心脏手术围术期血液保护研究进展

心内直视手术由于体外循环、低温、肝素化等因素对患者凝血系统、血小板功能等造成损害,导致患者术中及术后血液的大量丢失。术中及术后异体输血可能会带来一系列血液传播疾病及输血相关并发症,而且血液制品在临床依然紧缺。因此保护患者凝血功能,减少术中及术后出血,避免大量异体输血越来越得到临床重视。近年来,心脏手术围术期血液保护的研究取得了很大进展,以下就取得的进展予以综述。     

心内直视手术节约用血的临床研究

目的探讨综合性血液保护措施以减少心内直视手术病人的用血量,从而缓解血源紧张,减少血液传播疾病的发生。方法1998年11月至2004年11月对322例心内直视手术病人通过麻醉、体外循环、手术、术后护理等途径采用综合节血措施,减少围手术期输异体血。结果对照组均有输异体血,均采用异体血预充,每例病人平均输异体血1829 ml。实验组93例未输异体血（28.9%）,240例无血预充（74.6%）,每例病人平均输异体血308 ml,为对照组的16.8%。二组比较差异有统计学意义。结论应用综合性血液保护措施和严格的输血标准,能有效地减少心内直视手术围手术期异体血用量,减少输血的并发症和血源感染的机会,而且不增加手术的风险。     

血液保护综合措施在体外循环中的应用

目的探讨择期心脏直视手术患者体外循环围术期采取哪些措施可以达到节约用血.方法采用适宜的麻醉深度 实施控制性降压、合理血液稀释、血小板保护、自体血回输等措施.结果1 98例患者 心脏直视手术体外循环围术期均无输用异体库血、红细胞和血小板(术后当日 血红蛋白≥110g/L 血细胞比容≥0.33).结论采取各种综合措施 可以有效地节约体外循环围术期用血量.     

血液保护综合措施在体外循环中的应用

目的 探讨择期心脏直视手术患者体外循环围术期采取哪些措施可以达到节约用血。方法 采用适宜的麻醉深度,实施控制性降压、合理血液稀释、血小板保护、自体血回输等措施。结果 198例患者,心脏直视手术体外循环围术期均无输用异体库血、红细胞和血小板(术后当日,血红蛋白≥110g/L,血细胞比容≥0.33)。结论 采取各种综合措施,可以有效地节约体外循环围术期用血量。     

血液保护综合措施在体外循环中的应用

目的探讨择期心脏直视手术患者体外循环围术期采取哪些措施可以达到节约用血.方法采用适宜的麻醉深度,实施控制性降压、合理血液稀释、血小板保护、自体血回输等措施.结果1 98例患者,心脏直视手术体外循环围术期均无输用异体库血、红细胞和血小板(术后当日,血红蛋白≥110g/L,血细胞比容≥0.33).结论采取各种综合措施,可以有效地节约体外循环围术期用血量.     

体外循环残余机血精细化再处理在血液保护中的运用

目的探讨体外循环残余机血精细化再处理在血液保护中的运用。方法选取我院2017年1月至2019年5月择期在体外循环下行心脏瓣膜置换术患者40例,随机分为两组:常规自体血回输组(CA组)和精细化再处理组(RA组),常规自体血回输组体外循环结束后将残余机血用自体血液回收机洗涤离心后回输,精细化再处理组通过技术改良将管道内所有残余机血收集并超滤后回输,分别于术前、体外循环(CBP)结束前、CBP结束后50 min、气管拔管前抽取静脉血观察红细胞压积(HCT)及血小板(PLT)的变化,并记录两组患者围术期输血量、出血量、气管拔管时间及ICU住院时间。结果 RA组各时间点的HCT和PLT明显高于CA组(P <0.05),RA组围术期输血量、出血量明显少于CA组(P <0.05),两组气管拔管时间及ICU住院时间无明显差异(P> 0.05)。结论体外循环残余机血精细化再处理能够有效减少血液破坏,减少出血量和异体血输注。     

少用不用异体血体外循环心脏直视手术

少用不用异体血体外循环心脏直视手术山西省人民医院（０３００１２）吴华民李慧刘秀文王念祖郑晓红王恩玉（指导）体外循环心脏直视手术围术期需大量输血，引起输血并发症和血源性传染病的风险较大，尤其是输血后肝炎的发病率逐年增高，影响患者身体健康。为了避免输血性...     

复杂脊柱手术自体血回输与异体血输注的比较研究

目的通过与异体输血对比观察,研究术中自体血回输技术在复杂脊柱手术中的效果及安全性评价。方法选择我院98例复杂脊柱患者,按照术中是否输注异体血分为试验组(采用自体输血58例)和对照组(采用异体输血40例),试验组行术中血液回输,对照组根据术中出血情况输注异体血。比较两组患者术前、术后血红蛋白、凝血功能及电解质变化。结果试验组术后血红蛋白下降程度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),凝血功能和电解质变化两组对照差异无统计学意义。结论术中自体血回输在复杂脊柱患者手术中,能有效减少术后血红蛋白的下降,是一种有效地节约血源的术中输血方式。     

控制性降压联合氨甲环酸对体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的血液保护作用

<正>心脏手术由于创伤大、时间长,容易引起术中术后出血增多,尤其在体外循环下,更易导致纤溶亢进引起围术期出血和输血增加[1]。氨甲环酸用于体外循环心脏手术,能有效地抑制纤溶亢进,从而减少术后出血,保护血液的作用。控制性降压技术在保证患者安全的基础上能有效地减少术中出血,并能优化手术视野,从而缩短手术时间,减少手术打击对患者的影响[2]。控制性降压在体外循环旁路移植术     

等容血液稀释自体输血对患者围术期凝血功能的影响

目的观察术中等容血液稀释自体输血对肿瘤患者围术期凝血功能的影响。方法回顾性分析我院入院治疗的胃癌、结肠癌根治手术的44例患者,将手术过程中异体输全血400 mL的22例患者为异体输血组(对照组);将手术前22例患者切皮放血400 mL,为自体输血组,同时等量输入羟乙基淀粉,术中患者再输回自体血,比较两组患者实验室血常规变化和凝血指标的变化。结果自体输血组患者输血1 h至术后24 h Hct及Hb较异体输血组降低明显(P0.05);两组患者输血前PT及APTT较术前明显增加(P0.05),且在输血前后均发生延长同时PLT和FIB发生减少(P0.05)。结论等容血液稀释自体输血与异体输血对肿瘤患者围术期凝血功能的影响差异性不显著。     

Transfusion Medicine

There is still no alternative that is as effective or as well tolerated as blood; nevertheless, the search for ways to conserve, and even eliminate blood transfusion, continues. Based on hemoglobin levels, practice guidelines for the use of perioperative transfusion of red blood cells in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting have been formulated by the National Institutes of Health and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. However, it has been argued that more physiologic indicators of adequacy of oxygen delivery should be used to assess the need for blood transfusion. Methods used for conserving blood during surgery include autologous blood donation, acute normovolemic hemodilution and intra- and postoperative blood recovery and reinfusion. The guidelines for the use of autologous blood transfusion are controversial and it does not appear to be cost effective compared with allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Similarly, the cost effectiveness of intra- and postoperative blood recovery and reinfusion need further evaluation. Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) remains unapproved in the US for patients undergoing cardiac or vascular surgery, but it is a valuable adjunct in Jehovah’s Witness patients, for whom blood is unacceptable. The characterization of darbepoetin alfa, a novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein with a 3-fold greater plasma elimination half-life compared with rhEPO, is an important advance in this field. Darbepoetin alfa appears to be effective in treating the anemia in patients with renal failure or cancer and trials in patients with surgical anemia are planned. Desmopressin has been used to effectively reduce intraoperative blood loss. Topical agents to prevent blood loss, such as fibrin glue and fibrin gel, and agents that alter platelet function, such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or dipyridamole, need further evaluation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Aprotinin has been shown to preserve hemostasis and reduce allogeneic blood exposure to a greater extent than the antifibrinolytic agents tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid. Controlled clinical trials comparing the costs of these agents with clinical outcomes, along with tolerability profiles in patients at risk for substantial perioperative bleeding are needed.     

Blood component therapy in open heart surgery

Extensive bleeding still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery despite the recent achievements in our understanding of hemostasis and availability of modern blood component therapy. In some surgical patients abnormally prolonged operative bleeding due to thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathia may be corrected by the infusion of platelet concentrates. Evaluation of the requests for platelet transfusion therapy to prevent or to stop excessive thrombocytopenic bleeding should be based on clinical and laboratory data, underlying disease and availability of therapeutic products. In most instances of hemostatic alterations associated with cardiopulmonary bypass operations, the occasional bleeding episodes are related to platelet dysfunction rather than to plasma coagulation abnormalities. While the levels of coagulation factors are usually depleted, principally due to dilution with priming solutions for the oxygenator, only rarely the levels impairing hemostasis are reached. In the early days of open heart surgery, it was thought that freshly drawn whole blood was essential for these procedures but now a days, it seems that stored red blood cells are equally effective. Use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for replacement of coagulation factors during or after cardiopulmonary bypass only rarely is necessary, and mild to moderate abnormalities of coagulation factors can be tolerated without FFP transfusion. In the early stage of open heart surgery (late sixties) an average of 9 units of whole blood (freshly drawn) was used for each patient during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Since that time, much attention has been focused on methods to reduce blood requirements for these patients. Hemodilution using a bloodless prime for the oxygenator is now widely used and has been found to be effective in reducing blood usage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

血液透析器对体外循环心脏手术患者血浆ICAM-1的影响

目的对比观察体外循环心内直视手术过程中应用血液透析器与微栓过滤器对体外循环心内直视手术内皮细胞间粘附分子 1(ICAM 1)的影响。方法 38例体外循环 (CPB)心内直视手术的患者随机分为实验组 (n =19,术中应用血液透析器 )和对照组 (n =19,术中应用微栓过滤器 ) ,动态观察围术期血液ICAM 1的水平变化。结果实验组ICAM 1水平在术后 2 4小时低于对照组(P <0 0 5 )。结论心内直视手术应用血液透析器可清除CPB过程中产生的部分炎性因子 ,从而减轻CPB对机体的损伤     

抗纤溶系统激活药物在体外循环中的血液保护作用机制与使用进展

体外循环为心血管手术奠定了基础,然而也伴随产生了许多问题,特别是对血液中有形成分的损伤与消耗。血液保护是伴随体外循环产生的一种临床治疗策略。血液保护是指通过改善生物兼容性、减少血液中某些成分激活、减少血液丢失、减少血液机械性破坏、应用血液保护药物和人工血液等各种方法,降低同种异体输血需求及其风险,保护血液资源。综合利用各种血液保护措施,尽可能减少血细胞损伤,减少异体输血成为如今体外循环心脏手术的目标。本研究重点阐述抗纤溶药物对血液保护的作用机制及重要性,对抗纤溶药物的使用历史及各自优缺点进行综述。     

围手术期综合血液管理在心脏手术中的应用

目的：探讨应用围手术期综合血液管理方法降低心脏手术中输血量的可行性和效果。方法：收集中山医院2015年9月—2016年3月接受心脏手术患者148例,分为对照组76例,采取常规管理;研究组72例（未输血48例,输血24例）,采用围手术期综合血液管理。比较两组的主要临床指标,并采用多因素回归法分析影响输血的危险因素。结果：两组均无死亡病例。研究组输血率为33.33%,平均输血量327.08 ml;对照组输血率为67.11%,平均输血量608.55 ml;两组患者输血率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。未输血组和输血组患者的性别、年龄、身高、体重、术前血红蛋白和血球压积、术后血红蛋白和血球压积差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析显示体重为输血的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：围手术期综合血液管理方法能有效降低心脏手术输血量。     

心外膜超声心动图在心脏外科手术中的应用

目的 评价心外膜超声心动图(IEE)在心脏外科手术中的作用。方法 对64例心脏外科手术患者在体外循环前进行IEE检查，开放循环后立即对手术效果进行评估。结果 在体外循环前发现5例合并其他畸形，体外循环后有3例出现异常分流、瓣周漏等；2例心腔内仍有气体，立即进行再手术治疗，取得满意疗效。结论 IEE具有操作简便，准确及迅速等优点，能完善诊断、有效降低围术期的并发症，减少二次开胸率，在心脏外科手术中有重要的应用价值。     

胰岛素强化治疗对体外循环术后外周血IL-10浓度及单核细胞核因子-κB活性的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素强化治疗对非糖尿病患者体外循环术后外周血白细胞介素-10（IL-10）浓度及外周血单核细胞核因子-κKB（NF-κB）活性的影响.方法 80例患者随机分为两组,A组作为强化治疗组从手术开始即行胰岛素强化治疗,将血糖严格控制于4.4-8.3 mmoL/L.B组作为对照组将血糖控制在11.1 mmoL/L以下.在体外循环术前、术后分4个时点检测血液IL-10浓度及外周血单核细胞NF-κB活性.结果 两组病例的一般情况无明显差异.体外循环术后A组IL-10浓度较B组高,而外周血单核细胞NF-κB活性A组较B组低,差异有统计学意义.结论体外循环术中、术后应用胰岛素强化治疗、严格控制血糖可调控抗炎和促炎介质,减轻炎性反应.     

Role of aprotinin in the management of patients during and after cardiac surgery

Management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery has evolved in recent years as more is understood about the physiological changes and responses that occur during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In particular, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in haemostasis and in the inflammatory response to bypass surgery, has allowed significant refinements in patient management. Improvements in the pharmacological conservation of blood loss have been striking, particularly with the development of the serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin (Trasylol, Bayer). Aprotinin represents a significant improvement, especially for patients at high risk, since it reduces the need for allogeneic and (sometimes scarce) blood products. However, in view of its cost, making an appropriate selection of patients most at risk of serious blood loss is a major consideration in the use of aprotinin. While its mechanisms of action are not well understood, the use of aprotinin also appears to reduce inflammatory response to CPB.     

Role of aprotinin in the management of patients during and after cardiac surgery

Management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery has evolved in recent years as more is understood about the physiological changes and responses that occur during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In particular, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in haemostasis and in the inflammatory response to bypass surgery, has allowed significant refinements in patient management. Improvements in the pharmacological conservation of blood loss have been striking, particularly with the development of the serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin (Trasylol^®, Bayer). Aprotinin represents a significant improvement, especially for patients at high risk, since it reduces the need for allogeneic and (sometimes scarce) blood products. However, in view of its cost, making an appropriate selection of patients most at risk of serious blood loss is a major consideration in the use of aprotinin. While its mechanisms of action are not well understood, the use of aprotinin also appears to reduce inflammatory response to CPB.     

Triiodothyronine supplementation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass may develop clinically significant physiologic alterations in the perioperative period, including alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations. Alterations in the concentration of thyroid hormones are of concern due to the effects of these hormones on cardiac function. Hypothyroidism is associated with a decrease in cardiac performance; therefore, supplementation with the active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass has been investigated to improve outcomes. In addition, T3 has been studied as an agent to reduce the frequency of atrial fibrillation after cardiopulmonary bypass.