5-HT3 receptor antagonistsvs traditional agents for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting

PURPOSE: Numerous antiemetics have been studied for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) including traditional agents (metoclopramide, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, cyclizine and droperidol) and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron and tropisetron). The results have been divergent and inconsistent. The purpose of this quantitative systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5HT3 receptor antagonists compared to traditional antiemetics for the prevention of PONV METHODS: A systematic search of the English language literature using computerized MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Pre-MEDLINE databases from 1966 to October 1999 and a manual search of references from retrieved articles were performed. Individual efficacy and adverse effect data was extracted from each of the studies according to a predefined protocol. The summary odds ratios were calculated using the Dersimonian and Laird method under a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 41 trials met our pre-defined inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. Results in the 32 studies examining PONV indicated a 46% reduction in the odds of PONV in the 5-HT3-treated group (0.54 [95% CI 0.42-0.71], P < 0.001). Evaluation of PONV by traditional antiemetic agent demonstrated a 39% reduction compared with droperidol (0.61 [95% CI 0.42-0.89], P < 0.001) and a 56% reduction compared with metoclopramide (0.44 [95% CI 0.31-0.62], P < 0.001). Results in the 34 studies examining vomiting indicated a 38% reduction in the odds of vomiting in the 5-HT3-treated group (0.62 [95% CI 0.48-0.81], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are superior to traditional antiemetic agents for the prevention of PONV and vomiting. The reduction in the odds of PONV and vomiting is significant in the overall analysis and the subgroup analyses comparing 5-HT3 receptor antagonists with droperidol and metoclopramide.     

5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂用于剖宫产患者鞘注吗啡后瘙痒和恶心呕吐的预防与治疗：系统回顾和荟萃分析

背景5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂用于剖宫产患者鞘内吗啡镇痛后瘙痒和恶心呕吐的预防和治疗,本文对其总体疗效进行了系统回顾。方法本文对一系列有关剖宫产患者应用任何一种5-羟色胺受体拈抗剂或安慰剂以预防和治疗瘙痒、恶心、呕吐的随机对照研究进行了回顾分析。所涉及的文章均真实有效,资料均由作者独立收集并以95％可信区间的相对危险度（relativerisks,RR）概括。结果本综述包括9项随机对照研究,涉及1152例患者,其中539例接受5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂治疗,413例接受安慰剂治疗,另外200例患者因接受其他止吐药治疗而未参与分析。与安慰剂组相比,5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂组瘙痒发生率并未降低[80．7％VS85．8％,RR（95％CI）=0．94（0．81—1．09）],然而5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂的应用降低了剧烈瘙痒发生率和瘙痒的治疗需求[需治疗数（number-needed-to—treat,NNT）分别为12和15]。5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂对于已出现的瘙痒疗效强于安慰剂,NNT差别为3。5-羟色胺受体拈抗剂组与安慰剂组相比,术后恶心[22．0％VS33．6％,RR（95％CI）=0．75（0．58。0．96）]和呕吐[7．7％VS16．8％,RR（95％CI）=0．49（0．30—0．81）]的发生率显著降低,术后需应用5．羟色胺受体拮抗剂进行补救性止吐治疗的发生率也明显降低[9％VS23％,RR（95％CI）=0．38（0．21—0．68）]。结论剖宫产的产妇鞘内给予吗啡镇痛,尽管预防性应用5一羟色胺受体拈抗剂不能降低瘙痒的发生率,但是却明显降低了剧烈瘙痒和需要治疗的瘙痒、术后恶心和呕吐的发生率以及术后补救性止吐治疗的需要。对于已发生的瘙痒治疗也同样有效。虽然需更多的研究加以证实,但目前的研究资料表明,在这类患者群体中常规预防性使用此类药物是值得推崇的。     

Pharmacologic myocardial protection in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a quantitative systematic review

A number of drugs have been tested in clinical trials to decrease cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. To compare the results of these studies, we conducted a quantitative systematic review. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized trials that assessed myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, 30-day cardiac mortality, and adverse effects. Data were combined using a fixed-effect model and expressed as Peto odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and as numbers-needed-to-treat/harm (NNT/H). Twenty-one trials involving 3646 patients were included: 11 trials using beta-blockers (6 drugs; 866 patients), 6 clonidine or mivazerol (614 patients), 3 diltiazem or verapamil (121 patients), and 1 nitroglycerin (45 patients). All trials had an inactive control; there were no direct comparisons. beta-blockers decreased ischemic episodes during surgery (7.6% versus 20.2% with placebo; OR 0.32 [95% CI, 0.17-0.58]; NNT 8) and after surgery (15.2% versus 27.9% with control; OR 0.46 [95% CI, 0.26-0.81]; NNT 8). alpha(2)-agonists decreased ischemia during surgery only (19.4% versus 32.8%; OR 0.47 [95% CI, 0.33-0.68]; NNT 7). beta-blockers reduced the risk of myocardial infarction (0.9% versus 5.2%; OR 0.19 [95% CI, 0.08-0.48]; NNT 23) but only when 2 trials with high-risk patients were included. The effect of alpha(2)-agonists on myocardial infarction was not significant (6.1% versus 7.3%; OR 0.85 [95% CI, 0.62-1.14]). beta-blockers significantly decreased the risk of cardiac death from 3.9% to 0.8% (OR 0.25 [95% CI, 0.09-0.73], NNT 32). alpha(2)-agonists significantly decreased the risk of cardiac death from 2.3% to 1.1% (OR 0.50 [95% CI, 0.28-0.91], NNT 83). For calcium channel blockers and nitroglycerin, evidence of any benefit was lacking. The most common adverse effect was bradycardia, which occurred in 24.5% of patients receiving a beta adrenergic blocker versus 9.1% of controls (OR 3.76 [95% CI, 2.45-5.77], NNH 6).     

Neuraxial opioid-induced pruritus: a review

When intrathecal and epidural opioids are administered, pruritus occurs as an unwanted and troublesome side effect. The reported incidence varies between 30% and 100%. The exact mechanisms of neuraxial opioid-induced pruritus remain unclear. Postulated mechanisms include the presence of an "itch center" in the central nervous system, medullary dorsal horn activation, and antagonism of inhibitory transmitters. The treatment of intrathecal opioid-induced pruritus remains a challenge. Many pharmacological therapies, including antihistamines, 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists, opiate-antagonists, propofol, nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs, and droperidol, have been studied. In this review, we will summarize pathophysiological and pharmacological advances that will improve understanding and ultimately the management of this troublesome problem.     

Droperidol and 5-HT3-receptor antagonists, alone or in combination, for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

BACKGROUND: Droperidol and 5-HT3-receptor antagonists are among the most potent antiemetics to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Combinations of these drugs have been used to increase the efficacy of antiemetic treatment. However, so far the quantitative effect of this combination has not been evaluated systematically. METHODS: Results from randomised controlled trials investigating the efficacy of 5-HT3-receptor antagonists or droperidol alone versus the combination of both drugs to prevent PONV were included in a meta-analysis. Studies were systematically searched using Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane-Library, and by manually screening the reference lists of matching review articles and current issues of locally available peer-reviewed anaesthesia journals. Seven papers with data on granisetron published by Fujii and co-workers were not considered. The main end point in each study was defined as occurrence of nausea, retching, or vomiting within 6 h ("early PONV") and within 48 h ("late PONV") after surgery. The relative risks (RR) and the numbers needed to treat (NNT) of the pooled data with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (given in parentheses) were calculated using a random effects model. RESULTS: Eight studies with 881 patients (adults: n=801; children (mean age: 8 yr): n=80) were included in the analysis. Droperidol was applied to 340 patients, 5-HT3-receptor antagonists to 198, and 343 were treated with a combination of both drugs. Seven out of these eight studies reported increased antiemetic efficacy of the combination group compared with the single drugs (droperidol and 5-HT3-receptor antagonists respectively). However, in none of the trials did this difference reach statistical significance. When a meta-analytic analysis based on these results was performed the combination of droperidol with a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist was not associated with a significantly increased antiemetic efficacy. In 12 to 13 patients a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist has to be added to droperidol prophylaxis to prevent one additional patient from PONV who would have had suffered from PONV when treated with droperidol alone (RR "early PONV": 1.52 (0.95-2.44); RR "late PONV": 1.24 (0.89-1.74)). Similar results were obtained when the antiemetic effect of adding droperidol to a prophylaxis with 5-HT3-receptor antagonists was analysed. In this case 10 to 12 patients have to be treated with the 5-HT3-droperidol combination instead of with a 5-HT3-receptor antagonist alone to prevent one additional patient from PONV (RR "early PONV": 1.55 (0.68-3.52); RR "late PONV": 1.29 (0.77-2.17)). There were no reports of an increased incidence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: The data on the combination of droperidol with 5-HT3-receptor antagonists suggest that there is a trend towards increased efficacy of the combination therapy compared to the single drugs. However, so far there are insufficient data to recommend this combination treatment for prophylaxis.     

Metoclopramide for nausea and vomiting prophylaxis during and after Caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nausea and vomiting occur commonly during and after Caesarean delivery (CD) performed under neuraxial anaesthesia. Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent reported to be safe in parturients. This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy of metoclopramide for prophylaxis against intra- and postoperative nausea and vomiting (IONV and PONV) in parturients undergoing CD under neuraxial anaesthesia. We performed a literature search of MEDLINE (1966-2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE (1947-2011), Google scholar, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials which compared metoclopramide with placebo in women having CD under neuraxial anaesthesia. Eleven studies with 702 patients were included in the analysis. Administration of metoclopramide (10 mg) resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of ION and IOV when given before block placement [relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval, 95% CI)=0.27 (0.16, 0.45) and 0.14 (0.03, 0.56), respectively] or after delivery [RR (95% CI)=0.38 (0.20, 0.75) and 0.34 (0.18, 0.66), respectively]. The incidence of early (0-3 or 0-4 h) PON and POV [RR (95% CI)=0.47 (0.26, 0.87) and 0.45 (0.21, 0.93), respectively] and overall (0-24 or 3-24 h) PON (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.52, 0.92) were also reduced with metoclopramide. Extra-pyramidal side-effects were not reported in any patient. In conclusion, this review suggests that metoclopramide is effective and safe for IONV and PONV prophylaxis in this patient population. Given the quality of the studies and the infrequent use of neuraxial opioids, these results should be interpreted with caution in current practice and further studies are needed to confirm those findings.     

胃切除术后留置胃肠减压必要性的Meta分析

目的 评价胃切除术后留置胃肠减压的必要性.方法 以Medline、Embase、the Cochrane Library数据库作为已发表国外文献的主要来源,以万方数据知识服务平台和中国知网数据出版平台作为已发表国内文献的主要来源;检索时间:2011年4月20日.收集1990-2011年公开发表的有关胃切除术后放置胃肠减压必要性的中文和英文文献.结果 筛选出符合纳入标准的前瞻性随机对照试验8项(975例).减压组和非减压组在术后排气时间相比差异无统计学意义(WMD=0.31,95%CI:-0.07～0.69,P＞0.05),而在进食时间和住院时间相比差异有统计学意义(WMD=0.61,95%CI:0.17～1.05,P＜0.05;WMD=1.20,95%CI:0.05～2.36,P＜0.05),非减压组的进食时间、住院时间短于减压组;减压组和非减压组发热的发生率之间相比差异有统计学意义(OR=1.76,95%CI:1.11～2.78,P＜0.05),减压组的发热发生率高于非减压组;其他并发症包括恶心、呕吐、肺部感染、吻合口瘘或十二指肠残端瘘、腹腔脓肿、切口裂开的发生率之间相比差异均无统计学意义(OR=1.43,95%CI:0.61～3.31,P＞0.05;OR=1.43,95%CI:0.82～2.49,P＞0.05;OR=1.17,95%CI:0.54～2.49,P＞0.05;OR=1.08,95%CI:0.50～2.34,P＞0.05;OR=1.47,95%CI:0.43～4.95,P＞0.05).结论 胃切除术后常规留置胃肠减压并不能加快胃肠功能的恢复,不能减少手术后并发症的发生,甚至增加术后发热的发生率,延长住院周期.     

选择性脾动脉栓塞术与传统开腹手术治疗外伤性脾破裂安全性和有效性的Meta分析

目的比较选择性脾动脉栓塞术（PSAE）与传统开腹手术（OS）治疗外伤性脾破裂的临床疗效。 方法检索中国知网、万方数据、维普数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase数据库中关于PSAE和OS两种手术方式治疗外伤性脾破裂的相关文献，检索时间为建库至2022年5月31日。提取文献内数据，采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果最终纳入16篇文献共5 238例患者，其中PSAE组1 037例，OS组4 201例。Meta分析显示：相较于OS组，PSAE组术中出血量更少（WMD= -392.95，95% CI：-667.52，-118.38；P=0.005），术中输血量更少（WMD=-433.87，95% CI：-582.85，-284.89；P<0.000 01），手术时间更短（WMD=-60.25，95% CI：-71.99，-48.52；P<0.000 01），抢救成功率更高（WMD=4.00，95% CI：1.32，12.09；P=0.01），且PSAE组术后下床时间（WMD=-14.44，95% CI：-20.32，-8.55；P<0.000 01）和住院时间（WMD=-4.89，95% CI：-5.86，-3.91；P<0.000 01）更短；术后并发症发生率方面，PSAE组术后切口感染（OR=0.21，95% CI：0.11，0.37；P<0.000 01）、肠梗阻（OR=0.24，95% CI：0.10，0.55；P=0.000 8）、肺炎（OR=0.44，95% CI：0.32，0.61；P<0.000 01）的发生率均低于OS组，但两组术后脾脓肿、发热、腹腔积液的比较，差异无统计学意义；术后免疫功能恢复方面，PSAE组术后1个月的CD3⁺水平（WMD=9.27，95% CI：6.32，12.22；P<0.000 01）、CD4⁺水平（WMD=5.60，95% CI：3.86，7.34；P<0.000 01）、CD4⁺/CD8⁺值（WMD=0.35，95% CI：0.18，0.52；P<0.000 01）均高于OS组，但OS组术后1个月的CD8⁺水平高于PSAE组（WMD=-1.20，95% CI：-1.72，-0.68；P<0.000 01）。 结论在外伤性脾破裂患者的诊治中，PSAE较OS有其独到优势，具有操作简单、手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后并发症少、住院时间短、术后免疫功能恢复早等优势，值得临床选用。     

Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: controversies in the use of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype 3 receptor antagonists

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) continues to be a "big little problem" despite recent advances in anesthesia. Because of an increased interest in, and the abundant publications on this topic, guidelines for the management of PONV were published in 2003. Several key but controversial issues regarding PONV prophylaxis were left unaddressed, however. These included whether clinical differences exist between the 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, concern over optimal dosage and timing of administration, optimal 5-HT3 receptor antagonist combination therapy, and whether rescue therapy is effective after prior administration of the same or a different 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The application of these antiemetics in clinical practice has raised questions regarding the role of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of postdischarge nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. A brief overview of the incidence, risk factors and current management recommendations for PONV and current controversies with special emphasis on the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, is discussed.     

Dimenhydrinate for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND: Diphenhydramine and its theoclate salt dimenhydrinate are traditional antiemetics still in use. However, so far the quantitative effect of dimenhydrinate in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has not been evaluated systematically. METHODS: Results from randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of dimenhydrinate vs. a control to prevent PONV were included in a meta-analysis. Studies were systematically searched through MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane-Library, manually screening of reference lists of matching review articles and current issues of locally available peer-reviewed anesthesia journals, up to June 2001. The numbers of patients with complete absence of PONV within 6 h and within 48 h after surgery were extracted as the main end point. Pooled relative benefits (RB) and numbers-needed-to-treat (NNT) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. This quantitative systematic review was performed following the recommendations of the QUORUM statement. In all, 18 trials with 3045 patients were included in the analysis: 1658 patients received a placebo (control) and 1387 patients received dimenhydrinate. RESULTS: The RB to stay completely free of PONV was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1-1.4) for the early period (NNT = 8; 95% CI: 5-25) and 1.5 (1.3-1.8) for the overall investigated period (NNT = 5; 95% CI: 3-9). CONCLUSION: Dimenhydrinate is a traditional and inexpensive antiemetic with an efficacy that might be considered as clinically relevant. Although in use for a long time, the dose-response, precise estimation of side-effects, optimal time of administration and the benefit of repetitive doses still remain unclear.     

脊柱手术中应用氨甲环酸的有效性和安全性荟萃分析

目的 通过荟萃分析对抗纤溶药氨甲环酸(TXA)在减少脊柱外科手术失血量的有效性和安全性进行评价.方法 计算机检索数据库PubMed、EMBase、Cochrane Library、CNKI、维普中文科技期刊数据库中关于TXA对脊柱外科手术失血量影响的临床随机对照双盲研究,并结合手工查阅所有检出文献和相关综述的参考文献作为补充资料,截止到2009年11月.采用RevMan 4.2软件进行统计学分析,TXA组与安慰剂组总失血量和总输血量采用加权均数差(WMD)评价,输血率、深静脉血栓发生率采用优势比(OR)评价.结果 共纳入前瞻性随机对照双盲研究4篇,样本总量295例.荟萃分析结果显示,与安慰剂组相比,TXA能够显著减少脊柱外科手术患者总失血量[WMD为-523.74,95%CI为(-778.92～-268.56),P＜0.01]和输血量[WMD为-242.28,95%CI为(-394.02～-90.54),P=0.002],降低输血率[OR为0.57,95%CI为(0.34～0.93),P=0.020],而深静脉血栓发生率无明显差异.结论 静脉应用TXA能够显著减少脊柱外科手术总失血量和输血量,降低输血率,而不增加术后深静脉血栓的发生率.     

坦索洛新和特拉唑嗪治疗前列腺增生症的系统评价

目的 系统评价坦索罗辛和特拉唑治疗前列腺增生症的有效性和安全性.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、VIP,手工检索相关领域的杂志,同时从纳入文献的参考文献中追溯查找.按照纳入标准,全面搜集有关坦索罗辛和特拉唑治疗前列腺增生症的随机对照试验,由至少两位系统评价员做独立文献筛查、质量评价和资料提取,并交叉核对,不同意见请第三者裁决.使用RevMan4.2.10软件进行统计分析.最后纳入12篇随机对照试验共3100例,3篇文献质量C级,9篇文献质量B级.结果 Meta分析结果 表明:坦索罗辛疗效与特拉唑嗪治疗前列腺增生症在LPSS[WMD=-1.24,95%CI(-1.98,-0.51)、引起头晕[RR=0.38,95%CI(0.30,0.48)]、体位性低血压[RR=0.14,95%CI(0.03-0.77)]、干渴[RR=0.16,95%CI(0.04-0.68)]方面差异有统计学意义;二者在生活质量[WMD=0.04 95%CI(-0.16,0.24)]、最大尿流率[WMD=-0.18,95%CI(-0.64,0.28)]、平均尿流率[WMD=-0.39,95%CI(-0.84,0.06)]、残余尿量[WMD=-3.46,95%CI(-6.86,-0.05)]方面差异无统计学意义.结论 当前证据表明坦索罗辛治疗前列腺增生症在IPSS、引起头晕、体位性低血压、干渴不良反应方面优于特拉唑嗪;在患者生活质量、最大尿流率、平均尿流率、残余尿量方面无差异.由于纳入研究质量不高,上述结果 仍需高质量大样本的随机对照试验进一步证实.     

Risk factors associated with bleeding during and after percutaneous dilational tracheostomy

We evaluated the effect of pre-operative coagulation status on the incidence of acute and chronic bleeding in 415 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous dilational tracheostomy. The incidence of acute bleeding was independent of the coagulation variables tested. The risk of chronic bleeding was higher with an activated partial thromboplastin time above 50 s (OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.1-12.7); NNT 18.4 (95% CI 9.0-infinity); p = 0.04), a platelet count below 50 x 10(9) l(-1) (OR 5.0 (95% CI 1.4-17.2); NNT 12.3 (95% CI 6.2-833.3); p = 0.01) and in the presence of two or more abnormal coagulation variables (OR 9.5 (95% CI 2.3-34.7); NNT 6.2 (95% CI 3.2-68); p = 0.002). Low-dose heparin treatment did not significantly increase the risk of chronic bleeding.     

The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section–a systematic review and meta-analysis

Neuraxial clonidine improves postoperative analgesia in the general surgical population. The efficacy and safety of neuraxial clonidine as a postoperative analgesic adjunct in the Caesarean section population still remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effect of perioperative neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the analgesic efficacy of the perioperative administration of neuraxial clonidine alone or in combination with a local anaesthetic and/or opioids in women having elective Caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia when compared with placebo. PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE were searched until February 2017. Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Neuraxial clonidine reduced 24 h morphine consumption [mean difference (MD): ?7.2 mg; 95% confidence interval (CI): ?11.4, ?3.0 mg; seven studies] and prolonged time to first analgesic request (MD: 135 min; 95% CI: 102, 168 min; 16 studies) when compared with the control group. Neuraxial clonidine increased intraoperative hypotension [odds ratio (OR): 2.849; 95% CI: 1.363, 5.957], intraoperative sedation (OR: 2.355; 95% CI: 1.016, 5.459), but reduced the need for intraoperative analgesic supplementation (OR: 0.224; 95% CI: 0.076, 0.663). The effect of clonidine on intraoperative bradycardia, intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative sedation, and pruritus were inconclusive. Neuraxial clonidine did not negatively impact neonatal umbilical artery pH or Apgar scores. This review demonstrates that neuraxial clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section with neuraxial anaesthesia, but this has to be balanced against increased maternal adverse effects.     

腹腔镜手术治疗直肠癌疗效的Meta分析

目的 评价腹腔镜手术治疗直肠癌的疗效.方法 系统检索Medline、Embase、Cochrane中的相关文献,所有检索截止至2010年3月.由2名评价员独立筛选并提取数据资料,对符合纳入标准的研究使用RevMan5软件进行统计分析.对腹腔镜（LR）与开腹（OR）直肠癌手术的术中及术后情况进行比较分析.结果 共检索到1042篇文献摘要,通过筛选最终纳入16个临床对照研究,病例总数2850例,其中LR组1145例,OR组1705例.结果 显示,与OR组相比,LR组手术时间延长（WMD=42.50,95%CI：29.27～55.74,P＜0.05）、淋巴结检出数目减少（WMD=-0.94,95%CI：-1.47～-0.41,P＜0.05）、术中出血量减少（WMD=-158.46,95%CI：-221.08～-95.84,P＜0.05）、手术死亡率降低（OR=0.40,95%CI：0.18～0.92,P=0.03）、术后并发症发生率降低（OR=0.73,95%CI：0.61～0.87,P＜0.05）、5年总体生存率增高（OR=1.56,95%CI：1.21～2.02,P＜0.05）,两组环周切缘阳性率差异无统计学意义（OR=1.00,95%CI：0.45～2.20,P=1.00）.结论 腹腔镜直肠癌手术的短期和长期疗效均优于开腹手术.     

Perspectives on transdermal scopolamine for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Transdermal scopolamine, a patch system that delivers 1.5 mg of scopolamine gradually over 72 hours following an initial bolus, was approved in the United States in 2001 for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in adults. Scopolamine (hyoscine) is a selective competitive anatagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Low serum concentrations of scopolamine produce an antiemetic effect. Transdermal scopolamine is effective in preventing PONV versus placebo [relative risk (RR)=0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.61-0.98, P = 0.03] and a significantly reduced risk for postoperative nausea (RR=0.59, 95% CI, 0.48-0.73, P < 0.001), postoperative vomiting (RR=0.68, 95% CI, 0.61-0.76, P < 0.001), and PONV (RR 0.73, 95% CI, 0.60-0.88, P = 001) in the first 24 hours after the start of anesthesia.     

不同通气模式对单肺通气影响的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法评价压力控制通气(pressure controlled ventilation,PCV)与容量控制通气(volume controlled ventilation,VCV)对术中单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV)患者呼吸力学及循环的影响. 方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆,检索时间从建库至2016年2月.收集术中OLV使用PCV与VCV的临床随机对照试验(randomizedcontrolled trim,RCT).采用Cochrane协作网系统评价法评价纳入文献的质量,采用RevMan 5.0软件对收集的患者资料进行Meta分析评价. 结果 共纳入14项研究,包括964例患者,其中PCV组480例,VCV组484例.与VCV组比较:在开胸前双肺通气时(T1),PCV组气道平均压(mean airway pressure,Pmean)比值比(odds ratio,OR)[0R=-0.22,95％CI(-0.42,-0.01),P＜0.05]较低;OLV时(T2),PCV组气道峰压(peak airway pressure,Ppeak)[加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)=-1.37,95％CI(-1.69,-1.05)]及气道平台压(pause pressure,Plateau)较低[WMD=-0.29,95％CI(-0.51,-0.07)],而PaO2高[WMD=0.52,95％CI(0.08,0.95)];关胸后双肺通气时(T3),PCV组Ppeak较低[WMD=-0.63,95％CI(-1.09,0.17)]. 结论 与VCV比较,OLV期间PCV可提供较低的气道压,可能是一种较好的通气模式.     

Epidural analgesia compared with peripheral nerve blockade after major knee surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

The relative analgesic efficacy and side-effect profile of peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) techniques compared with lumbar epidural analgesia for major knee surgery is unclear. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized trials comparing epidural analgesia with PNB for major knee surgery. Eight studies were identified that had enrolled a total of 510 patients of whom 464 (91%) had undergone total knee joint replacement. All were small trials and none was blinded (Jadad score 1-3). PNB technique was variable: in addition to a femoral catheter (n=5), femoral single shot (n=2), or lumbar plexus catheter (n=1) techniques, sciatic blockade was performed in three trials. There was no significant difference in pain scores between epidural and PNB at 0-12 or 12-24 h, WMD 0.22 (95% CI: -0.36, 0.81), 0.05 (-1.01, 0.91), respectively, and no clinically significant difference at 24-48 h, WMD -0.35 (-0.64, -0.02). There was also no difference in morphine consumption (mg) at 0-24 h, WMD -6.25 (-18.35, 5.86). Hypotension occurred more frequently among patients who received epidurals [OR 0.19 (0.08, 0.45)], but there was no difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting. Two studies reported a higher incidence of urinary retention in the epidural group. Patient satisfaction was higher with PNB in two of three studies which measured this, although rehabilitation indices were similar. PNB with a femoral nerve block provides postoperative analgesia which is comparable with that obtained with an epidural technique but with an improved side-effect profile and is less likely to cause a severe neuraxial complication.     

腰椎后外侧融合与360°融合的系统评价

目的 对腰椎后外侧融合与360°融合治疗腰椎疾病的疗效进行系统对比评价.方法 计算机检索MEDLINE(1966.1-2007.12,Ovid检索平台)、EMBASE(1984.1-2007.12)、Cochrance Central Register of Controlled Trial(4th Quarter 2007)、中国生物医学文献数据库(1986.1-2007.12)等,手工检索Spine、European SPine Jurnal、The Journat of Bone and Joint Surgery、<中华外科杂志>、<中华骨科杂志>、<中国脊髓脊柱杂志>等相关期刊,检索两种融合术式的相关病例研究结果、综述等相关内容,并评价纳入研究的方法学质量,采用RevMan 5.0,5.0软件对总体疗效、融合率、二次手术率、并发症发生率、平均手术时间、手术出血量进行荟萃分析.结果 有4个临床随机对照试验(RCT)符合纳入标准,共437例患者.在融合率[OR 0.47,95%CI(0.24,0.94)]、并发症发生率[OR 0.53,95%CI(0.32,0.87)]、术中出血量[加权均数差值(WMD)=-349.95,95%CI(-561.64,-138.26)]方面,360°融合组要高于后外侧融合组,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.030、0.010、0.001);在二次手术率[OR 2.28,95%CI(1.30,3.98)]方面,后外侧融合组要高于360°融合组,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.004);在总体疗效[OR 1.04,95%CI(0.64,1.68)]和手术时间[WMD=-90.24,95%CI(-190.20,9.71)]上,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.870、0.080).结论 360°融合组相比于后外侧融合组,能显著提高融合率,降低二次手术率,但并发症、术中出血量也显著高于后者.本研究结果尚需要多中心大样本RCT进一步证实.     

The use of nonpharmacologic techniques to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis.

We assessed the efficacy of nonpharmacologic techniques to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) by systematic review. These studies included acupuncture, electroacupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupoint stimulation, and acupressure. Of the 24 randomized trials retrieved by a search of articles indexed on the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1980-1997), 19 were eligible for meta-analysis. The primary outcomes were the incidence of nausea, vomiting, or both 0-6 h (early efficacy) or 0-48 h (late efficacy) after surgery. The pooled relative risk (RR) and numbers needed to treat (NNT) were calculated. In children, no benefit was found. Some results in adults were significant. Nonpharmacologic techniques were similar to antiemetics in preventing early vomiting (RR = 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.47-1.67]; NNT = 63 [10-infinity]) and late vomiting (RR = 0.80 [0.35-1.81]; NNT = 25 [5-infinity]) in adults. Nonpharmacologic techniques were better than placebo at preventing early nausea (RR = 0.34 [0.20-0.58]; NNT = 4 [3-6]) and early vomiting in adults (RR = 0.47 [0.34-0.64]; NNT = 5 [4-8]). Nonpharmacologic techniques were similar to placebo in preventing late vomiting in adults (RR = 0.81 [0.46-1.42]; NNT = 14 [6-infinity]). Using nonpharmacologic techniques, 20%-25% of adults will not have early PONV compared with placebo. It may be an alternative to receiving no treatment or first-line antiemetics. IMPLICATIONS: This systematic review showed that nonpharmacologic techniques were equivalent to commonly used antiemetic drugs in preventing vomiting after surgery. Nonpharmacologic techniques were more effective than placebo in preventing nausea and vomiting within 6 h of surgery in adults, but there was no benefit in children.