间充质干细胞源性微囊泡和诱导性多潜能干细胞促进关节软骨修复的进展

背景：间充质干细胞源性微囊泡和诱导性多潜能干细胞在多个领域的组织修复作用已被证实,两者有望成为修复关节软骨损伤更有效、更安全的治疗方法。 目的：综述间充质干细胞源性微囊泡和诱导性多潜能干细胞促进软骨修复的研究进展。 方法：由第一作者应用计算机检索PubMed、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)2003年至2015年8月相关文献,英文检索词为“Articular cartilage injury,Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells”,中文检索词为“软骨损伤,骨髓间充质干细胞”。选择文章内容与干细胞治疗骨关节炎有关者,同一领域文献则选择近期发表在权威杂志文章。 结果与结论：关节软骨损伤仍是骨科领域的一大难题,虽然修复方法很多,但均有局限性,而间充质干细胞源性微囊泡与诱导性多潜能干细胞的发现为软骨修复创造了可能性,同时给广大关节软骨损伤患者带来新的希望。但是,间充质干细胞源性微囊泡与诱导性多潜能干细胞大量提取及纯化方法、增殖分化潜能、在软骨修复中的作用机制等很多问题仍需要进一步解决。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

间充质干细胞向软骨分化及在软骨修复中应用的研究进展

关节软骨是一种负重结缔组织,常因肿瘤、运动、退行性变或老年性疾病造成损伤;然而关节软骨自身修复能力有限,给临床治愈软骨缺损造成了很大困难.近些年出现了多种治疗软骨缺损的方法,包括自体软骨细胞移植、微裂缝和镶嵌成形术,但这些方法各自都有其局限性.近年来,组织工程软骨成为软骨修复研究的新热点,间充质干细胞（MSCs）是其当前最有前景的种子细胞.就MSCs在体外诱导分化为软骨细胞的培养条件及MSCs在软骨修复中应用的研究进展进行综述.     

Chondrocyte and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis and related orthopaedic conditions

Osteoarthritis (OA) represents a final and common pathway for all major traumatic insults to synovial joints. OA is the most common form of degenerative joint disease and a major cause of pain and disability. Despite the global increase in the incidence of OA, there are no effective pharmacotherapies capable of restoring the original structure and function of damaged articular cartilage. Consequently cell-based and biological therapies for osteoarthritis (OA) and related orthopaedic disorders have become thriving areas of research and development. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been used for treatment of osteoarticular lesions for over two decades. Although chondrocyte-based therapy has the capacity to slow down the progression of OA and delay partial or total joint replacement surgery, currently used procedures are associated with the risk of serious adverse events. Complications of ACI include hypertrophy, disturbed fusion, delamination, and graft failure. Therefore there is significant interest in improving the success rate of ACI by improving surgical techniques and preserving the phenotype of the primary chondrocytes used in the procedure. Future tissue-engineering approaches for cartilage repair will also benefit from advances in chondrocyte-based repair strategies. This review article focuses on the structure and function of articular cartilage and the pathogenesis of OA in the context of the rising global burden of musculoskeletal disease. We explore the challenges associated with cartilage repair and regeneration using cell-based therapies that use chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This paper also explores common misconceptions associated with cell-based therapy and highlights a few areas for future investigation.     

Direct and indirect co-culture of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells for the generation of polymer/extracellular matrix hybrid constructs

In this work, the influence of direct cell–cell contact in co-cultures of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes for the improved deposition of cartilage-like extracellular matrix (ECM) within nonwoven fibrous poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds was examined. To this end, chondrocytes and MSCs were either co-cultured in direct contact by mixing on a single PCL scaffold or produced via indirect co-culture, whereby the two cell types were seeded on separate scaffolds which were then cultured together in the same system either statically or under media perfusion in a bioreactor. In static cultures, the chondrocyte scaffold of an indirectly co-cultured group generated significantly greater amounts of glycosaminoglycan and collagen than the direct co-culture group initially seeded with the same number of chondrocytes. Furthermore, improved ECM production was linked to greater cellular proliferation and distribution throughout the scaffold in static culture. In perfusion cultures, flow had a significant effect on the proliferation of the chondrocytes. The ECM contents within the chondrocyte-containing scaffolds of the indirect co-culture groups either approximated or surpassed the amounts generated within the direct co-culture group. Additionally, within bioreactor culture there were indications that chondrocytes had an influence on the chondrogenesis of MSCs as evidenced by increases in cartilaginous ECM synthetic capacity. This work demonstrates that it is possible to generate PCL/ECM hybrid scaffolds for cartilage regeneration by utilizing the factors secreted by two different cell types, chondrocytes and MSCs, even in the absence of juxtacrine signaling.     

微骨折加骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗膝关节软骨损伤

背景：如何利用组织工程学的方法促进膝关节软骨修复及缩短病程成为关节外科亟需解决的问题,而微骨折加干细胞移植疗法有可能为其开辟一条新的道路。目的：探讨关节镜下微骨折加自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗膝关节软骨损伤的可行性。方法：2010年10月至2012年3月收治的膝关节软骨损伤患者16例,男12例,女4例;左膝11例、右膝5例;年龄16-52岁,平均38.6岁;所有病例软骨缺损均获得关节镜证实。治疗前2周抽取自体骨髓,分离骨髓间充质干细胞并行体外培养扩增,获取干细胞培养液3-5 mL(约10⁷个细胞)。膝关节镜下清理后微骨折尖锥于软骨缺损区钻孔,造成局部微骨折,排尽关节腔内积液,行微切口置入止血纱布贴覆软骨创面,注入制备好的骨髓间充质干细胞,弹力绷带加压包扎,早期CPM机锻炼。结果与结论：随访4-18个月,显效13例,有效2例,无效1例。Lysholm膝关节评分治疗前为42分(33-67分),治疗4周后为89分(75-99分),平均提高47分,随访均未出现症状反复和加重。结果可见关节镜下微骨折加自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植有效治疗膝关节软骨损伤,显著改善患者膝关节症状及恢复膝关节功能。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

骨髓间充质干细胞与壳聚糖复合修复关节软骨损伤

背景：创伤等导致的关节软骨缺损是国内外骨科界面临的难题,组织工程学技术为软骨缺损的修复提供了新方法。 目的：探讨壳聚糖-骨髓间充质干细胞复合材料修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的可行性。 方法：将培养的兔骨髓间充质干细胞种植到壳聚糖支架上体外构建壳聚糖-骨髓间充质干细胞复合材料,移植到兔关节软骨缺损处为实验组,不予以特殊处理为对照组。术后6,12周,大体观察以及甲苯胺蓝染色评定两组软骨组织修复情况。 结果与结论：术后6周,对照组仅有纤维组织增生,实验组关节软骨缺损处有软骨样组织生成。术后12周,对照组软骨缺损边缘可观察到少量类透明软骨组织,实验组缺损区完全覆盖有光滑、透明软骨组织。术后12 周,对照组甲苯胺蓝染色较淡,有少量软骨组织生成,实验组甲苯胺蓝染色较明显,缺损完全被透明软骨组织所覆盖,软骨细胞较多。结果表明兔骨髓间充质干细胞-壳聚糖支架复合材料能更好的引导软骨组织的生成,促进软骨缺损修复。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

兔髓核细胞诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为髓核细胞的研究

目的 研究体外新西兰大白兔髓核细胞(nucleus pulposus cells)与SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(mes-enchymal stem cells,MSCs)共培养时,兔髓核细胞与大鼠MSCs直接和间接接触对MSCs分化为髓核细胞的影响.方法 DAPI (4‘,6-二咪基-2‘-苯吲哚盐酸)标记原代髓核细胞后,分别与第三代MSCs按接触组和非接触组(Transwell培养系统)共培养.每隔24小时应用免疫荧光观察MSCs的形态学变化,并用RT-PCR方法检测Ⅱ型胶原和可凝集蛋白多糖(Aggrecan)的表达.结果 直接接触培养组中可见分化的MSCs形态和功能接近髓核细胞;非直接接触组的MSCs未见变化.结论 髓核细胞与MSCs的直接接触,是诱导MSCs分化为髓核细胞的重要因素.     

骨髓间充质干细胞-脱细胞真皮基质对大鼠表皮缺损的修复

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,BMSC)-脱细胞真皮基质(acellular dermal matrix,ADM)对SD大鼠皮肤表皮缺损的修复。方法培养SD大鼠骨髓细胞,增殖提纯传代至4代时,成骨成脂,流式细胞仪检测鉴定BMSC,然后将其接种到ADM,2d后移植到皮肤表皮缺损的SD大鼠体内,连续5周观察其修复效果。结果 BMSC-ADM修复SD大鼠皮肤表皮缺损效果良好,5周后,肉眼可见材料与组织结合紧密,有弹性,颜色接近皮肤。结论 BMSC-ADM可以作为修复SD大鼠皮肤表皮缺损的组织工程材料。     

Generation of osteochondral tissue constructs with chondrogenically and osteogenically predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in bilayered hydrogels

This study investigated the ability of chondrogenic and osteogenic predifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to play a role in the development of osteochondral tissue constructs using injectable bilayered oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) hydrogel composites. We hypothesized that the combinatorial approach of encapsulating cell populations of both chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages in a spatially controlled manner within bilayered constructs would enable these cells to maintain their respective phenotypes via the exchange of biochemical factors even without the influence of external growth factors. During monolayer expansion prior to hydrogel encapsulation, it was found that 7 (CG7) and 14 (CG14) days of MSC exposure to TGF-β3 allowed for the generation of distinct cell populations with corresponding chondrogenic maturities as indicated by increasing aggrecan and type II collagen/type I collagen expression. Chondrogenic and osteogenic cells were then encapsulated within their respective (chondral/subchondral) layers in bilayered hydrogel composites to include four experimental groups. Encapsulated CG7 cells within the chondral layer exhibited enhanced chondrogenic phenotype when compared to other cell populations based on stronger type II collagen and aggrecan gene expression and higher glycosaminoglycan-to-hydroxyproline ratios. Osteogenic cells that were co-cultured with chondrogenic cells (in the chondral layer) showed higher cellularity over time, suggesting that chondrogenic cells stimulated the proliferation of osteogenic cells. Groups with osteogenic cells displayed mineralization in the subchondral layer, confirming the effect of osteogenic predifferentiation. In summary, it was found that MSCs that underwent 7 days, but not 14 days, of chondrogenic predifferentiation most closely resembled the phenotype of native hyaline cartilage when combined with osteogenic cells in a bilayered OPF hydrogel composite, indicating that the duration of chondrogenic preconditioning is an important factor to control. Furthermore, the respective chondrogenic and osteogenic phenotypes were maintained for 28 days in vitro without the need for external growth factors, demonstrating the exciting potential of this novel strategy for the generation of osteochondral tissue constructs for cartilage engineering applications.     

Dermis isolated adult stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering

Adult stem cells from the dermal layer of skin are an attractive alternative to primary cells for meniscus engineering, as they may be easily obtained and used autologously. Recently, chondroinducible dermis cells from caprine skin have shown promising characteristics for cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, their multilineage differentiation capacity is determined, and methods of expanding and tissue engineering these cells are investigated. It was found that these cells could differentiate along adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, allowing them to be termed dermis isolated adult stem cells (DIAS cells). Focusing on cartilage tissue engineering, it was found that passaging these cells in chondrogenic medium and forming them into self-assembled tissue engineered constructs caused upregulation of collagen type II and COMP gene expression. Further investigation showed that applying transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) or bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) to DIAS constructs caused increased sulfated glycosaminoglycan content. Additionally, TGF-β1 treatment caused significant increases in compressive properties and construct contraction. In contrast, BMP-2 treatment resulted in the largest constructs, but did not increase compressive properties. These results show that DIAS cells can be easily manipulated for cartilage tissue engineering strategies, and may also be a useful cell source for other mesenchymal tissues.     

间充质干细胞应用于软骨组织工程的研究进展

[摘要]本文主要回顾了不同来源的间充质干细胞作为种子细胞的软骨组织工程学研究进展，并讨论自体软骨细胞移植技术和诱导间充质干细胞成软骨分化的软骨组织再生技术各自的优缺点，并展望其临床应用前景。     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合多肽凝胶及成软骨生成因子修复兔关节软骨缺损

背景：多肽水凝胶因为其具有良好的可塑型性,能够与损伤部位很好的无缝隙结合,所以采用该材料作为支架是骨、软骨组织工程中一种可行的探索。 目的：骨髓间充质干细胞联合新型可注射多肽凝胶及成软骨生成因子修复兔关节软骨缺损,观察其修复效果。 方法：首先分离培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,兔左侧膝关节处制备直径5 mm,深3 mm的全层骨-软骨缺损模型;右侧造模后空置作为对照。实验分为3组,单纯自组装多肽凝胶移植组,自组装多肽凝胶+成软骨因子组和自组装多肽凝胶+成软骨因子+骨髓间充质干细胞组。采用的成软骨因子包括转化生长因子β1,地塞米松和胰岛素样生长因子1,三者混合后加入到自组装多肽凝胶或骨髓间充质干细胞中。于处理后12周时处死动物行大体及组织学观察、X射线摄片、免疫组织化学法进行组织学评分评估修复情况。 结果与结论：单纯自组装多肽凝胶移植在12周后显示出非常好的修复效果,可见番红O染色,Ⅱ型胶原蛋白免疫组织化学染色强度以及组织学评分明显高于其他组(P < 0.05)。自组装多肽凝胶+成软骨因子组修复效果较好,与自组装多肽凝胶组相似,但其修复区域蛋白聚糖表达比对照组明显升高(P < 0.01)。自组装多肽凝胶+成软骨因子+骨髓间充质干细胞组修复效果不佳,12周未能完全修复缺损区域,与单纯自组装多肽凝胶组比较骨赘的形成有所增加。结果表明,单纯自组装多肽凝胶能够在原位修复骨软骨缺损并促进软骨修复,提示以自组装多肽凝胶支架移植有望提高目前修复软骨缺损的效果。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

Mesenchymal stem cell-collagen microspheres for articular cartilage repair: Cell density and differentiation status

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) hold promise for cartilage repair. A microencapsulation technique was previously established to entrap MSC in collagen microspheres, and the collagen fibrous meshwork was found to be an excellent scaffold for supporting MSC survival, growth and differentiation. This study investigates the importance of cell density and differentiation status of MSC–collagen microspheres in cartilage repair. MSC were isolated from rabbit bone marrow and encapsulated in collagen microspheres. The effects of pre-differentiating the encapsulated MSC into chondrogenic lineages and different cell densities on cartilage repair were investigated in rabbits. Implantation of undifferentiated collagen–MSC microspheres formed hyaline-like cartilage rich in type II collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) at 1 month post-implantation. By 6 months, hyaline cartilage rich in type II collagen and GAG, but negative for type I collagen, and partial zonal organization were found in both undifferentiated and chondrogenically differentiated groups in the high cell density group. The undifferentiated group and high cell density group significantly improved the O’Driscoll histological score. Moreover, the undifferentiated group significantly increased the GAG content. The mechanically differentiated group showed stiffer but thinner cartilage, while the undifferentiated group showed thicker but softer cartilage compared with their respective contra-lateral controls. This work suggests that a higher local cell density favors cartilage regeneration, regardless of the differentiation status of MSC, while the differentiation status of MSC does significantly affect regeneration outcomes.     

The effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes with platelet-rich fibrin releasates augmentation by intra-articular injection on acute osteochondral defects in a rabbit model

Background

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), platelet-rich fibrin releasates (PRFr), and chondrocyte transplantation in rabbit acute osteochondral defects.

体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的定向分化及其鉴定

目的: 体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)向软骨细胞定向分化, 并对分化后的细胞进行鉴定。方法: 由健康成人骨髓中分离出MSC, 取第 3代细胞进行实验。鉴定后, 将微小细胞团在TGF -β1、地塞米松(Dex)及维生素C(VitC)等诱导下分化。14d后, 细胞团经石蜡包埋、切片及HE染色后, 进行甲苯胺蓝染色及II型胶原(ColII)的免疫组化染色。采用Westernblot和RT- PCR, 分别检测诱导前后MSC中ColII及前ColIImRNA的表达。结果: HE染色显示, 诱导后细胞呈软骨细胞样形态; 甲苯胺蓝及ColII染色的细胞外基质呈阳性。Westernblot和RT PCR的结果显示, 诱导分化后的MSC可表达ColII和前ColII的mRNA。结论: MSC在TGF- β1、Dex及VitC等诱导后, 可分化为软骨细胞。     

PNGF导管复合骨髓间充质干细胞修复大鼠12 mm坐骨神经缺损

目的　观察RGD多肽接枝聚（乳酸-羟基乙酸-L-赖氨酸）/聚乳酸/β-磷酸三钙/神经生长因子（PRGD/PDLLA/β-TCP/NGF,PNGF）缓释导管复合骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)构建组织工程化人工神经,修复大鼠12 mm坐骨神经缺损的效果。  方法    雄性Wistar大鼠30只, 随机分为3组,每组10只,左后肢制作12 mm坐骨神经缺损模型,分别行单纯PNGF导管桥接（A）、PNGF导管复合BMSCs桥接（B）、自体神经移植（C）,所有大鼠左侧为实验侧,右侧为正常自身对照侧。术后3个月行大体观察、坐骨神经功能指数、电生理检测、小腿三头肌湿重恢复率测量、新生神经及靶肌肉组织学观察等检测坐骨神经功能恢复情况。  结果　术后3个月取材时见导管管壁变薄,表面血管化良好,管内有再生神经通过,直径较正常神经细。坐骨神经功能指数的检测结果显示PNGF导管复合BMSCs高于单纯PNGF导管组（P＜0.05）,PNGF导管复合BMSCs组神经传导速度恢复率、小腿三头肌湿重恢复率、有髓神经纤维数量和直径均优于单纯PNGF导管组（P＜0.01）,取得与自体神经移植组相似的效果。  结论　PNGF缓释导管复合BMSCs桥接修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损, 能够有效促进神经再生, 效果接近自体神经移植。     

Synergistic effect of laminin and mesenchymal stem cells on tracheal mucosal regeneration

Although several studies have been successfully undertaken of tracheal reconstruction in terms of the maintaining the framework of the graft, most cases of reconstruction failure have resulted from delayed mucosal regeneration. The purposes of this study were to evaluate whether laminin-coated asymmetrically porous membrane (APM) scaffold enhances mucosal regeneration, to compare the mucosalization capability with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) seeded APM, and to determine whether laminin coating and MSC seeding has a synergistic effect on mucosal regeneration. We reconstructed the full-thickness anterior tracheal defect of 36 New Zealand White rabbits with the APM scaffold. MSCs were isolated from the rabbit's inguinal fat. The animals were divided into 4 groups by the presence of laminin coating on APM and application of MSC [Group I, −/− (laminin/MSC); Group II, −/+; Group III, +/−; Group IV, +/+]. Endoscopy and histologic evaluation were performed and the results were compared among the groups. The results showed that ciliated columnar epithelium was regenerated earlier in groups II and III than in group I. Furthermore, the application of laminin and MSC had synergistic effects on tracheal epithelial regeneration. These results demonstrate that tracheal reconstruction by laminin-coated APM seeded with MSCs is most effective in enhancing tracheal mucosalization, and appears to be promising strategy in the regenerative treatment of tracheal defects.     

骨髓间充质干细胞用于软骨组织工程的研究进展

细胞移植技术治疗软骨损伤已成为一项新兴的组织工程学研究热点.骨髓间充质干细胞由于其具有扩增快、便于分离提纯、可以体外诱导分化成为软骨细胞的特性,有可能成为组织工程化软骨的新型种子细胞.随着骨髓间充质干细胞应用于软骨组织工程研究的深入,结合近年的研究文献和成果,就骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导微环境和诱导方式的研究进展进行综述,探讨骨髓间充质干细胞作为种子细胞在构建组织工程软骨中的优越性.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对T细胞免疫活性的影响

目的:探讨大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stemcells,MSCs)对脾脏T细胞的免疫调节作用。方法:从大鼠骨髓中分离培养间充质干细胞,通过瑞氏-姬姆萨染色观察细胞形态,并用流式细胞术(Flowcytometry,FCM)检测其细胞表面特征分子表达情况。MTT法测定经刀豆蛋白A(ConA)刺激后,不同数量MSCs对T细胞增殖能力的影响;ELISA法检测MSCs对T细胞分泌IFN-γ和IL-4水平的影响。FCM检测MSCs对脾脏T细胞凋亡水平的影响。MTT法测定MSCs对细胞毒性T细胞(Cytotoxic Tcells,CTL)杀伤活性的影响。结果:经不同数量MSCs作用后,脾脏T细胞增殖水平明显低于阳性对照组(P<0.01),而且MSCs比例越高,其抑制作用越强(P<0.01)。经MSCs作用后,T细胞分泌IFN-γ的水平明显降低,而分泌IL-4的水平明显升高,且这种作用随MSCs比例的增加而增强(P<0.01)。MSCs能够抑制在体外培养过程中T细胞的自发凋亡。与MSCs共培养后,T细胞对L1210细胞的杀伤活性和单独培养组相比明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:MSCs能够抑制T细胞增殖反应和CTL活性,该作用可能与MSCs改变T细胞分泌细胞因子水平有关,但与诱导T细胞凋亡无关。