额下经蝶入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤20例报告

目的　报告２０ 例鞍区肿瘤采用额下经蝶入路显微手术的体会, 确立一种手术方法,评价其利弊。方法　额部骨瓣开颅后, 先切除肿瘤的鞍上部分, 而后磨除鞍结节、蝶骨平台及蝶鞍前壁骨质, 显露并切除鞍内及蝶窦内肿瘤。结果　全切１８ 例, 近全切除２ 例。脑脊液鼻漏３ 例, 无颅内感染及死亡。结论　该入路适于一期手术全切除鞍内及鞍上的肿瘤, 尤其适于肿瘤侵入蝶窦内并且合并视交叉前置的患者, 值得重视和推广。     

A rare case of pituitary adenoma with calcification: a case report

Though craniopharyngioma remains the most common sellar suprasellar tumor with calcification, it can be seen very rarely in pituitary adenomas and Rathke's cleft cysts. Appreciation of the pattern of calcification in a sellar suprasellar lesion can give a clue to the nature of the lesion. The authors describe a 53-yearold male with a cystic sellar suprasellar lesion and curvilinear calcification that was managed by successful transsphenoidal surgery. The present case highlights the occurrence of calcification in a pituitary adenoma and the importance of recognizing the calcification pattern for pre-operative diagnosis of sellar suprasellar lesions that can help plan the surgical strategy and management.     

垂体脓肿(附五例报告及文献复习)

目的 探讨垂体脓肿的临床特点、早期诊断和治疗选择。方法 5例垂体脓肿均行手术治疗，3例经额下入路，2例经蝶入路。本文逐一分析了对5例垂体脓肿的诊疗经验。结果 男性3例，女性2例，年龄在12～56岁，主要症状为感染史，头痛，视力减退，多饮多尿和垂体功能低下等。神经影像学表现为：强化的T1加权像可见鞍内／鞍上低密度肿物，周围有强化环。5例患者术后均恢复良好，随诊未见复发。结论 垂体脓肿早期明确诊断后，最佳选择为经蝶手术治疗。     

内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路至鞍上区的解剖与临床初步应用

目的研究内镜下扩大经鼻蝶窦入路至鞍区、鞍上区的显露范围，及手术入路中重要的解剖标志与其相互位置关系。结合该入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床应用体会，探讨内镜在此区域手术中面临的主要问题和解决办法。方法选择10例灌注尸头标本，采用显微镜解剖2例，其中冠状位和矢状位切开各1例；另8例标本模拟经鼻蝶窦入路。在内镜和显微镜下扩展显露鞍前及鞍上区的主要解剖标志，并研究其相互位置关系。对2例女性鞍结节脑膜瘤病人，采用神经导航经鼻蝶窦入路手术，肿瘤切除过程中和切除后分别应用成角内镜观察肿瘤周围结构及切除情况，肿瘤切除后以脂肪、人工硬膜及明胶海绵重建鞍底。结果内镜下在颅前窝向外侧显露的主要限制是两侧的眶内侧壁和视神经管；选择三个平面测量向侧方的显露范围，分别为筛骨鸡冠后缘平面（19．1±2．65）mm，鞍结节前方10mm的蝶骨平台平面（23．2±2．35）mm，两侧视神经管内口平面（13．1±2．18）mm。内镜下可清晰显示双侧视神经、视交叉、垂体柄、前交通动脉复合体等颅内结构。2例鞍结节脑膜瘤病人均达到肿瘤全切除，视力部分改善，术后均出现脑脊液漏，再次经原入路手术修补后痊愈。结论采用单纯内镜或内镜辅助的经鼻蝶窦入路可更直接达到鞍前及鞍上区病变，避免了经过重要的神经血管结构及对脑组织的牵拉。颅底骨质磨除位置和范围以及颅底的修补和重建是采用该入路需要解决的主要问题。     

Sellar and suprasellar granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis: A rare case report and review of the literature

Granular cell tumors of the neurohypophysis are rare tumors with a WHO grade of I. Symptomatic tumors are even more rare. In this case, we present a 50‐year‐old patient with a sellar and suprasellar granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis, who reported headaches, blurred vision and unsteady gait. CT imaging showed a sellar and suprasellar mass approximately 2.9 cm in diameter with clear boundaries. Histologically, the tumor lacked any obvious atypia and contained densely arranged polygonal tumor cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Staining for Alpha‐1 AntiChymotrypsin (AACT), TTF‐1 and PAS was diffusely positive, and S‐100 staining was focally positive in the tumor cells. CD34, CK, EMA, GFAP and HMB45 staining were negative. The Ki‐67 index was < 1%. According to these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a symptomatic granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis. We suggest that identifying the location of the tumor with imaging is helpful for understanding the granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for patients.     

经额底纵裂终板入路切除鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤

目的总结经额底纵裂终板入路切除鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析32例鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部肿瘤病人的临床资料,其中颅咽管瘤28例,生殖细胞瘤1例,垂体瘤3例。均经额底纵裂终板入路切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除21例,次全切除6例,大部分切除5例;双侧嗅神经均保留29例,垂体柄保留24例。随访30例,时间2个月～2年,仅2例肿瘤大部分切除病人复发再次手术。结论经额底纵裂终板入路适合于切除向鞍后、鞍上区及第三脑室前部生长的肿瘤,术野显露充分,便于保留下丘脑、垂体柄等重要结构,肿瘤全切率高,并发症少,疗效好。     

经鼻蝶显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤（附122例报告）

目的 探讨垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路的指征和术中应注意的问题。方法 分析１２２例垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶显微外治疗的情况。结果 微腺瘤３２例，全切为３１例（９７％）。大腺瘤７５例，全切５１例（６８％），其中鞍上２０￣３０ｍｍ２２例，全切８例（３６％）。巨大型腺瘤鞍上超过３０ｍｍ１２例，仅４例全切。结论 垂体瘤鞍上部分超过２０ｍｍ经蝶手术不易全切，超过３０ｍｍ应采用经额入路。视力极差宜先经鼻蝶再经额两期手术。     

鞍区肿瘤的临床特征与术中解剖研究

目的 探讨鞍区解剖特点及垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤、Rathke囊肿、鞍结节脑膜瘤的临床特征.方法 分析115例鞍区肿瘤手术治疗的病例资料,观察不同肿瘤的临床特点及术中鞍区解剖.结果 垂体瘤为鞍内或鞍上肿瘤,发病率居于鞍区第1位,主要表现为垂体前叶功能障碍、肿瘤部分囊性变;颅咽管瘤发病年龄较小,肿瘤主体在鞍上,多表现为钙化或囊变;Rathke囊肿为主体在鞍内的圆形或椭圆形肿物,边界清楚,肿瘤大小1 cm左右,与周围垂体组织存在较明显边界;鞍结节脑膜瘤以视力障碍为首发症状,鞍结节及其附近蝶骨平台骨质结节状增生为特征.结论 鞍区肿瘤的临床特征各具有特异性,熟悉鞍区解剖结构对鞍区肿瘤切除具有重要意义.     

鞍膈脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

提出开并探讨鞍膈脑膜瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断及其显微外科手术治疗，方法:8年间经手术厦病理证实的鞍膈脑膜瘤10例，其中男性5例，女性5例，平均年龄43岁。根据肿瘤与鞍膈的关系可分为3型，即鞍上型、鞍内型和鞍内鞍上型。10例均采用Yargil切口行显微外科治疗。结果：10例中8例行肿瘤全切除，2例行肿瘤大部分切除，7侧痊愈，2例好转，仅1例死亡。结论：鞍膈脑膜瘤为发生于鞍膈及其附近的肿瘤，肿瘤可向鞍内或鞍上生长，其临床表现为进行性视力下降、而内分泌功能障碍却很少见，计算机体层摄影(CT)及磁其振成像(MRI)检查见鞍内用鞍上有肿块阴影，易误诊为垂体腺瘤，显微外科治疗有益于肿瘤全切除。     

Giant pituitary adenoma invading the clivus

A 26-year-old man was admitted with complaints of worsening of vision for one month. Investigations revealed a large sellar and parasellar tumor mass invading into both the cavernous sinuses. The tumor invaded the clivus and both petrous apices. It was radically but partially resected through a transsphenoidal approach. Following surgery, the patient showed symptomatic improvement. The residual tumor was treated by radiation treatment. The case is discussed and the literature on the subject is briefly reviewed.     

内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路术中多层技术颅底重建

目的总结内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路鞍区及鞍旁区多层技术重建颅底的经验。方法回顾性分析12例鞍区及鞍旁区肿瘤的临床资料,其中颅咽管瘤4例,鞍区脑膜瘤3例,巨大垂体腺瘤5例;均行内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路肿瘤切除术,并采用多层技术进行颅底重建。结果所有病例肿瘤均达全切除,颅底重建均1次修补成功。术后部分临床症状明显改善。随访3～6个月,均未出现脑脊液漏、细菌性脑膜炎和张力性气颅等并发症。结论内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路术中多层技术重建颅底是一种简单、安全、有效的方法。     

Paraganglioma in pituitary fossa

Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors of paraganglionic tissue which are extremely rare in the sellar area. We present a case of sellar paraganglioma with parasellar and suprasellar extension in a 70‐year‐old man who presented with headache. CT demonstrated sellar mass with suprasellar and right parasellar extension. The lesion was removed subtotally via a trans‐sphenoidal approach. Histopathological diagnosis was paraganglioma. Differential diagnosis between paragangliomas and unusual types of pituitary adenomas, especially null‐cell adenomas, is made by presence of cell nests (Zellballen) in paraganglioma, lack of immunopositivity for pituitary hormones, cytoplasmic immunopositivity for chromogranin A and neuron‐specific enolase, and immunonegativity for cytokeratin 19, cytokeratin 20 and endomysial antibody. In the case of a mass in the sellar region, paraganglioma, although rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis.     

内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路至鞍上区的解剖及临床应用

目的 探讨神经内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路手术切除鞍上区肿瘤的可行性和安全性.方法 选用10具灌注固定的正查尸头,模拟经鼻扩大蝶窦入路,内镜下观察鞍上区解剖结构,应用神经导航获取并分析解剖数据.采用神经内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路切除鞍上区肿瘤12例,并以人工硬脑膜、明胶海绵和生物胶"三明治"式A结构重建颅底.结果 视神经一颈内动脉隐窝是丙镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路中恒定且关键的解剖标志.剪开硬脑膜后,可显露视交叉下间隙和上间隙,其中视交叉下间隙可见两侧颈内动脉、两侧垂体上动脉、垂体上部、垂体柄、视神经和视交叉,视交叉上间隙内可见大脑前动脉A1和A2段、前交通动脉以及直回.12例鞍上区肿瘤全切除10例,次全切除2例;随访12例,时间6～62个月,术后出现脑脊液鼻漏1例,再次行内镜下修补术后恢复.结论 神经内镜下经鼻扩大蝶窦入路切除鞍上区肿瘤是可行和安全的,熟练的内镜技术和可靠的颅底重建是手术成功的关键.     

神经内镜辅助下扩大经鼻蝶窦入路治疗鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变

目的探讨神经内镜辅助下扩大经蝶窦入路切除鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析11例鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变病人的临床资料,其中鞍结节脑膜瘤5例。脊索瘤4例,鞍上颅咽管瘤2例。均在神经导航定位下行扩大经鼻蝶窦入路,以内镜和显微镜结合切除鞍区病变。结果肿瘤全切除9例,其中5例鞍结节脑膜瘤均达SimpsonI级切除：次全切除2例,均为脊索瘤。术后3例发生脑脊液漏需二次手术修补。2例脊索瘤次全切除病人行常规放疗。随访6。58个月．3例脑脊液漏病人经再次手术修补均治愈;M对复查均未见肿瘤复发;本组无死亡病例。结论神经内镜辅助下扩大经蝶窦入路切除鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变是安全可行的。     

经颅切除鞍区大型肿瘤手术入路探讨

目的探讨经颅切除鞍区大型肿瘤的手术入路。方法对13例位于鞍内-鞍上轴线上的大型肿瘤采用一侧额下经眶入路手术;11例鞍上巨大型肿瘤和侵袭至鞍区周邻部位的肿瘤经眶-翼点入路切除。结果肿瘤全切除9例,次全切除9例,大部分切除6例。术后死亡1例,余无严重并发症,恢复良好。结论该两种手术入路具有操作简便、显露良好、脑牵拉轻和并发症少等优点,适于鞍区大型肿瘤的经颅手术切除。     

美国《化学文摘》、《乌利希国际期刊指南》及波兰《哥白尼索引》正式收录本刊

美国《化学文摘》(Chemical Abstracts,CA)是世界最大的化学文摘库,也是目前世界上应用最广泛,最为重要的化学、化工及相关学科的检索工具。CA创刊于1907年,由美国化学协会化学文摘社(CAS)编辑出版,为国际六大著名检索期刊之一。     

内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤

目的 报道内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦入路切除巨大垂体腺瘤11例，探讨该手术优缺点、适应症、禁忌症及并发症。方法 采用鼻内窥镜，经鼻腔直接开放蝶窦、鞍底，在直视下切除垂体腺瘤。结果 11例患肿瘤均肉眼下全切除，无手术死亡及严重并发症，术后患视力及视野均有明显好转。结论 鼻内窥镜下经鼻腔蝶窦径路切除垂体腺瘤是简便、安全和有效的，适用于蝶窦发育良好的垂体腺瘤切除，值得有条件的医院开展此入路手术。     

垂体腺瘤的三维重建及形态特性分析

目的 通过对垂体腺瘤进行三维影像重建,探讨肿瘤形态特征及相关因素.方法 连续收集直径大于10mm的垂体腺瘤58例,其中经鼻蝶窦入路手术52例,经翼点入路手术6例;根据患者术前MRI表现,对其向蝶鞍周围扩展的程度进行分级,并运用虚拟现实技术对肿瘤进行三维模型重建及形态分类.结果 所有患者均重建了肿瘤、颈内动脉及脑组织结构.垂体腺瘤三维模型分为鞍内型（13.8％）、鞍上型（20.7％）、鞍下型（17.2％）和分叶型（48.3％）.鞍内型腺瘤均为功能型,而鞍上型、鞍下型、分叶型腺瘤中,功能型分别占75％、60％和60.7％.不同形态的肿瘤,其间质地、囊变、鞍底硬脑膜是否存在侵袭,均无统计学差异.结论 虚拟现实技术重建的垂体大腺瘤三维模型,能简单、直观地反映肿瘤与毗邻结构的空间关系,三维模型半数呈分叶状,腺瘤形态与其质地、囊变及侵袭性均无明显关系.     

Reconstruction of the sellar floor using Bioglue following transsphenoidal procedures.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, pneumocephalus and meningitis are serious complications following transsphenoidal excision of sellar, suprasellar and parasellar lesions. This study evaluates the use of a new bioadhesive, Bioglue as an adjunct in reconstructing the sellar floor and preventing CSF fistula and investigates the possible complications associated with its use. METHODS: In thirty-two patients (31 pituitary adenomas and 1 meningioma) Bioglue was used to help reconstruct the sellar floor after endonasal transsphenoidal procedures between January 2001 and April 2002 at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. RESULTS: There were no post-operative CSF rhinorrhea, allergic rhinitis, meningitis, pneumocranium, granulomas or other complications associated with the use of Bioglue. CONCLUSION: This technique of reconstruction of sellar floor using Bioglue is simple and time efficient in preventing CSF fistula formation following transsphenoidal procedures for sellar region lesions.     

Rathke's cleft cyst presenting as pituitary apoplexy.

Sellar lesions mainly constitute pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas and benign cysts. Rathke's pouch cyst is a developmental sellar and/or suprasellar cystic lesion lined by a single layer of ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium, which rarely be comes symptomatic. The authors present an interesting case of intrasellar Rathke's pouch cyst, with a presenting feature of acute pituitary apoplexy. This was a 19 year old healthy male who had developed sudden headache and visual disturbance. Neuro-radiological imaging revealed a mass in the sella. Via transsphenoidal approach a haemorrhagic intrasellar cystic lesion was removed and was confirmed as a haemorrhagic Rathke's cleft cyst by histopathological examination. Interesting clinical presentations and the neuroimaging findings are described and discussed.