血管扭曲压缩及假性动脉瘤形成等并发症。结论经正中切口行升主动脉-降主动脉心包内旁路术治疗成人主动脉缩窄及主动脉弓中断,同时行合并心脏畸形矫治的一期手术,患者手术安全及疗效确切,临床可选择性应用。     

主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的一期手术治疗

１９９３年６月至１９９４年８月为５例主动脉缩窄合并先天性心内畸形病儿施行了一期手术治疗。男４例，女１例，年龄１．５～１３岁，体重７．５～４５ｋｇ。除主动脉缩窄外，合并的心内畸形有室间隔缺损、主动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄、主动脉瓣关闭不全等。手术采用左后外侧第４肋间切口，矫治主动脉缩窄后，同期行胸骨正中切口体外循环下心内畸形矫治。本组无手术死亡和并发症，取得了满意的治疗效果。作者认为，对主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形施行一期手术矫治是完全可行的。     

停循环技术应用于升主动脉-胸降主动脉人工血管旁路移植治疗主动脉缩窄

目的总结经单一胸部正中切口采用低温停循环技术行解剖外升主动脉-胸降主动脉人工血管旁路移植术治疗主动脉缩窄的经验。方法回顾性分析2009年12月至2018年5月我院连续12例主动脉缩窄患者的临床资料。其中男女各6例,年龄13～42岁,均有高血压症状,上下肢动脉收缩压差46～85(57.1±16.8)mm Hg。手术经胸部正中切口,采用体外循环及深低温停循环技术,行升主动脉-心包后胸降主动脉人工血管旁路移植术。结果人工血管平均直径14～20(17.2±1.8)mm,体外循环时间69～197(115.9±40.6)min,主动脉阻断时间41～142(69.8±30.7)min,深低温停循环时间9～27(16.8±4.1)min。所有患者均未输血,无严重并发症。术后上下肢动脉收缩压差值为–12～22(14.3±4.8)mm Hg,较术前显著下降(P0.01)。所有患者均康复出院,平均随访3～91(41.9±21.5)个月,随访期间仅1例患者术后需要服用1种降压药物,其余患者均正常。结论深低温停循环下经胸部切口行解剖外人工血管旁路移植术治疗主动脉缩窄安全有效,未来需要更多病例进一步验证。     

一期手术矫治主动脉弓缩窄合并心内畸形

目的：探讨主动脉弓缩窄合并心内畸形病人的一期手术矫治方法及治疗效果。方法：自１９８９年１２月至１９９８年２月,运用一期手术方法为１０例主动脉弓缩窄合并心内畸形病人进行外科矫治。合并的心内畸形有室间隔缺损７例,二尖瓣关闭不全２例,主动脉瓣狭窄１例;６例同时合并动脉导管未闭。采用左后外侧切口矫治主动脉弓缩窄,正中切口行心内畸形矫治６例、正中切口采用主肺动脉内隧道同时矫治主动脉弓缩窄及合并心内畸形３例;     

114例升主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的　总结升主动脉瘤手术治疗的经验 ,并分析探讨其相关的问题。　方法　对 114例升主动脉瘤患者(其中 6 2例伴升主动脉夹层分离 )施行了手术治疗。 10 5例升主动脉瘤伴主动脉瓣关闭不全患者行 Bentall手术 (升主动脉和主动脉瓣置换术以及冠状动脉开口移植术 ) ,其余 9例患者仅行升主动脉置换术。　结果　手术死亡 7例(6 .14 % ) ,其中 6例为术前心功能 (NYHA) 级患者。随访 10 7例 ,随访时间 7天～ 12 .4年 (40± 30月 ) ,死亡 8例 ,死于颅内出血 3例 ,腹内动脉瘤破裂出血 3例 ,急症冠状动脉旁路移植术 1例 ,原因不明猝死 1例。存活的 99例(86 .8% )情况良好 ,心功能为 、 级。　结论　主动脉置换术治疗升主动脉瘤、Bentall手术治疗升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 ,术后可使大多数存活患者获得良好的功能恢复和生活质量 ,手术效果满意。     

主动脉缩窄或主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形一期修复

目的 探讨采用经胸骨正中切口一期修复主动脉缩窄(CoA)或主动脉弓中断(IAA)合并心内畸形的治疗效果.方法 2002年7月至2009年6月,经胸骨正中切口行降主动脉远端和主动脉弓下缘端侧吻合术一期修复CoA或IAA合并心内畸形病儿43例,其中CoA 34例,IAA 9例(A型6例、B型3例),合并心内畸形包括室间隔缺损42例、动脉导管未闭34例、房间隔缺损12例、主动脉瓣下隔膜狭窄5例、二尖瓣关闭不全2例,右心室双出口1例.结果 手术死亡1例,为术后肺动脉高压和严重低心排血量综合征者.术后并发症包括严重低心排血量综合征3例,低氧血症6例,肺部炎症11例,肺不张14例,声音嘶哑19例,室上性心动过速23例.8例失访.34例随访3个月～5年,生活质量明显改善,心脏超声心动图和CT检查显示吻合口无明显再缩窄发生.结论 经胸骨正中切口,采用主动脉远端和主动脉弓下缘端侧吻合技术一期修复CoA或IAA合并心内畸形的手术早、中期效果良好,能明显减少术后再狭窄.     

经胸骨正中切口一期矫治主动脉缩窄或主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形

目的 总结经胸骨正中切口一期矫治主动脉缩窄或弓中断合并心内畸形的经验.方法 2007年1月-2008年7月手术治疗24例.包括主动脉缩窄9例,主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良12例,主动脉弓中断3例.4例合并右室双出口(Traussig-Bing型).22例合并非限制性室间隔缺损,2例不合并室间隔缺损病儿1例合并主动脉瓣下狭窄,另l例合并肺静脉狭窄.主动脉弓降部成形均在深低温低流量持续性选择性脑灌注下进行.3例主动脉弓中断及9例主动脉缩窄病儿采用端端吻合术.12例主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良病儿中采用扩大端端吻合术8例,端侧吻合术2例,补片成形术2例.结果 死亡2例.全组病儿围术期未出现神经系统并发症及肾功能损害.术后反复呼吸道感染2例.除l例残存压差大于20mm Hg外,最长随访18个月,尚未发现再缩窄发生.结论 主动脉缩窄或弓中断合并心内畸形一经诊断即需尽早手术.经胸骨正中切口一期矫治是安全、有效的.充分切除动脉导管组织,广泛彻底游离松解胸部各血管进行无张力吻合以及选择恰当的组织一组织吻合术式是主动脉弓降部成形手术成功及减少再缩窄发生的关键.     

升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗

目的总结升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗经验。方法101例升主动脉根部瘤患者（年龄14～72岁，平均年龄42．7岁）的主要病因为马方综合征（Marfan syndrome，58例），主动脉瓣环扩张症（34例），主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形（5例），大动脉炎（4例）；术前有主动脉瓣关闭不全96例，主动脉瓣狭窄4例，术前合并有A型夹层26例，急性左心衰竭（5例）。手术类型：Wheat手术4例，传统或改良Cabrol手术13例，David手术1例，Bentall手术83例。同期行主动脉半弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术16例，全弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术4例，二尖瓣置换术或成形术14例，冠状动脉旁路移植术8例。结果全组手术死亡率为6．9％（7／101），2000年后降至3．6％（3／83）；术后主要并发症为低心排血量10例，呼吸功能不全9例，肾功能不全9例。术后随访94例，随访期间死亡1例，5例马方综合征患者术后出现B型夹层。结论Bentall手术是治疗升主动脉根部瘤的首选手术方法，术前左心功能及手术技术是影响手术效果的关键因素。     

升主动脉-降主动脉人工血管旁路移植术在复杂主动脉缩窄中的应用5例

目的探讨正中开胸行升主动脉-降动脉人工血管旁路移植术治疗复杂主动脉缩窄的手术细节。方法 5例复杂型主动脉缩窄患者正中开胸行升主动脉-降主动脉旁路手术,其中4例行膈肌上吻合(其中1例经左心缘路径,3例经右心缘路径),1例行膈肌下吻合。分别观察术后上下肢压差及并发症情况。结果 5例患者均无死亡,术后上下肢压差均降低至20 mmHg以下,恢复可,术后并发症包括咳嗽1例及黑朦2例。结论正中开胸行升主动脉-降动脉人工血管旁路移植术治疗主动脉缩窄效果可,但手术细节对术后并发症的影响仍需进一步研究。     

成人主动脉缩窄的临床特点和外科矫正

目的探讨成人主动脉缩窄的临床特点和外科治疗方法。方法40例成人主动脉缩窄患者行手术矫治，其中心脏不停跳手术28例，常规体外循环下手术12例。行主动脉狭窄段切开、人工血管补片扩大术12例，人工血管置换术15例，锁骨下动脉降主动脉旁路移植术1例，采用人工血管行胸一腹主动脉旁路移植术9例，经心包后径路行升主动脉一降主动脉旁路移植术3例。结果全组无手术死亡，几种术式术后均无脑部和脊髓等神经系统并发症。术后36例得到随访，平均随访12个月。36例患者上、下肢血压差均小于10mmHg（1kPa－7．5mmHg）。超声心动图和超高速CT检查提示人工血管血流通畅，无假性动脉瘤形成。结论成人主动脉缩窄的外科术式有多种选择，掌握好手术适应证，根据患者的具体病理生理状况选择合适的手术方式可获得满意的治疗效果。     

Aortic root aneurysm in an adult patient with aortic coarctation: a single-stage approach

Coarctation of the aorta is a common congenital defect that may be undiagnosed until adulthood. Moreover, coarctation is associated with congenital and acquired cardiac pathology that may require surgical intervention. The management of an adult patient with aortic coarctation and an associated cardiac defect poses a great technical challenge since there are no standard guidelines for the therapy of such a complex pathology. Several extra-anatomic bypass grafting techniques have been described, including methods in which distal anastomosis is performed on the descending thoracic aorta, allowing simultaneous intracardiac repair. We report here a 37-year old man who was diagnosed with an aortic root aneurysm and aortic coarctation. The patient was treated electively with a single-stage approach through a median sternotomy that consisted of valve-sparing replacement of the aortic root and ascending-to-descending extra-anatomic aortic bypass, using a 18-mm Dacron graft. Firstly, the aortic root was replaced with the Yacoub remodelling procedure, and then the distal anastomosis was performed to the descending aorta, behind the heart, with the posterior pericardial approach. The extra-anatomic bypass graft was brought laterally from the right atrium and implanted in the ascending graft. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and a control computed tomographic angiogram 1 month after complete repair showed good results.     

Posterior pericardial approach for ascending aorta-to-descending aorta bypass through a median sternotomy

BACKGROUND: Bypass grafting for repeat operation or complex forms of descending aortic disease is an alternative approach to decrease potential complications of anatomic repair. METHODS: Between December 1985 and February 1998, 17 patients (13 men, 4 women; mean age, 47.6 +/- 18.5 years) underwent ascending aorta-to-descending aorta bypass through a median sternotomy and posterior pericardial approach. Indications for operation were coarctation or recoarctation of aorta in 8 patients, Takayasu's aortitis in 2, prosthetic aortic valve stenosis associated with coarctation of aorta, complex descending aortic arch aneurysm, reoperation for chronic descending aortic dissection, long-segment stenosis of descending aorta, acquired coarctation after repair of traumatic transection of descending aorta, severe aortic atherosclerosis, and false aneurysm of descending aorta after repair of coarctation in 1 patient each. Concomitant procedures were performed in 12 patients. RESULTS: No early or late mortality has occurred. Follow-up was 100% complete and extended to 12 years (mean, 2.7 +/- 3.3 years). No late graft-related complications have occurred; 1 patient had successful repair of perivalvular leak after mitral valve replacement, and 1 patient had replacement of lower descending and abdominal aorta. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of the descending aorta through the posterior pericardium for ascending aorta-descending aorta bypass is a safe alternative and particularly useful when simultaneous intracardiac repair is necessary.     

Concurrent single stage repair of coarctation of aorta and associated cardiac pathology in adult patients

Background Thoracic aortic coarctation and associated intracradiac pathology including a concomitant valvular lesion or coronary artery disease is an uncommon combination in adult patients. The simultaneous operative management of both lesion is preferred to avoid a second redo surgery and the risks associated with it. Methods We describe a simultaneous operative management of six adult patients with coarctation of aorta and associated cardiac lesion. All six patients had heterotopic bypass (Dacron tube implanted between the ascending and descending aorta) to repair the coarctation and concomitant repair of the cardiac lesion. The associated procedures were aortic valve replacement in 3 patients, coronary artery bypass grafting in 2 patients and mitral valve replacement in 1 patient. Results There were no operative deaths and all patients are doing well on follow up with patent coarctation of aorta bypass graft at a mean follow up of 18 months. No graft related complications occurred, and there were no instance of stroke or paraplegia. All patients had an uneventful post operative course and are on routine out patient follow up. Conclusion A median sternotomy for repairing adult coarctation of aorta with concomitant cardiac lesion can be performed safely and readily managed as an excellent single stage approach.     

Extraanatomic aortic bypass for repair of aortic coarctation

We describe two adult patients who underwent extraanatomic ascending aorta-to-descending thoracic aorta bypass grafting for repair of aortic coarctation through a median sternotomy and posterior pericardial approach. Of the two patients, one presented with coarctation and concurrent cardiovascular disorders, and the other, with residual coarctation. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established with double arterial cannulation in the aorta or axillary artery and the femoral artery ensure adequate perfusion proximal and distal to coarctation and bicaval cannulation. The heart was retracted cephalic and superiorly, and the descending thoracic aorta was exposed through the posterior pericardium. After achieving distal anastomosis, the graft was directed anterior to the inferior vena cava and lateral to the right atrium, and anastomosed to the right lateral aspect of the ascending aorta. A 14-mm graft was used. In one patient receiving concomitant procedures, mitral valve repair and replacement of the ascending aorta was performed after the distal anastomosis.     

Aortic arch reconstruction with pulmonary autograft patch aortoplasty

OBJECTIVE: The optimal technique for aortic arch reconstruction through median sternotomy is still under debate. We have introduced the technique of pulmonary autograft patch aortoplasty as a reliable alternative. METHODS: The outcomes of 51 infants who underwent neonatal repair of interrupted aortic arch (n = 28) or coarctation associated with ventricular septal defect (n = 23) since 1992 were analyzed. The patients were reviewed in three groups according to the aortic arch reconstruction technique: group I underwent direct anastomosis (n = 23), group II underwent homograft or pericardial patch aortoplasty (n = 8), and group III underwent pulmonary autograft patch aortoplasty (n = 20). The pulmonary autograft patch consisted in the anterior wall of the main pulmonary artery, between the supracommissural level and the divided ductus arteriosus. The created defect was replaced with fresh autologous pericardium. RESULTS: All patients except 1 were discharged without significant residual gradient at the level of the aortic arch. At a median delay of 7 months (range 2-51 months), 11 patients (22%) had recurrence of arch obstruction and underwent balloon angioplasty (n = 8) or surgical correction (n = 3). One patient who had undergone direct anastomosis required reoperation for bronchial compression. At a median follow-up of 29 months, the actuarial freedoms from recurrent arch obstruction were 81% for direct anastomosis, 28% for homograft or pericardial patch aortoplasty, and 100% for pulmonary autograft aortoplasty (P =.03 for group III vs group I and P <.0001 for group III vs group II). CONCLUSIONS: The aortic arch repair associated with pulmonary autograft patch augmentation resulted in superior midterm outcomes and therefore constitutes a reliable alternative to the direct anastomosis technique. It allowed complete relief of anatomic afterload and diminished the anastomotic tension, thus reducing the risk of restenosis and tracheobronchial compression. We observed a significantly higher rate of recurrence after patch aortoplasty with other materials.     

Aortic valvular insufficiency and postductal aortic coarctation with small aorta syndrome: one-stage surgical management using extra anatomic bypass through median sternotomy

A 30-year-old man who had undergone repair for coarctation of the thoracic aorta at age 7 and mitral valve annuloplasty at age 9 was admitted for shortness of breath and claudication of both lower legs. The preoperative angiogram showed severe aortic regurgitation, moderate coarctation of the thoracic aorta beyond the left subclavian artery, a degree of hypoplasia of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, and total occlusion of both external iliac arteries. Aortic valve replacement, ascending-to-bilateral femoral arterial bypass, and end expanded polytetra fluoro ethylene (ePTFE) graft-to-descending aorta bypass was performed via a median sternotomy. Ascending-to-descending aortic bypass via the posterior pericardium allows simultaneous intracardiac repair or an alternative approach for the patient with complex coarctation.     

Posterior pericardial ascending-to-descending aortic bypass through median sternotomy

Abstract   Background and Aim: Adult patients with complex forms of descending aortic disease remain a surgical challenge and have a high risk of postoperative mortality and morbidity. Surgical management may be complicated when there is an associated cardiac defect, necessitating repair, or a hostile anatomy exists. We present our experience with extra-anatomic bypass through posterior pericardial route at the same stage with intracardiac/ascending aortic aneurysm repair. Methods: Patients that underwent one-stage surgery with posterior pericardial bypass between ascending and descending aorta during 2003-2007 were reviewed. Data from early and mid-term follow-up, including mortality, perioperative blood loss, graft-related complications, patency, and persistant hypertension, were noted. Results: Six male patients with a mean age of 20.8 ± 0.7 years were operated for coarctation of the aorta associated with additional pathologies (three cases of ascending aortic aneurysm—one with associated aortic valve insufficiency, one case of isolated aortic valve regurgitation, two cases of mitral valve regurgitation). No early or mid-term mortality was observed during follow-up of a mean of 21.6 ± 10.0 months. No late graft-related complications or reoperations were observed with patent grafts. Systolic blood pressure decreased after surgery by an average of 43 mmHg. Conclusions: Coarctation of the aorta with concomitant cardiac lesions can be repaired simultaneously through sternotomy and posterior pericardial approach, when patients present in adulthood, to minimize morbidity and mortality.     

严重主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎患者主动脉根部置换的方法与疗效

目的总结严重主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎患者行主动脉根部置换术治疗的临床经验,探讨其手术适应证和手术方法,以期提高外科治疗效果。方法1995年9月～2008年6月间手术治疗11例严重主动脉瓣或人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎患者,其中活动期6例,静止期5例;术前动脉血细菌培养阳性6例。术前心脏超声心动图提示均有不同程度的主动脉瓣反流或瓣周漏,左心室收缩期末内径（LVESD）6．0±0．7cm,其中≥5．5cm 7例;左心室射血分数（LVEF）47．8％±11．2％,其中≤509／8例。手术均在彻底清创后应用人工带瓣管道（9例）或同种带瓣管道（2例）行主动脉根部置换术,同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术4例,二尖瓣环缩术3例,室间隔缺损修补术1例。结果术后心脏骤停死亡1例。发生Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞1例,后期植入永久性起搏器。术后随访10例,随访时间3个月～13．2年,术后32d因感染性心内膜炎复发死亡1例;其余患者均无感染复发和晚期死亡。结论当感染性心内膜炎合并主动脉根部或窦部瘤、感染累及主动脉窦壁或冠状动脉开口处、瓣环严重毁损或彻底清创后瓣环缺损广泛时,宜置换主动脉根部。手术的关键是彻底清创和防止根部出血。尽管手术较复杂,但局部清创彻底,有利于提高手术效果。