Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following physical restraint

OBJECTIVE: We describe a case of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) following the use of physical restraint in a patient with a diagnosis of acute delusional psychotic disorder. METHOD: A new case report of DVT and PE associated with prolonged physical restraint is presented. The literature on physical restraint, DVT, and PE was reviewed using a search of Medline and Psychinfo from 1966 to the present. RESULTS: Four other reported cases of DVT and PE were found in association with physically restrained patients. CONCLUSION: Risk of DVT and PE in association with immobilization during physical restraint may occur in spite of no pre-existing risk factors. Medical guidelines for the prevention of thrombosis following physical restraint are presented. Despite the absence of controlled trials of treatment effectiveness, the catastrophic outcome of DVT and PE warrants early and vigorous intervention in patients undergoing physical restraint.     

脑卒中患者早期下肢深静脉血栓形成的研究

目的探讨脑卒中患者早期下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的危险因素。方法对144例发病48 hrs内的脑卒中住院患者于入院后24 h内行D-二聚体(DD)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平测定,并于发病后3d和14d进行双下肢深静脉超声检测,确定下肢早期DVT的发生率;通过比较脑卒中后早发DVT组与非DVT组患者相关临床信息,筛选脑卒中后下肢DVT发生的危险因素。结果脑卒中后患者早期下肢DVT发生率为6.3%。Logistic回归分析显示中重度脑卒中、CPR及FIB升高是脑卒中患者早期DVT的独立危险因素。结论脑卒中患者是发生DVT的高危人群,对CRP、FIB升高的严重脑卒中患者进行DVT监测和预防是十分必要的。     

Comparison of catheter-related large vein thrombosis in centrally inserted versus peripherally inserted central venous lines in the neurological intensive care unit

Objective

To compare cumulative complication rates of peripherally (PICC) and centrally (CICVC) inserted central venous catheters, including catheter-related large vein thrombosis (CRLVT), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and line insertion-related complications in neurological intensive care patients.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study and detailed chart review for 431 consecutive PICCs and 141 CICVCs placed in patients under neurological intensive care from March 2008 through February 2010. Cumulative incidence of CRLVT, CLABSI, and line insertion-related complications were compared between PICC and CICVC groups. Risk factors for CRLVT including mannitol therapy during dwell time, previous history of venous thromboembolism, surgery longer than 1 h during dwell time, and line placement in a paretic arm were also compared between groups.

Results

During the study period, 431 unique PICCs were placed with cumulative incidence of symptomatic thrombosis of 8.4%, CLABSI 2.8%, and line insertion-related complications 0.0%. During the same period, 141 unique CICVCs were placed with cumulative incidence of symptomatic thrombosis of 1.4%, CLABSI 1.4%, and line insertion-related complications 0.7%. There was a statistically significant difference in CRLVT with no difference in CLABSI or line insertion-related complications.

Conclusions

In neurological critical care patients, CICVCs appear to have a better risk profile compared to PICCs, with a decreased risk of CRLVT. As use of PICCs in critical care patients increases, a prospective randomized trial comparing PICCs and CICVCs in neurological critical care patients is necessary to assist in choosing the appropriate catheter and to minimize risks of morbidity and mortality associated with central venous access.     

脑深静脉血栓形成两例临床和病理报告

目的：分析脑深静脉血栓形成（DCVT）的临床和病理物点。方法：分析2例患者的临床床及尸检资料,结果：本病临床常表现呼精神障碍。CT、CT血管造影（CTA）、MRI和磁共振血管造影（MRA）等使早期临床诊断成为可能。早期诊断抗凝、溶栓治疗使本病预后趋于良好。DCVT往往累及整个深静脉表现各异,首发症状多为头痛、意识和精神障碍,CT检查显示双侧基底节或丘脑梗死;CTA或MRI（MRA）检查能够辅助临床诊断,早期抗凝和溶栓治疗使预后趋于良好。     

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis presenting as acute amnestic syndrome

A 45 year-old man presented with a rapid onset of memory impairment Brain computed tomography showed multiple abnormal low density areas in the deep cerebral white matter. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral thalamic infarcts and extensive thrombosis of the vein of Galen and the straight sinus, which was confirmed by cerebral angiography. The only potential cause was protein S deficiency. Heparin therapy was started only after the occurrence of a pulmonary embolism. The outcome was excellent Deep cerebral venous thrombosis must be considered as a possible cause of amnestic syndrome. Clinical awareness and early use of anticoagulation may alter the usual fatal outcome.     

Recurrent venous thrombosis including cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient taking sildenafil for erectile dysfunction

Acquired or hereditary prothrombotic risk factors may lead to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), particularly when other predisposing factors coexist. A 57-year-old man experienced right leg deep venous thrombosis, severe thrombosis of the haemorrhoid plexus and CVST over a 12-month period during which he was taking sildenafil regularly twice a week. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5)-inhibitor used for erectile dysfunction (ED). A slight reduction in antithrombin III and free protein S levels was demonstrated. After suspension of sildenafil and six months on oral anticoagulants, clinical improvement was obtained. Recurrent venous thrombosis, including CVST, may complicate prolonged treatment with PDE5-inhibitors in subjects at risk. Periodic monitoring of clotting factors is recommended in these subjects.     

Risk of thromboembolism after cerebral venous thrombosis

The outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has been studied infrequently. We assessed the frequency of recurrence of cerebral or systemic thromboembolism and factors influencing recurrence. We performed a retrospective study of consecutive patients with CVT in the period 1985-2002 who were admitted to the University Hospital Gasthuisberg. We performed a chart review and a semi-standardized telephone interview that focused on recurrent CVT or systemic thromboembolism. Fifty-four CVT patients with a mean age of 42 years were followed up for a mean of 3.5 years. Eighty percent were women. Coagulation disorders were found in 17 patients (31%). One patient (1.9%) had recurrent CVT and seven patients (12.9%) suffered systemic thromboembolism after a median of 2.5 months. Patients with recurrent thromboembolism more often had coagulopathies (P = 0.04) or a history of deep venous thrombosis (P = 0.007). Patients with early recurrent venous thromboembolism often were not treated with oral anticoagulants (P < 0.001). It was evident from the above study that a substantial number of patients suffer recurrent thromboembolism after CVT.     

Deep venous thrombosis in patients with neurological diseases: A multicenter,prospective study

ObjectivePatients with neurological diseases are liable to develop deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to various factors. We investigated the prevalence, related factors, and prognosis of DVT in patients with neurological diseases.MethodsPatients admitted to four hospitals due to neurological diseases were prospectively recruited. Those with cerebrovascular diseases were excluded. To screen for DVT, ultrasonography was performed in patients with possible DVT risk, such as D-dimer > 1.0 µg/dL, recent surgery, active malignant diseases, recent bone fracture, decreased activity, or treatment with immunoglobulin or steroid therapy. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without DVT.ResultsA total of 106 patients (54 women, median 71 years old) were included. DVT was detected in 27 patients (26.0%) at the first assessment. All had DVT only in the calf; encephalopathy/meningitis (n = 4, 40.0%) had the highest prevalence of DVT among the underlying neurological diseases, followed by parkinsonian syndrome (n = 6, 37.5%). Independent predictors for DVT detection were malignant diseases (odds ratio, 11.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.0–301.4), modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 4 (5.4; 1.9–16.6), and D-dimer ≥ 2.0 µg/dL (5.7; 2.1–16.7). Ten patients were treated with anticoagulants, and no patients developed a symptomatic pulmonary embolism. No clinically evident pulmonary embolisms, systemic embolisms, or severe bleeding complications were observed in patients with DVT.ConclusionsAsymptomatic DVT is not rare in patients with neurological diseases, especially in those with malignancy, decreased activity, or elevated D-dimer. The overall prognosis is favorable, but the potential risk of development of a pulmonary embolism should be recognized.     

全髋关节置换后早期并发深静脉血栓的多因素Logistic回归分析

背景：随着对全髋关节置换后并发深静脉血栓的认识加深,减少和避免其发生已成为临床面临的重要课题。以往对影响深静脉血栓形成的相关因素报道虽多,但着眼点片面、样本量过少、统计学意义差、基础试验与临床研究的结果相混淆、研究方法及设计缺乏科学性,造成报道不一致,各抒己见。 目的：探讨全髋关节置换术早期并发深静脉血栓的原因及其相关因素,并提出预防与处理对策,从而降低发生率。 方法：回顾分析1 780例首次全髋关节置换术病例,选择性别、年龄、体质量、病种、合并症、患髋既往手术、麻醉、手术时间、假体固定方式、输血、术后患肢训练、防血栓药物、并发症指标进行统计,采用SPSS建立标准化数据库,行Logistic多因素回归分析。 结果与结论：1 780例全髋关节置换患者中有深静脉血栓136例。年龄、合并症、麻醉、假体固定方式、输血、患肢术后主被动训练、防血栓药物因素与深静脉血栓有相关性(P < 0.05)。高龄、高血压或糖尿病、全麻、骨水泥固定、输全血是全髋关节置换术早期并发深静脉血栓的危险因素,患肢术后主被动训练、防血栓药物应用是保护因素。认真做好围手术期处理,积极控制慢性合并症、术前做好评估、术中操作精细、术后积极预防治疗及护理可以降低深静脉血栓的发生。     

脑静脉系统血栓形成的临床特点

目的探讨脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析27例CVT患者的临床资料。结果本组患者中25例有发病诱因(包括妊娠或产褥期18例,高热、腹泻5例等),平均年龄(29.7±9.3)岁;多以急性(7例,25.9%)、亚急性(19例,70.4%)起病。以头痛为首发症状23例(91.7%),伴呕吐21例,12例出现意识障碍,均出现不同部位的神经功能缺损表现。腰穿CSF压力增高21例。血常规检查异常22例(81.5%),凝血功能异常13例(48.2%)。影像学检查[CT、MRI、MR静脉血管成像(MRV)]显示,均有不同程度的颅内静脉或静脉窦受累,其中上矢状窦受累最多(77.8%)。24例采用肝素抗凝治疗,2例用溶栓治疗。17例痊愈,4例好转,6例死亡(其中4例并发出血性梗死,2例伴大脑大静脉血栓形成)。结论 CVT继发于循环血液不足及血液高凝状态,以急性或亚急性起病,主要表现为颅内压增高综合征,死亡率较高;MRI和MRA是早期诊断的有效手段,早期肝素抗凝治疗可取得良好疗效。     

Nonthrombotic internal jugular venous stenosis may facilitate cerebral venous thrombosis

AimsTo explore the effect of nonthrombotic internal jugular venous stenosis (IJVS) exerted on cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT).MethodsPatients with imaging confirmed CVT were enrolled into this real‐world case–control study consecutively from January 2018 through April 2021, and were divided into CVT and IJVS‐CVT groups, according to whether or not with non‐thrombotic IJVS. Chi‐square and logistic regression models were utilized for between‐group comparison of thrombotic factors.ResultsA total of 199 eligible patients entered into final analysis, including 92 cases of CVT and 107 cases of IJVS‐CVT. Chi‐square revealed that thrombophilic conditions were found in majority of CVT, while only minority in the IJVS‐CVT group (83.7% vs. 20.6%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that most identified thrombophilia were negatively related to IJVS‐CVT (all p < 0.05), including oral contraceptive use (β = −1.38), hyperhomocysteinemia (β = −1.58), hematology (β = −2.05), protein C/S deficiency (β = −2.28), connective tissue disease (β = −1.18) and infection (β = −2.77). All recruited patients underwent standard anticoagulation, 10 cases in IJVS‐CVT group also received jugular angioplasty for IJVS correction. Most participants obtained alleviations during 1‐year follow‐up. However, both clinical and imaging outcomes in IJVS‐CVT group were not as good as those in CVT group (both p < 0.05). Moreover, 8 cases with CVT and 7 cases with IJVS‐CVT were rehospitalized for CVT recurrences and underwent customized treatment.ConclusionNonthrombotic IJVS may be one of the risk factors of CVT. Anticoagulation might need to be suggested for IJVS patients.     

Cerebral venous thrombosis in Down's syndrome

We report the first case of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) diagnosed in an adult with Down's syndrome (DS). A 25-year-old man with DS was admitted because of a generalized tonic–clonic seizure and prolonged postictal period. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR venography revealed CVT. No particular cause of the thrombosis was identified. CVT may be an unusual cause of stroke in DS.     

老年单侧全髋关节置换与下肢深静脉血栓形成

背景：下肢深静脉血栓形成是全髋关节置换患者围手术期严重的并发症,其发生率较高。目前尚不清楚原发病对老年全髋关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响。 目的：观察不同原发病对老年全髋关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响。 方法：选择单侧全髋关节置换患者147例,年龄64~93岁,根据原发病不同分为2组：骨折组68例,置换前经历了创伤,均为股骨颈骨折患者;骨病组79例,术前未经历过创伤。根据患者生理年龄、置换前社会活动能力、骨质情况、预期寿命等选择全髋假体,其中采用生物学假体5例,混合型假体12例,其他全部采用骨水泥型假体。对术后出现患肢肿胀和/或疼痛,下肢伴有或不伴有Homans征/ Neuhofs征阳性的患者常规应用加压超声技术进行超声多谱勒检查。 结果与结论：骨折组置换后32例出现患侧肢体肿胀,伴有疼痛者20例,出现Homans征/ Neuhofs征15例,经超声多普勒检查证实29例下肢下肢深静脉血栓形成阳性;股骨颈骨折后行全髋关节置换1例,无下肢深静脉血栓形成临床症状,于置换后17 d猝死,尸检证实为伤侧下肢混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成合并肺栓塞;骨病组置换后20例出现患侧肢体肿胀,伴有疼痛者11例,出现Homans征/ Neuhofs征9例,经超声多普勒检查证实20例下肢深静脉血栓形成阳性。股骨颈骨折患者比骨病组患者具有更高的血液凝固状态,下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率更高(P < 0.05)。提示股骨颈骨折是老年全髋关节置换后下肢深静脉血栓形成发生的高危因素。     

Subcutaneous treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin. A dose finding study with LMWH-Novo

Treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH-Novo, Logiparin) was carried out with two different doses of Logiparin, 75 XaI U/kg b.w. twice daily and 150 XaI U/kg b.w. once daily subcutaneously for 5 days. Simultaneously warfarin was given from the first day of heparin treatment. Mean age of the twenty patients was 65 years and one third was females. No serious side effects, hematomas, pulmonary emboli or signs of recurrent thrombosis occurred during treatment with either dose regime. Venografic assessment with Marder scoring one week after initiation of Logiparin treatment showed a slight not significant improvement apparent in 40 % of the patients. The activities of F-IIaI and F-XaI in the blood plasma were found to increase after injection of Logiparin. These two parameters seem to be the most suitable for monitoring the effect during treatment. For future studies on the therapeutic effect of Logiparin in deep venous thrombosis a single dose of 150 to 200 F-XaI activity per 24 hours seems to be most suitable.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊治(附9例报告)

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析9例经影像学诊断为CVST的患者,行抗凝及血管内介入溶栓治疗。结果9例患者均有颅内压增高表现;3例癫痫发作;2例颅内出血;2例出现意识障碍;1例偏瘫。头部CT、MRI、MRV、DSA为诊断提供依据。8例应用低分子肝素治疗,1例进行血管内介入尿激酶溶栓治疗,同时进行肝素抗凝治疗。治疗后9例患者中7例症状完全缓解,2例症状明显好转。随访6例患者半年至2年,疗效稳定,无1例复发。结论CVST患者多有颅内压增高表现,及时行MRI、MRV及DSA检查,以明确诊断。抗凝治疗为首选治疗方法,血管内介入溶栓治疗协同抗凝治疗可提高疗效。     

Cerebral venous malformation complicated by spontaneous thrombosis

A case of spontaneous thrombosis and infarction leading to death as complications of a cerebral venous malformation in a 13-yearold boy is reported. This is the first published report of this type of complication occurring in a case of venous angioma. While the biologic behavior of cerebral venous malformations has suggested that they are benign in nature, and the results of surgical management have encouraged a conservative approach, the present case illustrates a potential complication and argues against the assumption that these malformations are completely benign in nature.     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成14例

目的探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的早期诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析2005年1月-2010年1月来我院就诊的14名颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的病因、临床表现、影像学、诊断、治疗和预后。结果 14例患者中表现为头痛的有12例,伴有呕吐者2例,癫疒间发作者5例,伴有意识障碍者6例,伴有肢体瘫痪2例,伴有失语者1例。所有患者MRV均提示静脉窦显影不佳或不显影。给予抗凝治疗后,出院时9例症状好转,4例复诊痊愈,1例死亡。结论颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)临床表现多样,缺乏特异性,诊断依赖影像学检查,特别是血管成像,抗凝是首选治疗。     

脑静脉系统血栓形成典型病例临床分析

目的：对脑静脉系统血栓形成进行临床分析。方法对 CVT患者临床资料进行分析。结果早期表现均有头痛、恶心、呕吐、颅内压增高表现,且呈进行性加重、常有癫痫、伴或不伴局灶性神经功能缺失。影像学检查显示：有上矢状窦、横窦血栓形成和乙状窦、横窦血栓形成,经脱水、抗凝、溶栓等治疗患者症状明显改善。结论脑静脉窦血栓形成早期临床无特异性,头颅CT结合CTV检查对本病诊断值较高。     

髋部骨折后下肢深静脉血栓形成家兔模型的建立

背景：目前各种方法诱导下肢深静脉血栓的动物模型缺乏统一的标准。 目的：建立髋部骨折后下肢深静脉血栓形成兔模型。 方法：采用专用击打装置,用位于28 cm高度的击打物击打家兔后下肢左侧大腿根部;建立兔髋部骨折模型,另一侧兔后下肢不击打设为对照侧。4周后选取下肢髂静脉行彩色多普勒超声以及凝血功能的检查血栓形成情况。 结果与结论：家兔经打击后经彩色多普勒超声检查存在下肢深静脉血栓,血栓长度(124±37) mm。对照侧无下肢深静脉血栓形成。血栓形成率81.8%,死亡率为9.1%。结果证实,实验成功建立的兔髋部骨折后下肢深静脉血栓形成模型,简单可行。