硬脊膜动静脉瘘血管内栓塞治疗效果评估

目的评价经动脉入路血管内栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘（sDAvFs）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析近6年来我中心采用经动脉栓塞治疗的24例SDAVFs患者的临床资料。结果术后造影显示79．16％（19／24）的患者实现完全闭塞。19例治愈患者临床随访1～12个月,症状改善（Aminoff-Logue评分降低1分以上）9例（47．05％）,稳定（Aminoff-Logue评分不变）7例（36．8％）,进展（Aminoff-Logue评分降提高1分以上）3例（15．7％）;其中16例术后6。12月复查脊髓血管造影均未见SDAVFs复发。结论经动脉入路血管内栓塞治疗SDAVFs是安全、可行、有效的方法。     

近端血流阻断加压技术在硬脊膜动静脉畸形血管内治疗中的应用

目的探讨近端血流阻断加压技术在硬脊膜动静脉畸形(SDAVF)血管内治疗中应用的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2017年2月至2018年9月海军军医大学附属长海医院神经外科采用血管内治疗的6例SDAVF患者的临床资料。所有患者术中均应用近端血流阻断加压技术,其中1例因未能完全栓塞,改为显微外科手术治疗。术后即刻行数字减影血管造影(DSA),以判断栓塞情况。对所有患者行门诊或电话随访,随访内容为行Aminoff-Logue评分,判断脊髓功能的恢复情况;门诊随访的患者同时复查脊髓MRI,以判断栓塞情况。结果6例患者的手术均成功。术后即刻DSA显示,5例完全栓塞,1例瘘口残留。所有患者术后均未出现永久性神经系统并发症;其中1例术中造影显示肋间动脉夹层的患者,采用弹簧圈闭塞近端肋间动脉后复查胸椎CT,显示肋间肌内血肿形成,术后持续胸背部疼痛3 d后缓解。6例患者中,5例为门诊随访,1例为电话随访;中位随访时间(范围)为5.5个月(4.0~22.0个月)。术后3个月,6例患者的Aminoff-Logue评分均较术前降低[(2.0±0.7)分、(4.0±1.5)分,P<0.05];脊髓功能得到明显改善。术中因拔管困难而留置体内的1例患者,术后6个月随访时无相关并发症。经显微手术治疗的1例患者出院后10个月行DSA随访,未见瘘口显影。结论初步推测近端血流阻断加压技术在SDAVF血管内治疗中是安全、有效的。     

血管内介入治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤

目的探讨血管内介入颅内巨大动脉瘤的方法和疗效。方法回顾分析介入治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤7例的经验并文献检索分析。结果病情好转5例,恶化1例,短暂神经功能障碍1例,无死亡。复发2例,1例再次行动脉瘤栓塞后随访1年无复发。结论血管内介入塞治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤近期安全有效,根据动脉瘤部位及形态特点,可选择载瘤动脉闭塞,弹簧圈栓塞瘤腔,球囊支架辅助栓塞。远期复发率较高,应加强随访观察。     

国产α－氰基丙烯酸正丁酯栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形

目的探讨国产α－氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（ＮＢＣＡ）栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）的适应证、技术要点、栓塞剂的配制及术后并发症。方法４０例病人应用微导管插管技术，在数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）监视下，对畸形血管团进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果栓塞５７次，治愈８例，临床症状明显好转３１例，另１例死于其它疾病，无再出血病例。并发症主要为头痛、神经功能障碍及正常灌注压突破（ＮＰＰＢ），１例ＮＰＰＢ开颅清除血肿并切除畸形灶，１例视野缺损未恢复，其他经对症处理后均痊愈。结论ＮＢＣＡ血管内栓塞治疗脑ＡＶＭ是一种有效的治疗方法。国产ＮＢＣＡ性能良好，安全可靠，价格低廉，可代替进口产品。     

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae: exacerbation after myelography with metrizamide

Metrizamide dorsal myelography was performed in two patients with minor to moderate sensorimotor paraparesis. Direct and indirect myelographic signs of spinal arteriovenous aneurysm were seen and spinal cord angiography showed thoracic dural arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) in both cases. Within 24 hours following myelography, clear neurological worsening occurred, associated with cephalalgia, nausea and transient diplopia in one case, leading to paraplegia in a few days. Paraplegia was complete six months after surgery in one case, and had resolved after embolization of fistula in the other patient. The mechanism of neurological worsening may include: substraction of cerebrospinal fluid, sitting position during and after myelography and local increase of metrizamide concentration secondary to impaired resorption caused by the fistula. Water-soluble myelography is of invaluable aid in the diagnosis of dural AVF and must be followed by early angiography, thus allowing prompt therapeutic embolization.     

Use of different endovascular treatments for arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord

The paper presents outcomes of treatment of patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the spinal cord by using endovascular techniques in 171 patients. There were a total of 364 occluded afferent vessels involved in the blood supply to and development of AVM. A classification of spinal cord AVM is presented. Methods for occlusion were described in relation to the type AVM. Malformations were thrombosed with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) emboli in 129 patients; balloon occlusion of afferent vessels was performed in 6, as described by F. A. Serbinenko; histoacryl glue was applied in 27 cases. A combined method of occlusion of afferent vessels was used with PVA emboli and balloons in 9 patients. The clinical picture of spinal cord AVM was outlined. Emphasis is laid on diagnostic methods, such as selective angiography and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as on their role in postoperative control studies, in determining the degree of thrombosis, the presence of ischemic events, and subarachnoidal space patency. Endovascular treatment used in patients with AVM at different levels of the spinal cord alleviated neurological symptoms in 155 (91%) patients. There was no improvement in 12 (7%) patients. Complications at angiography and embolization were observed with deteriorated neurological symptoms in 4 (2%) cases. Further development and improvement of endovascular treatments in patients with spinal cord will be promising if new intervention technologies are introduced in clinical practice.     

复合手术治疗复杂型大脑镰硬脑膜动静脉瘘1例并文献复习

目的 探讨大脑镰硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的临床特点及治疗方案和疗效.方法 回顾性分析1例用复合手术治疗的,复杂型大脑镰DAVF伴多发瘤样扩张破裂出血患者的临床资料;并对相关文献进行复习.结果 本例患者以蛛网膜下腔出血表现发病,行血管内介入栓塞后血管造影示瘘仍存在,动脉仍供血;改行开颅手术将瘘口切除.患者术后恢复良好,...     

经动脉入路Onyx-18栓塞治疗小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨一组经动脉入路应用Onyx-18栓塞小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床治疗经验。方法于2005年9月～2007年2月期间,连续经动脉入路应用Onyx-18治疗8例小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,就临床表现、影像学、治疗策略及结果进行研究。结果8例均有软膜静脉逆流,Cog-nard分型均为Ⅳ型,其中6例患脑出血,2例有进行性神经功能障碍。术后6例血管造影示病变消失,1例术后神经功能下降。随访2～12个月,术后神经功能下降患者神经功能有所改善,均未出现再次颅内出血,6例GOS=5,2例GOS=4。结论经动脉入路应用非黏附性液体栓塞剂栓塞可以完全栓塞小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘。     

Matrix弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的并发症

目的评价Matrix弹簧圈栓塞颅内破裂动脉瘤的安全性。方法回顾性分析应用Matrix弹簧圈栓塞的102枚颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床表现、影像学资料、治疗过程、并发症和临床结果,分析与治疗相关并发症的发生、类型、频率、相关因素和后果。结果发生并发症的有16例,其中术中动脉瘤破裂9例,血栓形成3例,弹簧圈脱出1例,载瘤动脉闭塞3例,并发症发生率为15.69%。6例患者无神经功能异常,3例患者具有暂时性神经功能异常,6例患者具有持久性神经功能障碍,1例患者死亡。与治疗相关性持久性神经功能障碍发生率和死亡率分别为5.88%和0.98%。结论应用Matrix弹簧圈栓塞颅内破裂动脉瘤和应用裸金属圈栓塞一样安全,生物活性物质不增加血栓形成的风险,但应用Matix弹簧圈栓塞远段、较小动脉瘤应慎重。     

Diagnosis and treatment of pericallosal artery aneurysms

Objective

Pericallosal artery aneurysms are not common clinically. The microsurgery and endovascular therapy are surgically challenging operations. The objective of the study is to summarize their clinical symptoms and optimal treatment strategies of pericallosal artery aneurysms.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage from dissecting aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery

A 36-year-old woman on chronic hemodialysis presented with sudden onset of headache and deterioration of consciousness. She was sent to our hospital on day 1, with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography showed pearl and string sign on the left posterior communicating artery, which was consistent with a diagnosis of hemorrhage from a dissecting aneurysm of the left posterior communicating artery. She underwent parent artery occlusion via endovascular treatment on day 2. Although cone beam computed tomography before embolization showed a perforator from the lesion, there were no ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging after the procedure. She was discharged without any neurological deficits. It is important to recognize that dissecting aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery is one cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. We also discuss the utility of cone beam computed tomography in formulating the treatment plan for such patients.     

Wirbelsäulensyndrom, ausgelöst durch eine lumbale spinale AV-Malformation

We report the case of a 64-year-old male suffering from long-term claudicatio spinalis who underwent surgery in an orthopedic outpatient ward for posterior lumbar interbody fusion and bony decompression due to spinal stenosis. Postoperatively, the clinical symptoms, consisting of difficulties with walking and stocking-like dysesthesia of both lower extremities, did not improve. Due to persistent complaints, spinal MRI was performed which revealed myelomalacia and moreover was indicative of dural arteriovenous (AV) malformation at the L2-3 spinal level, which was verified as a type Ia AV fistula (according to Spetzler) by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). After microsurgical treatment of the AV fistula, clinical symptoms improved and control DSA could demonstrate complete disconnection of the fistula without any signs of recanalization. This case demonstrates that neurological deficits of patients suffering from degenerative spinal disorders can generally be considered as caused by more common spinal disease such as lumbar stenosis. Since vascular malformations may also cause neurological deficits and even mimic symptoms of spinal stenosis, it is important to consider these entities in diagnostic evaluation.     

在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形的初步探讨

目的 总结在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形的经验。方法 2013年12月至2014年12月在复合手术室治疗27例脑动静脉畸形患者,均行手术切除,术中造影判断畸形团是否残留,其中3例一期行切除术和血管内栓塞术。结果 27例中,4例（14.8%）术中血管造影显示畸形团残留,再次切除后行术中造影,显示畸形团消失;一期行切除术和血管内栓塞术3例（均为Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级以上）,术中出血明显减少,均完全切除畸形团。所有患者无造影相关的并发症。术后24例随访6个月至1年,失访3例;其中19例恢复良好,5例有轻度神经功能障碍。结论 在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形能够提高疗效,降低手术相关并发症,为脑动静脉畸形治疗提供了一个新的安全有效的平台。     

Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Clinical Experience with Endovascular Treatment as a Primary Therapeutic Modality

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endovascular therapy as a primary treatment for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF).

Methods

The authors reviewed 18 patients with spinal DAVFs for whom endovascular therapy was considered as an initial treatment at a single institute between 1993 and 2006. NBCA embolization was considered the primary treatment of choice, with surgery reserved for patients in whom endovascular treatment failed.

Results

Surgery was performed as the primary treatment in one patient because the anterior spinal artery originated from the same arterial pedicle as the artery feeding the fistula. Embolization was used as the primary treatment modality in 17 patients, with an initial success rate of 82.4%. Two patients with incomplete embolization had to undergo surgery. One patient underwent multiple embolizations, which failed to completely occlude the fistula but relieved the patient''s symptoms. Spinal DAVF recurred in two patients (one collateral development and one recanalization) during the follow-up period. The collateral development was obliterated by repeated embolization, but the patient with recanalization refused further treatment. The overall clinical status improved in 15 patients (83.3%) during the follow-up period.

Conclusion

Endovascular therapy can be successfully used as a primary treatment for the majority of patients with spinal DAVFs. Although it is difficult to perform in some patients, endovascular embolization should be the primary treatment of choice for spinal DAVF.     

Dual-lumen balloon to increase onyx venous penetration in the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Purpose

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (sDAVF) are the most common spinal vascular lesions. The arterialization of the recipient vein results in venous hypertension and chronic ischemia. Intravascular injection of acrylic glue in order to occlude the draining vein is the principle of endovascular treatment, but a significant portion of embolization procedures do not succeed. We present our initial experience of endovascular balloon augmented embolization of sDAVF using a dual-lumen balloon.

Endovascular embolization of a recurrent cervical giant cell neoplasm using N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate

Pre-operative endovascular embolization of spinal giant cell tumors (GCTs) has been an effective strategy to reduce blood loss during surgical resection. Traditionally, spinal GCTs have been embolized with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) particles. We present the pre-operative embolization of a recurrent cervical GCT with N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) rather than PVA. The patient was a 17-year-old female who, 3 months prior, had undergone a surgical resection of a cervical GCT without pre-operative embolization. She returned with tumor recurrence in the approximate location. Resection was recommended, and pre-operative embolization was requested. The tumor was embolized with NBCA. Post-embolization angiography demonstrated significantly decreased tumor “blush” and a significant reduction of the vascular supply. This is the first reported use of NBCA for the pre-operative embolization of a cervical GCT. The benefits of NBCA over PVA particles include superior penetration, permanent tumor embolization and lower exposure to radiation due to shorter procedure time.     

眶颅穿通伤致开放性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘一例并文献复习

目的 结合病例并文献复习,探讨眶颅穿通伤后颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的诊断及治疗策略.方法 1例19岁男性被长约12 cm的木质异物经左侧眼眶穿入对侧海绵窦区,在外院手术拔除异物失败.入院后最初的脑血管造影检查未发现CCF,但轻微触动异物后,可发现右侧隐匿存在的CCF.经充分术前准备后我们完整拔除异物,并在1min内对呈开放性的CCF进行了血管内栓塞治疗.结果 经过介入治疗后,CCF完全消失；尽管术后发生了脑积水、颅内感染、脑脊液鼻漏等一系列并发症,但经过合理治疗,患者出院时伤口愈合良好,未遗留神经功能缺损和视力障碍.结论 眶颅穿通伤常导致颅内血管损伤和颅内出血,强烈建议对这类患者常规进行脑血管造影术检查；一旦异物穿入海绵窦区,应高度怀疑CCF的发生,最好能在神经介入支持下取出异物；另外,需特别注意的是,对于有异物滞留的眶颅穿通伤,其并发的CCF可能不会表现出典型症状,易于漏诊,草率地拔除异物将导致隐匿的CCF呈开放性,导致大出血致患者迅速死亡.     

A more consistent intraluminal rhesus monkey model of ischemic stroke

Endovascular surgery is advantageous in experimentally induced ischemic stroke because it causes fewer cranial traumatic lesions than invasive surgery and can closely mimic the pathophysiology in stroke patients. However, the outcomes are highly variable, which limits the accuracy of evaluations of ischemic stroke studies. In this study, eight healthy adult rhesus monkeys were randomized into two groups with four monkeys in each group: middle cerebral artery occlusion at origin segment(M1) and middle cerebral artery occlusion at M2 segment. The blood flow in the middle cerebral artery was blocked completely for 2 hours using the endovascular microcoil placement technique(1 mm × 10 cm)(undetachable), to establish a model of cerebral ischemia. The microcoil was withdrawn and the middle cerebral artery blood flow was restored. A reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion model was identified by hematoxylin-eosin staining, digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and neurological evaluation. The results showed that the middle cerebral artery occlusion model was successfully established in eight adult healthy rhesus monkeys, and ischemic lesions were apparent in the brain tissue of rhesus monkeys at 24 hours after occlusion. The rhesus monkeys had symptoms of neurological deficits. Compared with the M1 occlusion group, the M2 occlusion group had lower infarction volume and higher neurological scores. These experimental findings indicate that reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion can be produced with the endovascular microcoil technique in rhesus monkeys. The M2 occluded model had less infarction and less neurological impairment, which offers the potential for application in the field of brain injury research.     

Onyx胶栓塞颅内动静脉畸形的临床分析

目的 探讨Onyx胶栓塞颅内动静脉畸形的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2014年12月采用Onyx胶栓塞治疗的120例颅内动静脉畸形患者的临床资料。结果 栓塞范围≥80% 56例（畸形团完全闭塞14例）,<80% 64例。术中少量出血2例,术后无神经功能缺损。术后出血4例,其中2例死亡。术后一过性神经功能缺损2例。118例随访2~48个月,平均（25.1±5.6）个月,患者头痛、头晕及癫痫等均得到不同程度改善;其中45例DSA随访示,完全闭塞26例,与术前比较无变化19例。结论 Onyx胶血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形具有良好的效果,但是应掌握其适应症和使用方法。     

Spinal vascular malformations--typical and atypical findings

Vascular malformations of the spinal cord and its meninges are rare diseases which comprise true inborn cavernomas and arteriovenous malformations (AVM), including perimedullary fistulae, glomerular and juvenile AVMs, and presumably acquired dural arteriovenous fistulae. This article gives an overview of the imaging features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtraction angiography of both typical and atypical findings to describe the wide variety of possible pathological entities encountered. Clinical differential diagnoses, the neurological symptomatology and potential therapeutic approaches of these diseases, which may vary depending on the underlying pathology, are given. Although MRI constitutes the first choice diagnostic modality for suspected spinal vascular malformations, we conclude that the definite diagnosis of the disease and thus the choice of the appropriate therapeutic approach rests on selective spinal angiography which should be performed at a specialized center. Treatment in symptomatic patients offers an improvement in prognosis. Microsurgical treatment is recommended for symptomatic spinal cord cavernomas. Dural arteriovenous shunts can either be treated by microsurgical or endovascular approaches, the former being a simple, quick and secure approach to obliterate the fistula while the latter is technically demanding. In spinal arteriovenous malformations of both the fistulous and the glomerular type, the endovascular approach is the method of first choice; in selected cases, surgery or a combined therapy may be necessary.