妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清肿瘤坏死因子α水平变化与胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的　探讨妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)水平变化与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定 4 2例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇 (GDM组 )、4 0例正常妊娠晚期孕妇 (正常妊娠组 )空腹血清TNF α水平 ;同时测定两组孕妇空腹血糖、C肽、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。并且根据公式计算两组孕妇的胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI) ,以评价胰岛素抵抗程度。结果(1)GDM组孕妇空腹血清TNF α水平为 (5 2± 1 6 )ng/L ,正常妊娠组孕妇为 (4 5± 0 5 )ng/L ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;GDM组孕妇ISI为 - 4 3± 0 4 ,正常妊娠组为 - 3 8± 0 3,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )GDM组孕妇空腹血糖、胰岛素、C肽水平分别为 (5 5± 0 7)mmol/L、(13 4± 3 8)mU/L、(1 6± 0 4 )nmol/L ,正常妊娠组孕妇空腹血糖、胰岛素、C肽水平分别为(4 9± 0 4 )mmol/L、(9 3± 2 5 )mU/L、(1 2± 0 3)nmol,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;GDM组孕妇HbA1c为 (5 6± 0 5 ) % ,正常妊娠组孕妇为 (5 3± 0 5 ) % ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性(P <0 0 5 )。 (3)GDM组孕妇空腹血清TNF α水平与ISI呈显著负相关 (r=- 0 70 3,P <0 0 1) ,分别与空腹血糖、C肽、HbA1c呈显著正相关 (r     

Glycosylated hemoglobin: a sensitive indicator of gestational diabetes

Previous studies suggested that the assessment of hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) concentration was a poor indicator of diabetes in pregnancy. However, HbA1 was measured by ion exchange chromatography, which is subject to spurious alterations. To reevaluate the use of glycosylated hemoglobin concentration (GlyHb) as an indicator of gestational diabetes, 64 women at 10 to 15 weeks' gestation were studied by measuring GlyHb by a specific affinity chromatography assay, and blood glucose concentration was determined one hour post a 50-g oral glucose load. Gestational diabetes developed in 15 women in whom GlyHb (7.4 +/- 0.2%) was greater than in normal pregnant women (5.7 +/- 0.1%, P less than .001). If a GlyHb of 6.3% were chosen as the threshold for diagnostic evaluation for diabetes, only 6.7% of the gestational diabetics would have missed diagnosis. Of normal women, 14.2% would have been subjected to glucose tolerance test. GlyHb elevation was associated with the birth of infants large for gestational age. The assessment of GlyHb by affinity chromatography between 10 and 15 weeks' gestation may be a sensitive predictor of patients who will develop gestational diabetes.     

Clinical outcomes of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes(1)

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate predictors of neonatal hypoglycemia and macrosomia in 107 consecutive pregnancies in type 1 diabetic women. METHODS:We conducted a case record analysis of singleton type 1 diabetic pregnancies between January 1994 and January 1999 following institution of standardized management. RESULTS:The duration of diabetes in the women was 12.9 +/- 6.8 years, and 44 were primigravidas. The mean HbA1c throughout pregnancy was 7.2 +/- 0.8%. There was no relationship between neonatal blood glucose (checked before the second feed) and HbA1c at any point in pregnancy or mean pregnancy HbA1c (R = 0.20, P >.1). However, there was a negative correlation between neonatal blood glucose and maternal blood glucose during labor (R = -0.33, P <.001). When maternal blood glucose during labor was greater than 8 mM (144 mg/dL), neonatal blood glucose was usually less than 2.5 mM (mean 1.7 +/- 0.4 mM or 31 mg/dL). There was no relationship between mean HbA1c and birth weight (R = 0.02, P >.1) or between maximum insulin dose and birth weight (R = 0.09, P >.1). Fetal abdominal circumference measured by ultrasound at 34 weeks correlated strongly with birth weight (R = 0.72, P <.001). CONCLUSION:Neonatal hypoglycemia correlates with maternal hyperglycemia in labor, not with HbA1c during pregnancy. Macrosomia does not correlate with HbA1c during pregnancy.     

Decreased maternal serum leptin in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether circulating levels of leptin differed between women with preeclampsia and women who had an uncomplicated pregnancy. METHODS: Maternal and umbilical venous plasma leptin concentrations obtained at delivery were compared in 36 pairs of women with either preeclampsia or normal pregnancy, matched 1:1 for prepregnancy body mass index and fetal gestational age at delivery. RESULTS: Prepregnancy body mass index was 21.1 +/- 2.1 kg/m2 in either study group (range 17.6-25.3 kg/m2 and 17.7-25.3 kg/m2 in the normal and preeclamptic group, respectively). Mean fetal gestational age at delivery was 40.1 +/- 1.3 weeks and 40.1 +/- 1.2 weeks in the normal and preeclamptic group, respectively. Median leptin concentrations were significantly lower (P <.0001) in women with preeclampsia (8.3 ng/mL, range 3.5-20.0 ng/mL) than in normal pregnant women (20.2 ng/mL, range 6.0-63.7 ng/mL). Median umbilical venous leptin was not significantly different between groups (preeclampsia 11.8 ng/mL, range 2.0-37.2 ng/mL; normal 7.6 ng/mL, range 1.6-24.3 ng/mL; P = .377). Umbilical venous leptin levels correlated positively with birth weight in both groups (preeclampsia rho = 0.501, P = .002; normal rho = 0.517, P = .001), whereas no correlations were found between maternal and fetal hormone concentrations. Maternal leptin concentrations did not correlate with birth weight. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the correlation between umbilical venous leptin concentration and birth weight is independent of the presence of preeclampsia. Given the inconsistency in literature concerning circulating leptin levels in preeclampsia, further studies should investigate the regulatory systems of leptin in preeclampsia.     

妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇并发子痫前期的相关因素探讨

目的探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇子痫前期的发病情况,以及与发病相关的因素。方法回顾性分析1981至2003年23年间,在我院分娩的1202例妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇的病例资料,其中151例(Ⅰ组)并发子痫前期,1051例(Ⅱ组)未并发子痫前期,分析与子痫前期发病相关的危险因素。结果(1)妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇子痫前期的发生率为12.6%(151/1202)。其中糖尿病合并妊娠(DM)、妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期糖耐量降低(GIGT)患者中,子痫前期的发生率分别为34.8%(39/112)、11.8%(89/753)、6.8%(23/337),3者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)Ⅰ组孕妇分娩前体重指数(BMI)为(31±4)kg/m2,Ⅱ组为(29±4)kg/m2,两组比较,差异也有统计学意义(P=0.027);Ⅰ组孕期血糖升高出现的时间[(27±11)周]明显早于Ⅱ组[(30±7)周],平均产次也高于Ⅱ组。(3)有不良孕产史、合并慢性高血压者,子痫前期的发生率分别为18.5%(32/173)、41.9%(18/43),明显高于无不良孕产史及慢性高血压者(P=0.03、0.000)。(4)Ⅰ组孕妇的口服50g葡萄糖负荷试验(GCT)、口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT,空腹、服糖后2、3h)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)各值均明显高于Ⅱ组。(5)需要胰岛素治疗者,子痫前期的发生率为15.6%,高于饮食控制者(9.9%,P=0.009);血糖控制不满者子痫前期的发生率为17.0%,明显高于血糖控制满意者(10.0%,P=0.000)。(6)logistic回归分析显示,妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇合并慢性高血压、HbA1c水平升高为子痫前期发病的独立危险因素。结论不同类型糖代谢异常者,并发子痫前期的发生率存在明显差异,GDM确诊时血糖水平、孕期血糖控制情况等与子痫前期发病存在明显相关性,慢性高血压与糖代谢异常并存,将明显增加子痫前期的发生率。     

Effect of dietary therapy on pancreatic beta cell function in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Twenty-four noninsulin-dependent diabetics, who were newly diagnosed or had discontinued therapy for at least 10 months, were studied for the effect of dietary therapy on pancreatic beta cell function. The mean fasting plasma glucose (176 +/- 14 vs 212 +/- 16 mg/dl, p less than 0.01) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, 8.6 +/- 0.5 vs 9.4 +/- 0.6%, p less than 0.001) decreased significantly after 1 month of dietary control, although there was no significant change in mean body weight (57.4 +/- 2.0 vs 57.7 +/- 2.0 kg, p greater than 0.5). The mean incremental serum C-peptide (delta CP) response to oral glucose stimulation (OGTT) increased (4.6 +/- 0.6 vs 3.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, p less than 0.01), but that to intravenous glucagon (GT) did not (2.5 +/- 0.2 vs 2.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, p greater than 0.1). In 12 patients whose glycemic control improved after dietary treatment, there was a good correlation between the decrement in fasting plasma glucose and the increment in delta CP response to OGTT (r = 0.66, p less than 0.05). In conclusion: after 1 month of dietary therapy in noninsulin-dependent diabetics, (1) the serum C-peptide response to OGTT, but not to GT, improved; (2) the beta cell secretion increased only in those patients with improved glycemic control; (3) there was a good correlation between glycemic control and beta cell function.     

Lack of predictive value of HbA1 for impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome

Twenty-seven women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) and 17 control women had a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) performed. Although glucose tolerance was impaired in the obese (body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2) women with PCO, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) concentrations did not exceed the normal upper limit (7.2%). In all 44 women, there was no correlation between HbA1 and fasting glucose (r = 0.082, p = 0.63) but there was a significant correlation between HbA1 and summed glucose levels through the oGTT (r = 0.389, p = 0.02). HbA1 measurement does not predict the presence of impaired glucose tolerance in women with PCO.     

妊高征患者血中内皮素与β-绒毛膜促性腺激素水平及其相互关系

目的 检测妊高征患者血清内皮素（ＥＴ）与β－绒毛膜促性腺激素（β－ｈＣＧ）水平及其相关关系,以探讨ＥＴ与β－ｈＣＧ在妊高征发病中的作用,方法 用放射免疫法对３２例妊高征患者（妊高征组）,１７例正常晚期单胎妊娠妇女（正常晚期妊娠组）以及１４例育龄期正常未妇女（正常未孕组）血中ＥＴ和β－ｈＣＧ水平进行检测。结果 妊高征组血ＥＴ和β－ｈＣＧ水平（３０．３５±１４．５２ｎｇ／Ｌ和７．３５±４．８６ｍｍｏｌ     

Glycosylated hemoglobin as a predictor of fetal pulmonic maturity in insulin-dependent diabetes at term.

In insulin dependent diabetic (IDDM) gestations, fetal pulmonary maturity is delayed in the presence of suboptimal glycemic control. Serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) provides a means of assessing glycemic control. We evaluated maternal HbA1c in IDDM pregnancies at term undergoing amniocentesis for lung maturity to establish if euglycemia is associated with improved fetal lung maturity. Between July 1995 and June 1996, IDDM patients undergoing amniocentesis at term for lung maturity studies had a maternal serum sample analyzed for HbA1c. Fetal lung maturity was established by the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in amniotic fluid. HbA1c was considered elevated if >6.2%. Mean HbA1c level was 6.8% (range 4.4 to 9.9%). PG was present in 54% of patients with elevated HbA1c (7/13) versus 80% of those with normal HbA1c (8/10) (p = 0.4). Although birth weight was higher in the elevated than in the normal HbA1c group (3770 +/- 514 vs. 3215 +/- 610 g), no association was present between birth weight and HbA1c level (r = 0.22, p = 0.4). The rate of a mature pulmonic profile at term is not significantly different between IDDM women with good or poor glycemic control. HbA1c values should not be used to predict the presence or absence of amniotic fluid PG.     

Postpartum glycated hemoglobin A1c and glucose tolerance test in mothers of large babies

An attempt to study macrosomia and carbohydrate metabolism was made by determination of glycated hemoglobin A1c and by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in early puerperium. We studied 76 women who gave birth to large babies greater than or equal to 4.5 kg, 74 women whose babies were 3-4 kg as controls, and 36 type II diabetics. The median of HbA1c concentration in the diabetics (8.06%) was significantly higher than in the controls (6.49%), and the large babies' mothers (6.48%), P less than 0.001. No significant difference was found between HbA1c or glucose intolerance in mothers of large babies and mothers with average size babies. HbA1c showed an association with glucose levels in the diabetics and controls, P less than 0.001, but not in the large baby group. Mothers of large babies were as old and obese as the diabetics. We speculate that the relationship of postpartum GTT, HbA1c and gestational diabetes is unwarranted.     

HbA1c during pregnancy: its relationship to meal related glycaemia and neonatal birth weight in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Although home blood glucose (HBG) profiles correlate closely with HbA1c, the strength of the relationship during pregnancy is unclear due to physiological changes which can induce subnormal HbA1c levels. We therefore aimed to establish the strength of the association between mean HBG profiles and HbA1c in diabetic pregnancies and whether HbA1c levels and glycaemic variability affects neonatal birth weight (NBW). STUDY DESIGN: 7-point glycaemic profiles performed throughout pregnancy were obtained retrospectively in 94 consecutive patients attending the diabetes antenatal clinic and compared to the corresponding mean HbA1c levels. RESULTS: There was a significant linear correlation between mean HBG and HbA1c (HbA1c=0.5HBG+3.1, r=0.71, p<0.0001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that both pre- and post-prandial HBG levels correlated significantly and independently with HbA1c, correlation coefficients (r) were 0.63 and 0.65, respectively both p<0.0001. Significant correlations were also observed in patients with gestational diabetes (n=67, mean HbA1c=6.11, r=0.67; p<0.0001) and type 1 diabetes (n=18, mean HbA1c=6.75, r=0.64; p=0.004). All meal related HBG measurements showed similar significant correlations with HbA1c (r values pre- and post-breakfast, pre- and post-lunch, pre- and post-tea and pre-bed are 0.56, 0.55, 0.59, 0.55, 0.56, 0.59, 0.51, respectively p<0.0001 for all time points). Post hoc analysis showed that NBW increased with higher levels of HbA1c; NBW (centiles)+/-S.D. for HbA1c <6.5% versus >6.5% was 78.9%+/-29.2 versus 90.2%+/-18.6, p=0.02. CONCLUSION: Mean HbA1c levels are closely correlated to all meal related glucose measurements during pregnancy. It is therefore a reliable indicator of overall glycaemic control among patients with diabetes during pregnancy.     

Pregnancy and type 2 diabetes: which fetal prognosis?

OBJECTIVES: The rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in women of childbearing age leads to an increasing number of pregnant women with type 2 diabetes. But published data on fetal outcome are scarce. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study from 1999 to 2002, we assessed fetal outcome (preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, congenital malformations) in 20 pregnancies associated with type 2 diabetes and compared the outcome to 40 pregnancies associated with type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: Women with type 2 diabetes are older (32 +/- 5 vs. 27 +/- 5, P = 0.003), more obese (body mass index: 28.3 +/- 4.8 vs. 22.8 +/- 5.5, P < 0.001) than women with type 1 diabetes. Their pregnancy usually is not planned (10% vs. 55%, P < 0.001). HbA1c during organogenesis is above 8% in 46.6% of type 2 vs. 26.4% of type 1 (P < 0.001). Compared with data obtained in the general population, a fivefold increase in preterm delivery (26.3% vs. 4.7%), a sevenfold increase in perinatal mortality (5% vs. 0.7%) and congenital malformations (15.8% vs. 2.2%) are observed. These results are similar to those obtained in type 1. In planned pregnancy, HbA1c during organogenesis is under 7% with no perinatal death and no major congenital malformation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Pregnancy complicated by type 2 diabetes is a high-risk one, as much as in type 1 diabetes. Efficient pre-pregnancy care needs to be strongly encouraged in women with type 2 diabetes who also display many risk factors for adverse fetal outcome.     

Doppler umbilical artery velocimetry in pregnancy complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

The mean peak systolic to end-diastolic (S/D) umbilical artery ratio was measured in 291 Doppler studies performed during pregnancy in 35 insulin-dependent diabetic women. A normal decline was observed in the umbilical artery S/D ratio, from 4.2 +/- 0.21 at 18 weeks to 2.18 +/- 0.22 at 38 weeks. There was no significant correlation between mean third-trimester S/D and either glycosylated hemoglobin (r = 0.25) or mean blood glucose levels (r = 0.15). Fetuses of women with vascular disease (class F/R or chronic hypertension) had a mean third-trimester S/D of 3.0 or higher in five of ten cases, compared with three of 25 in patients with uncomplicated diabetes (P less than .03). Mean second- and third-trimester S/D ratios differed significantly in patients with and without vascular disease: 4.34 +/- 0.7 and 3.2 +/- 0.65 versus 3.72 +/- 0.42 and 2.55 +/- 0.32, respectively (P less than .03). Two of three women without vascular disease who demonstrated an elevated mean S/D ratio developed preeclampsia and delivered appropriate for gestational age infants. In women with vascular disease, four of five with an abnormal mean third-trimester umbilical artery S/D ratio were delivered of growth-retarded infants, whereas all five with normal umbilical artery S/D ratios had appropriate for gestational age infants. In three of the abnormal cases, elevated S/D ratios were present in the second trimester before ultrasound documentation of fetal growth retardation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

肝素治疗胎儿生长受限的临床观察

目的探讨肝素用于治疗胎儿生长受限(FGR)的临床疗效及安全性.方法将107例FGR患者分为3组,标准肝素治疗组37例,将标准肝素50～75 mg溶于5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液500 ml中静脉滴注,6～8 h滴完;低分子肝素治疗组31例,给予低分子肝素(商品名速避凝)0.2～0.4 ml皮下注射;对照组39例,给予低分子右旋糖酐500 ml加复方丹参注射液20 ml静脉滴注. 治疗前后及终止妊娠前,行彩色超声(彩超)检查,监测胎儿生长情况和脐血流变化,并进行生物物理评分,同时监测血小板计数(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT);记录新生儿情况并进行随访.结果 (1)标准肝素治疗组、低分子肝素治疗组,平均每周宫高均增长(0.7±0.6) cm,高于对照组的 (0.5±0.4) cm,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);平均每周双顶径分别增长[(2.4±0.7) mm、(2.5±0.8) mm,显著高于对照组的(1.7±0.6) mm,差异也有显著性(P＜0.05).(2)标准肝素治疗组、低分子肝素治疗组、对照组胎儿生物物理评分别为(9.7±0.8) 分、(9.6±0.6) 分、(8.9±0.7)分,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).(3)标准肝素治疗组及低分子肝素治疗组,脐动脉收缩期最大血流速度(S)与舒张末期血流速度(D)的比值(S/D比值)分别为2.5±0.5、2.4±0.5,显著低于对照组的2.9±0.6,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)也显著低于对照组,差异也有显著性(P＜0.05).(4)标准肝素治疗组、低分子肝素治疗组新生儿出生后1分钟Apgar评分8～10分者分别占86%、87%,显著高于对照组的74%(P＜0.05);新生儿出生体重分别为(3100±256)g、(3080±225)g,显著高于对照组的(2580±304)g,差异有显著性(P＜0.05);胎龄均为(38±4)周,也显著长于对照组的(37±4)周,差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).(5)标准肝素治疗组及低分子肝素治疗组足月小样儿均为2例(分别占5%、6%),显著低于对照组的7例(18%),差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).(6)各组孕妇治疗前后PLT、PT、APTT比较,差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).(7)标准肝素治疗组及低分子肝素治疗组,治疗后孕妇的宫高、胎儿的股骨长度、头围、腹围、脐血流各指标、新生儿出生体重、胎龄等变化比较,差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).结论肝素可改善胎盘血流,使胎儿体重增加,减少足月小样儿的发生率,改善围产儿的预后,且肝素治疗FGR对母、儿都较安全.     

轴突导向因子netrin-1在子痫前期患者胎盘组织中的表达及其与胎盘新生血管形成的关系

目的探讨轴突导向因子 netrin-1在子痫前期孕妇胎盘组织中的表达及其对胎盘新生血管形成中的作用。方法采用 RT-PCR 和免疫印迹技术分别检测正常妊娠妇女20例(正常妊娠组)和子痫前期孕妇20例(子痫前期组,其中轻度12例,重度8例)的胎盘组织中轴突导向因子netrin-1 mRNA 和蛋白的表达;采用免疫组化并通过抗 F8因子抗体检测两组孕妇胎盘组织中的血管密度。结果 (1)正常妊娠组及子痫前期组孕妇胎盘组织中 netrin-1 mRNA 相对吸光度(A)值分别为0.51±0.08和0.41±0.06,netrin-1蛋白 A 值分别为26.4±1.8和20.5±1.3。两组分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。子痫前期组轻度和重度孕妇 netrin-1 mRNA A 值分别为0.48±0.08和0.34±0.07,netrin-1蛋白 A 值分别为22.8±1.3和18.2±1.0。两者分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)子痫前期组孕妇胎盘血管密度为(54±8)个,正常妊娠组孕妇为(65±10)个,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);子痫前期组中重度孕妇血管密度为(48±7)个,轻度孕妇为(60±9)个,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)正常妊娠组孕妇胎盘组织中 netrin-1 mRNA 及其蛋白表达与血管密度呈正相关关系,相关系数(r)分别为0.67和0.71(P 均<0.01);子痫前期组孕妇胎盘组织中 netrin-1 mRNA 及其蛋白表达与血管密度呈正相关关系,r 分别为0.61和0.70(P 均<0.01);子痫前期组轻度孕妇胎盘组织中 netrin-1 mRNA 及其蛋白表达与血管密度呈正相关关系,r 分别为0.69和0.73(P 均<0.01);重度孕妇胎盘组织中 netrin-1 mRNA 及其蛋白表达与血管密度呈正相关关系,r 分别为0.71和0.75(P 均<0.01)。结论子痫前期孕妇胎盘组织中 netrin-1表达下降,可能是胎盘血管密度降低的原因之一。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖关系的研究

目的　探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 36例妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇 (糖代谢异常组 )和 2 4例正常孕妇 (正常妊娠组 )的空腹及口服 50g葡萄糖后 3h的血清瘦素水平 ;采用电化学发光法测定两组孕妇的空腹血清胰岛素水平 ;采用低压液相色谱分析法测定两组孕妇的糖化血红蛋白 ;采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定两组孕妇的口服 50g葡萄糖后 1h的血糖水平。结果　 (1 )糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平为 (1 4 9± 4 3) μg/L ,正常妊娠组为 (1 0 0± 1 8) μg/L ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ;(2 )糖代谢异常组孕妇空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h血糖水平分别为 (1 2 9± 4 3)mU/L、 (6 1± 1 1 ) %、(1 1 0±1 4)mmol/L ;正常妊娠组孕妇分别为 (8 6± 3 2 )mU/L、(4 5± 1 0 ) %、(7 8± 1 2 )mmol/L。糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平与空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h的血糖水平呈明显的正相关关系 ,相关系数 (r)分别为 0 835、0 758、0 561。结论　妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇空腹血清瘦素水平升高 ,其瘦素水平的高低与空腹血清胰岛素及血糖水平相关     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者母胎混合淋巴细胞培养的研究

目的　通过观察母胎间混合淋巴细胞反应 ,探讨母胎组织相容性与妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症 (ICP)发病的关系。方法　采用淋巴细胞转化法对 2 2例ICP患者 [ICP组 ,其中 5例合并妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 ) ]和 2 1例正常孕妇 (对照组 )进行母胎淋巴细胞混合培养 ,计算淋巴细胞转化率 ;比较两组间淋巴细胞转化率的差异。通过检测ICP组孕妇的血清甘胆酸盐水平 ,分析淋巴细胞转化率与血清甘胆酸盐水平的相关性。结果　ICP组淋巴细胞转化率为 ( 2 4± 5 ) % ,对照组为 ( 3 6± 9) % ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。ICP组合并与不合并妊高征者的淋巴细胞转化率无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。ICP组淋巴细胞转化率与血清甘胆酸盐水平无显著相关性 [相关系数 (r) =0 40 3 ,P>0 0 5 ]。结论　ICP患者母胎混合淋巴细胞培养反应性降低 ,提示母胎间组织相容性增高、免疫识别与反应性降低。这一变化可能与ICP的发生有关     

糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测在妊娠期糖尿病诊断中的应用价值

目的：建立天津市中心妇产科医院（我院）孕妇孕中期糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的正常参考区间,并探讨HbA1c联合空腹血糖（FPG）检测在妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）诊断中的应用价值。方法：依据2010年国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组织（IADPSG）推荐的GDM诊断标准,从2016年5-12月期间在我院行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）产前检查的孕24～28周的孕妇中筛查出196例GDM孕妇作为GDM组,以同期健康孕妇320例作为对照组（健康孕妇组）,同时收集其相关的临床资料。采用高效液相色谱法检测HbA1c水平,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析HbA1c联合FPG用于筛查GDM的价值。结果：①GDM组的年龄、孕前体质量和孕前体质量指数（BMI）均高于健康孕妇组（P＜0.01）,2组孕妇的孕周和身高比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;②GDM组HbA1c水平和OGTT各时点血糖水平均高于健康孕妇组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;③320例健康孕妇HbA1c水平符合正态分布,其孕中期HbA1c水平的正常参考区间（取其第2.5～97.5百分位数）为4.4%～5.8%;④当HbA1c为5.35%时,其预测GDM的敏感度（44.9%）和特异度（77.5%）最高,此时HbA1c诊断GDM的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.665（95%CI：0.617～0.713）;HbA1c（≥5.35%）联合FPG（≥5.1 mmol/L）诊断GDM的AUC为0.933（95%CI：0.909～0.957）。结论：建立了我院孕妇孕中期HbAlc的正常参考区间。HbAlc联合FPG检测简单、方便,有望成为GDM诊断的有力补充。     

Does the presence of a funnel increase the risk of adverse perinatal outcome in a patient with a short cervix?

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of a dilated internal os (funneling or beaking) alters the outcome of patients with a short cervix documented by transvaginal ultrasound in the second trimester. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 1998 and May 2004, all singleton pregnancies with a short cervix (< or =2.5 cm) and no funnel between 16 and 24 weeks' gestational age were identified by query and review of the Lehigh Valley Perinatal Ultrasound Database. These no funnel patients were compared with patients with a short cervix and funnel matched in accordance with cervical length and risk factors. Multiple variables of perinatal outcome were identified and compared between the Funnel and No Funnel groups. Correlations between cervical measurements and gestational age at birth were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 279 patients with a short cervix identified, 82 were singleton with a T-shaped cervix and no funnel and 82 patients matched with a typical Y-shaped funnel. There was no difference between groups with respect to maternal demographics, previous preterm birth (28.1% No Funnel group vs 36.5% Funnel group, P = .3), prior cervical surgery (24.3% vs 22.0 %, P = .8), gestational age at entry (20.5 +/- 2.1 vs 21.1 +/- 2.4 weeks, P = .1), and cervical length (1.9 +/- 0.4 vs 1.8 +/- 0.5 cm , P = .1). The No Funnel group had significantly less readmissions for preterm labor (43.2% vs 67.1 %, P = .004), chorioamnionitis (2.4% vs 23.2 %, P = .0002), abruption (1.2% vs 13.4 %, P = .007), preterm rupture of membranes (6.1% vs 23.4%, P = .002), and cerclage placement (23.2% vs 43 %, P = .008). The neonates in the no funnel group delivered later (36.2% +/- 4.6 vs 33.8 +/- 5.4 weeks , P = .003), and had less morbidity and mortality (17.1% vs 37.8 %, P = .02) compared with the Funnel group. The width and depth of the funnel did not correlate with perinatal outcome. Cervical length ( R(2) = 0.07, P = .02) and cervical funneling as a categorical variable ( r = 0.3, P = .0002) did correlate with earlier delivery. CONCLUSION: The disruption of the internal os, as documented by funneling, is a significant risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome (ie, preterm labor, chorioamnionitis, abruption, rupture of the membranes, and serious neonatal morbidity and mortality). Cervical funneling is best measured as a categorical variable (present or absent).     

Transforming growth factor-beta1 in fetal serum correlates with insulin-like growth factor-I and fetal growth

OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether transforming growth factor-beta1 in fetal serum obtained by umbilical cord sampling at delivery is correlated with fetal growth. We also estimated whether transforming growth factor-beta1 is correlated with insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, which have been shown to correlate with fetal growth. METHODS: The active form of transforming growth factor-beta1 was analyzed in serum from cord blood from 68 fetuses by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Of the 68 pregnant women, 12 had preeclampsia, 14 had preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, 15 had intrauterine growth restriction alone, and seven had fetuses that were large for gestational age (LGA). Twenty pregnancies with fetuses appropriate for gestational age (AGA) served as controls. RESULTS: Transforming growth factor-beta1 concentrations were significantly correlated with birth weight. The average transforming growth factor-beta1 concentration in the following groups were: intrauterine growth restriction, 22.4 +/- 2.7 microg/L; intrauterine growth restriction plus preeclampsia, 22.9 +/- 2.0 microg/L; preeclampsia without intrauterine growth restriction, 28.8 +/- 2.1 microg/L; LGA, 30.3 +/- 4.3 microg/L; and AGA, 36.8 +/- 2.0 microg/L. Transforming growth factor-beta1 levels were significantly lower in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction and showed a positive correlation with birth weight (r = 0.48, P <.001). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between insulin-like growth factor-I levels and birth weight (r = 0.36, P <.01) and a negative correlation between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and birth weight (r = -0.32, P <.01). There was also a correlation between transforming growth factor-beta1 and insulin-like growth factor-I (r = 0.29, P <.05) and between transforming growth factor-beta1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (r = -0.25, P <.05). CONCLUSION: Transforming growth factor-beta1 might be related to fetal growth in pregnancy. The results also support previous data showing that insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 are related to fetal growth.