炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的制备及质量控制

目的制备炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂,建立其质量控制方法 ,并对其含量测定方法进行考察。方法以炉甘石为主药制备炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂;采用络合滴定法测定锌盐的含量,采用紫外分光光度法测定苯酚含量。结果该络合滴定法测定锌盐的含量方法稳定;测定苯酚选择波长269.5nm为测定波长,测得吸收度（A）为定量依据。结果平均回收率100.33%,RSD为0.63%。结论测定制剂中锌盐和苯酚的含量方法均简单、准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中苯酚的含量

目的测定炉甘石薄荷脑洗荆中苯酚的含量.方法采用HPLC法以Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm x250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(6535),检测波长270 nm.结果苯酚的浓度在40～180 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%,方法精密度ILSD=0.45%( n=5).结论该法简便、快速、准确,可作为炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中苯酚的含量测定方法.     

炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的制备及质量控制

目的：设计炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的制备分装方法,提高混悬液的物理稳定性,并测定含锌量对炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂进行质量控制。方法：加羧甲基纤维素钠作为助悬剂制备炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂,自制贮药分装器分装洗剂,并进一步进行质量控制。结果：此方法制备的炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂稳定性良好,标准曲线线性浓度范围W=0．9769C-0,4133,r=0．9994,平均回收率99．98％（RSD=1．16％）。结论：本法可用于炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的制备和质量控制。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方薄荷脑醑中苯酚含量

目的建立复方薄荷脑醑中苯酚含量的测定方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法，测定波长为211nm，以苯酚为对照品。结果苯酚质量浓度线性范围为2．55～15．32μg／mL，r=0．9999，平均回收率为100．1％，RSD为0．14％。结论该法简便、快速、准确，可作为复方薄荷脑醑中苯酚的含量测定方法。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中2组分的含量

目的 :建立气相色谱 -质谱联用同时测定炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中苯酚及薄荷脑含量的方法。方法 :以DM -5弹性石英毛细管为色谱柱 ,正辛醇为内标 ,在70℃～150℃程序升温条件下 ,选择质荷比 (m/z)为56、94、71的离子碎片峰分别对苯酚和薄荷脑进行检测。结果 :苯酚、薄荷脑的检测浓度线性范围分别为1 092～21 840μg/ml(r=0 9998)、1 194～9 552μg/ml(r=0 9999) ;平均回收率分别为100 2 % (RSD=1 34 % )、100 4 % (RSD=0 74 % )。结论 :本法可用于炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,且快速、准确、特异性高、重现性好。     

炉甘石原料药应标明实际含量

炉甘石原料药应标明实际含量陈伟民（甘肃省人民医院兰州７３００００）炉甘石为碳酸盐类矿物方解石族菱锌矿，主含碳酸锌。药用主要作配制炉甘石洗剂、炉甘石硫黄洗剂、炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂等制剂的原料。药典规定本品按干燥品计算，含氧化锌不得少于４０．０％。但是在炉甘...     

炉甘石洗剂的质量控制

目的:考察炉甘石原料(饮片)中氧化锌含量控制的范围,补充洗剂中苯酚质量控制的内容,完善炉甘石洗剂质量控制的方法.方法:采用EDTA络合滴定法测量不同厂家不同批号的炉甘石(饮片)中氧化锌的含量,从而确立洗剂中氧化锌含量限度范围;分别采用紫外分光光度法、溴量法测定洗剂中的苯酚含量,并行方法学验证,建立洗剂中苯酚的质量标准.结果:炉甘石(饮片)中氧化锌的平均含量为70.35%.紫外分光光度法测得炉甘石硫洗剂中苯酚平均回收率为101.65%,RSD为0.89%(n=6),含酚炉甘石洗剂中苯酚平均回收率为102.06%,RSD为1.64%(n=6);溴量法测得炉甘石硫洗剂中苯酚平均回收率为98.15%,RSD为0.98%(n=6),含酚炉甘石洗剂中苯酚平均回收率为98.15%,RSD为1.08%(n=6).结论:含酚炉甘石洗剂中氧化锌的含量下限为13.4%(g·ml-1);炉甘石硫洗剂中氧化锌的含量下限为10.6%(g·ml-1).溴量法简便,快速,准确,可作为洗剂中苯酚的含量测定方法.     

炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的制备及临床应用

目的 制备炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂.方法 建立炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂的制备及质量控制标准,并观察其对治疗湿疹、皮炎、皮肤瘙痒疹的疗效.结果 炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂处方合理,制备方法简便,性质稳定,临床应用190例患者中,治愈90例,显效95例,无效5例,总有效率97.37％.结论 炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂疗效确切,使用方便,质量可控,有临床应用价值.     

复方炉甘石洗剂的制备及治疗皮肤疾病的疗效观察

目的研究复方炉甘石洗剂的制备并探讨其治疗过敏性和细菌性疾病的临床疗效。方法在炉甘石洗剂中加入醋酸地塞米松、薄荷脑和利凡诺制成复方炉甘石洗剂,将432例患者随机分为试验组240例和对照组192例,试验组给予复方炉甘石洗剂,对照组给予炉甘石洗剂,观察2组临床疗效。结果试验组过敏性疾病和细菌性疾病的治愈率和显效率均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;治疗组总有效率为95．4％明显高于对照组的58．3％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论该复方炉甘石洗剂制备工艺简单,对过敏性和细菌性疾病的临床疗效明显。     

炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂中苯酚的含量测定

炉甘石薄荷脑洗剂是临床常用的制剂,收载于献未有苯酚的定量测定方法.本建立了示差紫外分光光度法测定样品中苯酚的含量,为质量控制提供了方法,现报告如下.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.