1例造口回缩合并造口旁伤口深部感染患者的护理

伤口上开设造口容易发生粪水渗漏而引起伤口感染,如同时并发造口回缩,则大大增加粪水渗漏和伤口感染的可能性,护理难度大。通过对1例造口回缩合并造口旁伤口深部感染的患者进行护理,应用创面床准备理论对感染伤口及时扩创引流,清除坏死组织,感染期应用抗菌敷料控制感染,肉芽生长期应用新型敷料创造湿性愈合环境促进伤口愈合。同时,通过选用恰当的造口用品和辅助用品进行适当的剪裁、粘贴,有效收集粪水,避免了污染伤口,使伤口顺利愈合,并纠正了造口回缩的情况,取得满意的护理效果。     

1例直肠肛管癌侵犯会阴部致特大创面患者的术后护理

介绍1例直肠肛管癌侵犯会阴部致特大创面患者的护理经验。运用真空封闭引流技术对术后特大创面皮下积血、积液进行充分引流,做好引流管及伤口护理,造口护理,预防下肢深静脉血栓形成,同时做好患者的心理护理及营养支持。患者术后应用真空封闭引流共22d,伤口愈合良好,且无造口相关并发症的发生,顺利出院。     

1例肠造口周围皮肤黏膜分离合并感染患者的护理

<正>肠造口周围皮肤黏膜分离合并感染是造口术后常见的并发症之一,多由于肠造口内粪水混合物溢出污染黏膜皮肤缝合处及皮下组织形成的一个开放性溃疡创面,如处理不当,可至溃疡面扩大,创面变深,与腹腔切口处形成窦道,致造口回缩、狭窄及粘贴造口袋困难,进而出现腹部切口感染和造口周围粪水性皮炎[1]。因此,正确处理造口周围皮肤感染及造口黏膜皮肤分离伤口,可以促进造口良好愈合,从而避免造口远期并发症的发生。2014年6月本科收治1名乙状结肠癌行手术后造口周围     

乙状结肠造瘘加外口扩大引流治疗高位复杂性肛瘘的临床观察

目的研究乙状结肠造瘘加外口扩大引流治疗高位复杂性肛瘘的临床疗效。方法将2008年2月至2012年8月58例高位复杂性肛瘘患者按随机数字表法分为观察组（30例）和对照组（28例），观察组采用乙状结肠造瘘加外口扩大引流术治疗高位肛瘘，对照组采用传统的低切高挂术，比较2组手术对肛管及周围组织的损伤、术后疼痛程度、复发率及瘘管愈合时间。结果观察组对肛管及周围组织的损伤、术后疼痛程度、疾病的复发率、疗程均少于对照组（P〈O．05）。结论乙状结肠造瘘参加扩大引流治疗高位复杂性肛瘘具有对肛管及周围组织的损伤小、术后患者可免受橡皮筋切割疼痛，缩短疗程，降低复发率的优点。     

肠癌患者术后造口旁切口裂开的处理

目的：探讨肠癌患者术后造口旁切口裂开的处理方法。方法：采用了伤口湿性愈合原理、造口护理技术及负压引流技术,有效的收集了造口流出的粪水,防止污染切口,较快的促进了切口的愈合。结论：伤口湿性愈合原理能较快的促进了切口的愈合,造口护理技术及负压引流技术,能有效的收集造口流出的粪水,防止污染切口,缩短了患者的住院时间,大大减少了患者的痛苦及医务人员的工作量,提高了患者的满意度,也得到了医生的认可。     

自制双套管联合负压治疗胆外瘘并发腹部切口愈合不良1例的护理

总结1例胆外瘘并发腹部切口愈合不良患者采用改良自制双套管联合负压治疗的护理。护理重点为评估切口情况,针对胆外瘘瘘口开口位于切口上,做好切口创面和瘘口的有效隔离管理,保持瘘口引流通畅,避免创面的重复污染;清创期采用床边锐器清创和机械清创相结合,瘘口处予自制双套管持续冲洗,肉芽生长期重视创面处放置生物海绵行真空负压。患者经上述治疗和护理,52 d后切口创面愈合,5.5个月后胆外瘘瘘口闭合。瘘口闭合后1个月电话随访,无复发。     

直肠造瘘术后患者灌肠新方法

在日常护理工作中 ,经常会给一些行直肠造瘘术后的患者灌肠。由于造瘘口部位无括约肌 ,当肛管插入造瘘口灌入液体时 ,液体会从造瘘口流出 ,保留于肠内的灌肠液减少 ,使灌肠效果降低 ,且液体会喷溅 ,给护理操作带来较大难度。通过对 3 0余例造瘘术后肠梗阻患者进行灌肠 ,找出一些方法 ,提高灌肠成功率 ,特介绍如下。1　操作方法患者平卧位或侧卧位 ,使造瘘口方向向上 ,下肢稍曲 ,腹部放松 ,嘱病人精神放松 ,浅呼吸 ,以胸式呼吸为主 ;肛管润滑后插入造瘘口 ,调整肛管方向 ,把肛管缓慢插入体内 ,为使插入顺畅 ,稍微打开液体开关 ,但注意液体速…     

1例回肠造口坏死后造口回缩病人的护理

报道1例回肠造口坏死后造口回缩病人采用温盐水纱布持续湿热敷,红外线灯理疗后应用新型敷料及凸面造口袋加腰带处理回缩创面,并应用蘑菇管收集造口粪便,21d后创面愈合,避免了造口重建及粪水性腹膜炎的发生。     

美宝湿润烧伤膏用于结肠造瘘口(开放初期)的护理

结肠造瘘口(开放初期)的患者容易出现多种术后并发症,常见为造瘘口周围皮炎、造瘘口狭窄、造瘘口梗阻、造瘘口旁疝、造瘘口坏死等[1],如何有效地预防与减少各种术后并发症的发生,加快创口愈合,一直是外科护理中热点话题.本研究中通过研究美宝湿润烧伤膏用于结肠造瘘口(开放初期)的护理方法,现总结经验如下.     

回肠造口术后造口皮肤黏膜分离29例治疗与护理

目的:探讨回肠造口术后造口皮肤黏膜分离的创面处理方法及合理的护理用品选择。方法:将29例回肠造口术后造口皮肤黏膜分离的患者随机分为观察组16例和对照组13例,对照组清创后选择藻酸盐敷料(或银离子藻酸盐敷料)+皮肤保护膜+防漏膏+一件式造口产品进行治疗护理,观察组选择藻酸盐敷料(或银离子藻酸盐敷料)+皮肤保护膜+防漏膏+两件式造口产品进行治疗护理,比较两组疗效、换药间隔天数、换药次数、愈合时间、有无粪水性皮炎发生等。结果:两组患者均治愈,无粪水性皮炎发生;观察组愈合时间、换药次数均明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:藻酸盐敷料(或银离子藻酸盐敷料)+凡士林敷料+皮肤保护膜+防漏膏+两件式造口产品的方法处理回肠造口术后造口皮肤黏膜分离可减少换药次数,有利于创面愈合。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.