Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament volume after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Backgroud

To determine whether anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (DB-ACLR) can restore the native ACL volume, and whether the volume change after reconstruction affects clinical outcomes and re-rupture rates following the contemporary techniques.

自体腘绳肌腱双束与单束重建前交叉韧带效果的Meta分析

背景：选择双束还是单束自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带,目前仍存在很大争议。 目的：系统评价自体腘绳肌腱双束与单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane library、Springerlink、CNKI、CBM等数据库,收集自体腘绳肌腱双束对比单束重建前交叉韧带的临床随机对照试验,采用Jadad量表对所纳入研究的方法学质量进行评价,并提取数据资料,使用RevMan 5.0软件对数据进行Meta分析。 结果与结论：纳入临床随机对照试验15篇,共1 008例患者符合纳入标准,Meta分析结果显示：双束重建与单束重建后KT测量值的差异有显著性意义[WMD=-0.51,95%CI(-0.74,-0.28),P < 0.000 1];重建后轴移试验阴性的差异有显著性意义[RR=1.27,95%CI(1.11,1.45),P=0.000 3];重建后Lysholm膝关节评分的差异有显著性意义[WMD=-2.10,95%CI(-3.65,-0.55),P=0.008];重建后IKDC分级评分的差异无显著性意义[RR=1.04,95%CI(0.99,1.06),P=0.10]。双束自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带对于恢复膝关节稳定性优于单束重建,而对于恢复膝关节功能两者疗效差异不大。     

自体腘绳肌双束与单束重建膝关节前交叉韧带

背景：前交叉韧带重建的方式是决定修复效果的关键因素。自体腘绳肌双束与单束重建膝关节前交叉韧带是临床上常用的修复方法。 目的：比较自体腘绳肌双束与单束重建膝关节前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：回顾分析了2005-05/2009-06于中南大学湘雅二医院住院的56例急性前交叉韧带Ⅲ度损伤的患者,其中36例行单束自体腘绳肌重建术,20例行双束自体腘绳肌重建术,所有患者前交叉韧带的重建均由同一医师完成,术后随访16~42个月,评估患者的关节活动度、稳定性等指标。 结果与结论：随访期间,所有患者的关节活动度均恢复正常,无伸膝受限。两种重建术后患者的Lysholm-Tegner和IKDC膝关节综合功能评定结果、KT-1000检测结果差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),术后1年,取出界面螺钉时行关节镜检查,所有患者均未见明显的重建韧带松弛,说明双束与单束自体腘绳肌重建急性前交叉韧带损伤疗效相近。     

High variability in anterior cruciate ligament femoral footprint: Implications for anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundThe study aimed to (1) investigate the variability of the femoral ACL center in ACL-ruptured patients, (2) identify whether the currently available over-the-top femoral ACL guides could allow for anatomical reconstruction of the native ACL footprint.Material and methodsMagnetic resonance images of 95 knees with an ACL rupture were used to create three-dimensional models of the femur. The femoral ACL footprint area was outlined on each model, and the location of the femoral ACL center was reported using an anatomical coordinate system. The distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was measured.ResultsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high intersubject variability ranging from 1.8 mm (9%) to 12.3 mm (60%) posterior and from 7.7 mm (37%) distal to 4.8 mm (23%) proximal using the posterior condyle circle reference. The average distance of the femoral ACL center from the over-the-top position was 1.9 ± 1.5 mm posterior and 13.8 ± 2.7 mm distal, respectively. The contemporary over-the-top femoral ACL aimers could restore the femoral ACL center in only 6.5% of the patients.ConclusionsThe femoral ACL center demonstrated a high variation on its location, which resulted in a high intersubject variability from the over-the-top position. The contemporary over-the-top femoral tunnel guides do not provide sufficient offset to allow for an anatomical ACL reconstruction. Anteromedial-portal specific femoral ACL guides with a femoral offset ranging from 10 to 18 mm in the proximal/distal direction are required to restore the native ACL footprint.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建应用富血小板血浆与对照组的比较

文题释义：富血小板血浆：是自体全血经过离心得到的血小板浓缩物,其包含多种生长因子,对组织的修复、愈合与再生有促进作用。KT2000/ KT 1000：是一种用以判定膝关节前后向稳定性的关节测量仪,通过测量胫骨股骨间的移动距离,来量化膝关节的松弛程度。背景：目前富血小板血浆在软骨缺损、骨缺损等骨科领域的治疗中取得良好效果,但其在前交叉韧带重建手术中的临床效果尚未有共识。目的：以Meta分析的方法评价富血小板血浆应用于关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的临床疗效。方法：计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、the Cochrane Library、CNKI、万方、维普和中国生物医学文献服务系统(CBM)中有关富血小板血浆应用于关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的随机对照试验,检索时限从建库至2019年9月,由2名研究员按照纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、提取数据并进行文献质量评价。共纳入10篇随机对照试验,共595例患者,2组均进行关节镜下前交叉韧带重建,富血小板血浆组联合富血小板血浆治疗,非富血小板血浆组为空白对照或生理盐水治疗。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果与结论：①在Lysholm评分上,术后3,6个月时富血小板血浆组优于非富血小板血浆组[MD=9.26,95%CI(6.58,11.94),P < 0.000 01;MD=5.14,95%CI(3.04,7.23),P < 0.000 01],在术后12个月时2组差异无显著性意义[MD=2.17,95%CI(-0.09,4.42),P=0.06];②在IKDC评分上,术后3,6个月时富血小板血浆组均优于非富血小板血浆组[MD=6.29,95%CI(3.74,8.85),P < 0.000 01;MD=1.86,95%CI(0.25,3.47),P=0.02];③在KT-1000/2000关节测量上,富血小板血浆组优于非富血小板血浆组[MD=-1.08,95%CI(-2.02,0.15),P=0.02];④在IKDC正常级别、接近正常级别、异常级别所占比例上,2组差异均无显著性意义[OR=1.11,95%CI(0.59,2.08),P=0.75;OR=1.06,95%CI(0.55,2.05),P=0.87;OR=0.43,95%CI(0.09,2.02),P=0.28];⑤在目测类比评分上,2组术后3,12个月时的差异均无显著性意义[MD=-0.99,95%CI(-2.06,0.07),P=0.07;MD=-0.08,95%CI(-0.99,0.84),P=0.87];④各研究间测量骨隧道增宽程度的方法不同,故进行描述性分析,在有限的证据下得出：2组在骨隧道增宽程度上结果相似;⑤结果说明,在关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的治疗中,富血小板血浆能改善术后中短期的膝关节功能,同样能加强膝关节的稳定性,但在短期或长期的疼痛缓解、减少骨隧道增宽上,2组没有明显差异。限于目前文献质量和样本量,上述结论尚需要更多高质量的研究进行验证。     

Risk factors for postoperative graft laxity without re-injury after double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in recreational athletes

BackgroundAlthough high activity is a risk factor for graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, the risk factors for postoperative laxity after ACL reconstruction in recreational athletes are unknown.MethodsWe enrolled 91 patients (40 males, 51 females; mean age 29.2 years; mean follow-up 4.3 years) who scored ≤ 6 on the Tegner activity scale, underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction between 2010 and 2018, and did not experience re-injury. In the stable group (75 patients, <3.0 mm side-to-side difference (SSD) in anterior translation, grade 0 or 1 pivot shift 1 year after surgery) and unstable group (16 patients, ≥3.0 mm SSD, ≥grade 2 pivot shift), multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for factors showing P ≤ 0.3 on univariate analysis assessed risk factors for graft laxity. Lysholm score and graft intensity on MRI (Howell grade) were compared at final follow-up.ResultsMean SSD in anterior translation was 0.7 mm (stable group) and 3.3 mm (unstable group). Pivot shift grades were 0 (88%) and 1 (12%) in the stable group, and 0 (12.5%), 1 (50%), and 2 (37.5%) in the unstable group. Multivariate regression analyses showed that younger age and knee hyperextension were significant risk factors for graft laxity (P = 0.018 and 0.0016; cutoffs 18 years old and 8°, respectively). Lysholm scores in both groups were comparable, but graft intensity on MRI demonstrated significantly worse Howell grade in the unstable group (P = 0.002).ConclusionYounger age and knee hyperextension were risk factors for postoperative graft laxity without re-injury in recreational athletes.     

前交叉韧带重建后的感染

背景：前交叉韧带重建后感染的发生率比较低,但这种感染会导致灾难性的结果,目前对这种感染的诊断和治疗还没有取得一致的意见。 目的：探讨导致前交叉韧带重建术后感染的原因、如何早期诊断,并探讨合适的治疗方案,以尽量保护膝关节的功能。 方法：以“anterior cruciate ligament, reconstruction, infection”为检索词,检索Pubmed数据库(2007至2012年);以“前交叉韧带,重建,感染”为检索词,检索万方数据库(2007至2012年)。以与前交叉韧带重建后感染的相关文献为评价指标,纳入与前交叉韧带重建后感染相关的内容,排除重复研究。 结果与结论：细菌污染手术工具或者韧带移植物是导致前交叉韧带重建后感染的最常见原因,移植物固定的方式和重建后感染之间可能有一定的关系。典型的前交叉韧带重建术后感染的症状和普通的化脓性关节炎的症状类似,但有的前交叉韧带重建后感染的病例并没有感染的典型表现。前交叉韧带重建后感染的诊断需要依靠临床症状、实验室检查(C-反应蛋白和血沉)、膝关节穿刺等方法。大多数外科医师选择静脉使用敏感的抗生素、膝关节灌洗并保留移植物作为自体移植物重建前交叉韧带后感染的首选治疗方法。当感染难以控制或者移植物看起来确实有感染迹象时应该考虑取出移植物。     

Biomechanics of single-tunnel double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using fixation with a unique expandable interference screw

BackgroundSingle-tunnel double-bundle (STDB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can restore biomechanical function and anatomic structure, but existing methods of graft fixation are not adequate. The aims of this study are to examine knee biomechanics after STDB reconstruction using a unique expandable interference screw for fixation.MethodsThe biomechanical parameters of six pairs of human cadaveric knee specimens were measured with the ACL intact, after ACL removal, and after STDB reconstruction using the interference screw or single-tunnel single-bundle (STSB) reconstruction. Anterior tibial translation under 134 N anterior tibial load in a neutral position as well as in 15° and 30° internal and external knee rotation and the internal tibial rotation angle under the rotatory load (5 N · m internal tibial rotation) were measured.ResultsAnterior tibial translations at each degree of knee flexion in the STDB group were significantly less than in the STSB group (all, P < 0.05). The internal rotation angles in the STSB group at five flexion angles were significantly higher than in the ACL intact group, whereas there were significantly less than those of the ACL absent group (P < 0.05). Under rotatory loads in the neutral position, the tibial internal rotation angles of the STDB group were significantly lower than in the STSB group at all flexion angles (all, P < 0.05).ConclusionsSTDB ACL reconstruction with the expandable interference screw provides better anteroposterior and rotational stability than STSB reconstruction.Clinical relevanceThe technique provides the advantages of double-bundle reconstruction using a single-tunnel technique.     

双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建的生物力学比较

背景：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建可以有效地解决前交叉韧带损伤引起的膝关节不稳症状,而双骨道(胫骨单骨道-股骨单骨道)与三骨道(胫骨单骨道-股骨双骨道)前交叉韧带重建是目前较为常用的重建方式。 目的：探讨双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建对膝关节稳定性的影响。 方法：选用8具新鲜正常成人尸体膝关节标本,分别进行双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建,然后在MTS-809生物力学测试系统上测试膝关节在胫前加载(134 N)以及胫骨旋转加载(5 N•m内旋)下屈曲0°,15°,30°,60 °,90 °时的膝关节稳定性。 结果与结论：①胫前加载：在所测的5个角度下,两重建组的胫前位移较前交叉韧带完整组均增大,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);双骨道重建组较三骨道重建组胫前位移增大,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②旋转加载：在所测的5个角度下,前交叉韧带完整组的胫前位移最小,双骨道重建组与三骨道重建组比较,在膝关节屈曲0°,15°和90°时,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),在膝关节屈曲30°和60°时,三骨道重建组胫前位移小于双骨道重建组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);三骨道重建组与前交叉韧带完整组比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建均可促进膝关节前后及旋转稳定性的恢复,三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建与双骨道前交叉韧带双束重建相比,显示了更好恢复膝关节旋转稳定性的作用。     

关节镜下重建前交叉韧带：单隧道双束与单束隧道重建的比较

背景：膝关节内前交叉韧带损伤后多采用关节镜下单束单隧道重建及双束双隧道重建,目前单隧道双束重建也已应用于临床,但具体疗效尚不明确。 目的：比较单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：在2007-03/2009-06选择21例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带手术,同期18例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带手术。两组患者均采用异体胫前肌进行重建前交叉韧带手术。采用国际膝关节文献委员会分级及Lysholm评分等评估两组患者重建疗效。 结果与结论：单隧道双束组随访12~25个月,平均(18.0±3.3)个月;单隧道单束组随访13~27个月,平均(19.8±3.6)个月。末次随访时单隧道双束组与单束组Lysholm评分平均分别为(87.0±2.2)分、(87.5±2.3)分,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。说明单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效差异无显著性意义,单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带也是一种可靠的前交叉韧带重建方法。     

关节镜下自体肌腱单双束重建后交叉韧带：前瞻性队列研究

背景：有研究认为后交叉韧带损伤在临床疗效上双束重建法并没有表现出其应有的优势,且较单束重建有一些难以克服的缺陷。双束与单束重建孰优孰劣？目前学界还没有给出一个统一的答案。 目的：应用前瞻性队列研究探讨自体肌腱单双束重建后交叉韧带的疗效和安全性。 方法：后交叉韧带损伤患者81例,按照随机数字表法分为单束重建组41例,双束重建组40例。对比两组患者韧带重建前、重建后24个月关节稳定性、Lysholm及Tegner评分,并比较两组患者住院天数、手术时间、重建后发热天数及需要穿刺的数量。 结果与结论：双束重建组患者移动度显著高于单束重建组(F=4.362,P=0.000);两组患者重建后24个月Lysholm及Tegner评分较重建前均有显著提高(P < 0.05),但重建前及重建后24个月两组之间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。双束重建组患者手术用时及住院天数及重建后需要行关节腔穿刺的患者数均显著高于单束重建组(P < 0.05)。结果说明关节镜下单双束重建均是治疗后交叉韧带损伤的安全有效的方法,但是双束重建用时长、创伤大,不建议作为首选的修复方式。     

关节镜下异体跟腱单双束重建后交叉韧带的随机对照

背景：关节镜下重建后交叉韧带主要有单束重建和双束重建两种方式。 目的：随机对比应用异体跟腱单双束重建后交叉韧带损伤的临床疗效。 方法：选择青岛市市立医院骨科2006-01/2009-01的后交叉韧带损伤患者共70例,随机分为单束重建组和双束重建组,分别行异体跟腱单束重建及双束重建。 结果与结论：术后顺利完成康复计划并获得随访的病例共52例。双束重建组手术时间较单束重建组长,行关节腔穿刺的病例数较单束重建组多(P < 0.05)。手术后18个月随访结果显示,单束组重建及双束重建组的膝关节活动度、Lysholm评分、IKDC评分与术前比较有明显提高(P  < 0.05),两组膝关节屈曲30°和90°时用KNEELAX3测量胫骨端后移距离明显低于术前(P  < 0.05)。两组术后Lysholm评分、 IKDC评分、两组膝关节屈曲30°和90°时用KNEELAX3测量胫骨端后移距离未见明显差别(P > 0.05)。说明与单束重建比较,双束重建后的早期临床疗效无明显提高,且双束重建的手术创伤大,手术时间长,术后关节肿胀重,故不推荐作为首选手术方式,其远期疗效优待进一步观察。     

Radiodense ligament markers for radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

IntroductionEarly clinical and radiographic diagnosis of failed or loosened anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions can be challenging. The aim of the present study is to retrospectively evaluate the use of radiologically visible markers in the ACL graft, serving as a potential diagnostic tool in ACL graft rupture and insufficiency.MethodsTwenty patients were included in the study. ACL reconstruction was performed with use of a hamstring autograft in hybrid fixation technique. The graft was marked with two radiodense suture knots, one at the tibial and femoral tunnel openings. Radiographs were performed postoperatively, after 6 weeks and 12 months. Four distances between markers and landmarks were measured in anteroposterior and three in lateral radiographic views and the positional change between the timepoints of measurement was calculated.ResultsMeasurements of the marker distances on radiographs showed an excellent interobserver reliability (κ = 0.97).In two measured distal anteroposterior distances statistically significant changes could be detected between 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively in one patient with MRI-documented ACL rerupture and in five patients with ACL elongation defined as anteroposterior-translation with side-to-side difference of ≥ 3 mm measured with a Rolimeter device. On lateral radiographs, marker distances were highly variable and did not correlate with clinical ACL elongation.ConclusionThe application of radiodense ACL graft markers is a straight-forward, non-expensive and potentially useful diagnostic tool to identify the position of the transplant and for diagnosis of graft elongation or failure. However, the method is sensitive to the radiological projection, which should be further studied and optimized.     

A new technique of surgical planning for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

There is currently no method to quantify the quality of the harvested graft before anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to explore a method for measuring stiffness of the normal tendon of the semitendinosus muscle using shear wave elastography (SWE). Our investigation comprised two steps. First, we determined orientation of the semitendinosus tendon fibers in 20 lower legs of embalmed cadavers. Second, we investigated the feasibility of quantifying stiffness of the normal semitendinosus tendon by SWE in 24 subjects (48 legs: 24 male and 24 female subjects) in vivo. Measured values were compared between male and female subjects. The point at the intersection of the semitendinosus tendon with the axial section through the center of the patella mostly was the middle of the semitendinosus tendon in the cadavers. The SWE modulus in all of the subjects could be measured on this point in vivo. The SWE modulus of males and females were 474.0 ± 71.9 kPa and 396.9 ± 104.5 kPa, respectively. The SWE modulus of males was significantly larger than that of females (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates that stiffness of the tendon of the semitendinosus muscle can be measured by SWE. It also shows that tendon of the semitendinosus muscle in males is stiffer than in females. Clin. Anat. 31:404–408, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Knee stiffness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: The incidence and associated factors of knee stiffness following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We reviewed 100 patients retrospectively following primary ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autografts to evaluate the incidence and factors associated with postoperative stiffness. Stiffness was defined as any loss of motion using the contra-lateral leg as a control. The median delay between injury and operation was 15 months.The incidence of stiffness was 12% at 6 months post-reconstruction. Both incomplete attendance at physiotherapy (p < 0.005) and previous knee surgery (p < 0.005) were the strongest predictors of the stiffness. Anterior knee pain was also associated with the stiffness (p < 0.029). Factors that failed to show a significant association with the stiffness included associated MCL sprain at injury (p = 0.32), post-injury stiffness (p = 1.00) and concomitant menisectomy at reconstruction (p = 0.54). Timing of surgery also did not appear to influence the onset of stiffness (median delays: 29 months for stiff patients; 14 months for non-stiff patients). The rate of stiffness fell to 5% at 12 months postreconstruction, without operative intervention.     

Day surgery anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Sheffield experiences

A review of the safety, practicality and cost effectiveness of day surgery anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was studied in the British set-up. We evaluated 20 patients prospectively who underwent ACL reconstruction as a day surgery procedure for pain control, recovery time, post-operative complications and cost effectiveness. All patients on a verbal response score (VRS) for pain expressed themselves as satisfied or very satisfied. All patients regained a range of movement of 0-90 degrees by 1 week and 0-130 degrees by 6 weeks post-operatively. None of the patients required hospitalisation, only two patients had superficial wound infections at the graft-harvesting site. Cost analysis showed that day surgery ACL reconstruction was cost effective. The average saving per patient was in the range of 20-25% when compared to inpatient ACL reconstruction.     

Iliotibial band irritation caused by the EndoButton after anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Report of two cases

Two patients underwent arthroscopic anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using the EndoButton for femoral fixation. The femoral tunnels were created by the inside-out technique through a far anteromedial portal. The patients postoperatively developed moderate lateral knee pain without instability. At the second-look arthroscopic evaluation, the two EndoButtons were removed. Both patients were completely asymptomatic several months after implant removal, implying that the EndoButtons caused the mechanical irritation in the iliotibial band. This is the first report describing removal of EndoButtons because of pain caused by friction with the iliotibial band. In anatomic ACL reconstruction, if the femoral tunnel exit is positioned near the lateral femoral epicondyle, care should be taken to prevent iliotibial band friction syndrome that could result because of the EndoButton.