前颅窝底脑膜瘤手术入路的选择与评价

目的：探讨和评价切除前颅窝底脑膜瘤的最佳手术入路,方法：回顾性分析我科手术治疗的前颅窝底脑膜瘤68例,将其分为前部和后部二组,大,中,小三型,采用5种不同的手术入路,比较全切除率,手术结果和并发症发生情况。结果：肿瘤的全切除率与肿瘤大小和部位有关。中,小型肿瘤和前部肿瘤的全切除率较高,翼点入路和眶颧入路明显优于双侧或单侧额下入路,全切除率高,术后并发症少和手术效果好,结论：前颅窝底前部脑膜瘤宜采用眶颧侧裂入路,后部脑膜瘤宜采用翼点侧裂入路切除肿瘤,双侧额下入路应尽量少用。     

扩大翼点入路治疗合并脑疝形成外伤性颅内血肿的临床研究

目的探讨扩大翼点入路治疗合并脑疝形成的外伤性颅内血肿病人的临床价值。方法65例该类病人采用扩大翼点入路,55例采用常规去骨瓣开颅。扩大翼点入路即在翼点入路基础上扩大暴露范围,能清楚显露额底、颞底及颅中窝底。结果扩大翼点入路组疗效优于常规骨瓣组(P<0.05);扩大翼点入路组病人颅内压下降速度和程度优于常规骨瓣组(P<0.05)。结论扩大式翼点入路是治疗以额颞叶底部损伤为主的重型颅脑损伤病人一种有效手术方式,尤其适用于小脑幕切迹疝的病人。     

翼点眶上小骨窗开颅显微手术切除大型鞍区肿瘤

目的 探讨应用翼点眶上小骨窗入路显微手术冶疗大型鞍区肿瘤的临床效果。方法 21例大型鞍区肿瘤均采用经翼点皮切口眶上小骨窗入路进行开颅手术。皮瓣按翼点入路切开，但仅采用经眶上小骨窗开颅，骨窗呈椭圆形，最大直径仅为3．5～4．0cm，前部尽量靠近颅前窝底，应用显微外科技术将鞍区肿瘤切除。结果 取得显微镜下全切除18例，次全切除3例，无1例手术死亡。仅有1例64岁老年病人术后并发高血压脑出血，于术后3个月死于8市部感染。其他多数病人术后仅出现较为短暂的多尿和低钠血症，经应用脑垂体后叶素和(或)长效尿崩停以及浓氯化钠溶液后效果良好，术后恢复良好。结论 采用经翼点皮切口眶上小骨窗入路显微外科技术切除鞍区大型肿瘤，均可做到显微镜下全切除或次全切除，且对脑组织损伤轻，肿瘤显露好，是较为理想的鞍区肿瘤手术入路。     

微侵袭经眼睑入路手术治疗前中颅底脑膜瘤的初步探讨

目的探讨经眼睑入路切除部分累及中颅底肿瘤的微侵袭手术方式。方法在5例尸头解剖基础上,按照文献描述熟悉相关解剖关系。在改良部分入路方式后,采用经眼睑入路微侵袭手术方式对3例前中颅底脑膜瘤患者进行治疗。部分新的手术改进包括:①将切口略下移,呈类似双重睑手术切口;②皮下游离骨膜和颞肌筋膜瓣,以修补和重建颅底;③利用神经内镜和虚拟现实技术等辅助技术,进行多技术融合手术。结果 3例脑膜瘤患者手术均达到肿瘤全切除。其中1例为鞍结节脑膜瘤,1例为侵犯眼眶的蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤,1例为蝶骨嵴内侧型脑膜瘤。3例患者随访超过1年,手术效果良好,无肿瘤复发,术后恢复好。1例患者因肿瘤侵犯眼眶,后遗有眶尖综合征。结论经眼睑入路是一种安全的手术入路,适用于中小型蝶骨嵴内侧型脑膜瘤治疗,部分累及前、中颅底的肿瘤,可以达到常规翼点入路手术效果,同时减少手术创伤并取得良好的外观。     

翼点入路显微手术切除前中颅底病变

目的 介绍经翼点入路显微手术切除前中颅底病变的临床应用和经验。方法 选择分析一组不同病变部位的病例经翼点及其改良术式进行显微外科手术。结果 无手术死亡，其中，颅底脑膜瘤、三叉神经鞘瘤、海绵状血管瘤及胆脂瘤做到全切；颅咽管瘤3例大部切除，1例全切。镜下全切除率68％，3例出现术后一过性尿崩，处理后均1周内缓解，双侧嗅神经保留率80％，全部病例显露良好，经终板间隙处理病变2例。结论 掌握翼点入路各间隙及有关脑底动脉的显微解剖．不断提高该入路的操作水平．配合显微外科技术，可提高前中颅底肿瘤的全切除率，减少并发症。     

翼点锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍区及前颅底肿瘤的方法及效果。方法对19例鞍区及前颅底肿瘤采用翼点锁孔入路开颅显微手术切除。结果肿瘤全切除13例（68．4％）,次全切除4例（21．1％）,大部分切除2例（10．5％）。无手术死亡病例。术后随访2～18个月,失访2例,无肿瘤复发病例。结论翼点锁孔入路能够充分显露鞍区及前颅底,可达到传统翼点入路相似的手术效果,具有创伤小、脑组织暴露少、出血少、病人术后恢复快等优点。     

扩大翼点入路切除前中颅底病灶的临床体会

目的探讨改良的经颅底扩大翼点入路（包括经眶额入路、经颧弓入路和眶颧弓入路）切除前中颅底病灶的优越性和适应证.方法经标准翼点入路11例,眶额入路19例,颧弓入路4例,眶颧弓入路4例.结果病灶全切除33例,次全切除及大部分切除4例,无法处理病灶1例,无一例出现脑牵拉损伤.结论经颅底扩大翼点入路处理颅底病灶比标准的翼点入路显露更好,正常脑组织侵袭性更小.改良的经颅底扩大翼点入路不仅适于前中颅底肿瘤的切除,而且可应用于脑血管病和脑外伤的手术治疗.     

Fronto-temporo-orbito-zygomatic approach - analysis of the surgical technique on cadaver simulations

This paper presents consecutive stages of the fronto-temporo-orbito-zygomatic approach (FTOZA). Two simulations of FTOZA were performed on non-fixed human cadavers without any known pathologies in the head and neck. The consecutive stages of the procedure were documented with photographs and schematic diagrams. The starting point for FTOZA is a pterional craniotomy and osteotomy including the orbital rim, body of the zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch. In justified cases it is also possible to temporarily remove the upper and lateral walls of the orbit. Wide drawing apart of the Sylvian fissure is an important supplement of the approach. The fronto-temporo-orbito-zygomatic approach is a reproducible technique, which provides surgical penetration of the middle cranial fossa and related regions. This approach is particularly useful in the treatment of tumours of the above-mentioned anatomical areas as well as vascular malformation of the posterior part of the arterial circle of the brain.     

大脑后动脉第2段动脉瘤

目的对本院1990年以来治疗的11例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的临床和手术处理进行回顾性分析.方法 11例患者中,10例行手术治疗,其中6例经颞下入路、4例经翼点入路.5例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,5例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立切除术;另l例行血管内弹簧栓栓塞术.结果手术治疗的10例患者8例术后恢复良好;其中包括5例动脉瘤夹闭者以及3例动脉瘤孤立者,另外2例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲.l例动脉瘤血管内栓塞术后动脉瘤消失,载瘤动脉通畅,恢复良好.结论 P2段动脉瘤多见于年轻人,有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.手术以经翼点入路和颞下入路显露为主,对必需行动脉瘤孤立者可行载瘤动脉重建以避免出现缺血性脑损害.     

翼点和颅-眶颧入路处理上斜坡病变的定量解剖学对照研究

目的对采用翼点入路和颅-眶颧入路处理上斜坡病变的显露范围和工作角度进行量化比较研究,为临床手术入路的选择提供科学依据.方法在7例(14侧)尸头上模拟两种手术入路的操作,应用神经导航技术,选择上斜坡区为手术靶区,测量并计算两种手术入路的显露范围和工作角度,并进行统计学对比分析.结果翼点入路的观察角度显著性小于颅-眶颧入路(P＜0.05).在显露范围上翼点入路小于颅-眶颧入路,但两者间无显著性差异.结论与翼点入路相比,颅-眶颧入路对上斜坡病变的显露范围有所扩大,工作角度显著增加,因此有利于提高手术的可操作性,减少脑牵拉性损伤的发生机会.     

颞下经岩骨至岩斜区显微解剖学研究

目的 界定硬膜下磨除岩骨的安全范围,探索岩骨切除方法.方法 福尔马林固定成人头颅湿标本10例(20侧).模拟颞下经岩骨手术入路,观察岩骨磨除前后的显露范围及周围重要结构的解剖关系,观察结果测量拍照.结果 颞下经岩骨入路可先根据面听神经的位置结合内听道和岩骨嵴所成的角度判断出内听道在岩骨前表面的投影.以内听道为标志,可以将岩骨分为内听道周围部分和内侧岩尖部分共两部分来磨除岩骨.结论 采用颞下经岩骨入路可根据术中实际需要合理地磨除岩骨,进一步增加对岩斜区结构的显露,具有显露充分、操作简单、安全性高的特点.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the anatomical structure and identify the safe resecting region in the temporal base approach of transpetrosal subdura.To explore ways to grind petrous bone easily.Method The subtemporal approach was simulated in 10 ( 20 sides ) formalin - fixed cadaveric adult heads to observe the grinding of the bone.The results of observation were photographed and measured to provide the safe range of the grinding petrous bone.Results As a symbol of the auditory canal, bone was divided into the part of around the internal auditory canal and the petrous apex.The bone around the internal auditory canal was devided into the lateral internal auditory canal and upper part.Distance of about 5 mm to the internal auditory canal could be grinded.The yard of the inside petrous apex could be grinded safly.Grinding the subdural bone could increase the vertical angle up to 15°.Conclusions The subtemporal tentorial approach can increase the view on the structure of the posterior fossa.It gives the priority exposure for the base of posterior fossa tumors.     

Meningo-orbital band detachment: A key step for the extradural exposure of the cavernous sinus and anterior clinoid process

The meningo-orbital band (MOB) is the most superficial dural band that tethers the fronto-temporal dura to the periorbita. It is usually encountered when performing a pterional or fronto-temporo-sphenoidal approach, and it disrupts surgical access to deeper regions.Our objective was to perform a detailed anatomy study and a stepwise method to successfully detach the MOB using cadaveric specimens. We used six formalin‐fixed, silicone‐injected cadaveric heads. On each side, we performed a pterional approach plus mini‐peeling of the anterior third of the middle fossa and/or extradural anterior clinoidectomy. We also applied this technique in three clinical cases to prove its safety and efficacy. The detachment of the MOB consists in four steps, 1) detachment of the temporal and frontal dura, 2) cutting of the MOB, 3) exposure and drilling of the anterior clinoid process, and 4) pealing of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Using clinical cases, we explain how to adapt the technique depending on the localization of the lesion. The detachment of the MOB is the key to safely expose the cavernous sinus and the anterior clinoid process. The authors proposed a step-by-step method for the safe and effective detachment of the MOB. It is recommended, particularly to less experienced neurosurgeons that are starting with skull base surgery, and also to experts that want to expand their knowledge.     

Microsurgical Experience with Supraorbital Keyhole Operations on Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Objective

Conventional pterional approach is a commonly used neurosurgical technique for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms. However, this technique requires more extensive brain exposure than other key hole approaches and is sometimes associated with surgical traumatization or cosmetic problems. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative outcome between pterional and supraorbital keyhole approaches in the patients with anterior circulation aneurysms.

Methods

The authors reviewed patients with anterior circulation aneurysms who underwent aneurysm clipping via pterional or supraorbital keyhole approach at a single institute over a period of 2 years. Ninety-eight patients harboring 108 aneurysms were included in this study. Various outcomes were recorded, which included clinical grade, cosmetic problems, patients'' satisfaction and complications such as chewing discomfort, frontal muscle weakness, hyposmia, infection.

Results

The supraorbital approach exhibited a shorter operation time compared with the pterional approach. Complications such as chewing discomfort occurred less frequently in the supraorbital approach group. Moreover, the cosmetic outcome was significantly better in the supraorbital group than in the pterional group.

Conclusion

The supraorbital keyhole approach reduced intra- and postoperative complications, including chewing discomfort and cosmetic disturbances, compared with the conventional pterional approach.     

Modified pterional craniotomy without “MacCarty keyhole”

Pterional craniotomy is one of the most widely used approaches in neurosurgery. The MacCarty keyhole has remained the preferred means of beginning the craniotomy to achieve a low access point; however, the bone opening may result in a residual defect and an aesthetically unpleasant depression in the periorbital area. We present our modification of the traditional technique. Instead of drilling the keyhole in the frontoperiorbital area, the classical location, we perform a 5 × 15 mm strip craniectomy at the lowest accessible point in the infratemporal fossa, corresponding to the projection of the most lateral point of the sphenoid ridge. The anterior half of this opening exposes the basal frontal dura, while the posterior half brings the temporal dura into view. This modified technique was applied in 48 pterional craniotomies performed for removal of a variety of neoplasms during 2014–2015. There were no approach-related complications. Aesthetic outcomes and patient acceptance have been good; no patient developed skin depression in the periorbital area. In our experience, craniotomy for a pterional approach with the lowest possible access to the frontotemporal skull base may be performed by drilling a narrow oblong opening, without the use of any keyhole or burr hole, to create a smaller skull defect and achieve optimal aesthetic outcomes.     

改良翼点入路在切除前颅底脑膜瘤手术中的应用与评价

目的 探讨前颅底脑膜瘤手术的最佳入路及其适用范围.方法 回顾性分析自2000至2005年我们应用单侧或双侧额部入路、改良翼点入路所切除的31例前颅底脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,比较不同手术方式的全切除率及并发症的发生情况.结果 改良翼点入路手术的16例脑膜瘤中15例达到全切除,而经单侧或双侧额部入路的15例中只有9例达到全切除,并且并发症发生率相对较高.结论改良翼点入路是切除前颅底脑膜瘤较理想的选择.     

Transzygomatic pterional approach. Part 2: Surgical experience in the management of skull base pathology

ObjectivesTo present our experience with the transzygomatic pterional approach in the treatment of neurosurgical pathology of the base of the skull located in the middle cranial fossa and surrounding areas.MethodA retrospective study of pathological findings, surgical outcomes and complications in a series of 31 cases operated on between 2009 and 2011 using a transzygomatic pterional approach.ResultsThe lesions involved the sphenoid wing (25.9%), several regions due to invasive growth pattern (19.5%), the temporal lobe (16.1%) and cavernous sinus (12.9%). The others were located in the floor of the middle fossa, Meckel's cave, incisural space, cisterns and infratemporal region. The pathological nature of the lesions was: benign meningioma (42%), temporal lobe tumour (19.5%), vascular disease (12.9%), inflammatory lesions (6.4%), atypical meningioma (6.4%), epidermoid cyst (6.4%), neurinoma (3.2%) and poorly differentiated infratemporal carcinoma (3.2%). The approach was usually combined extra-intradural (58.1%) and, less frequently, just extradural (16.1%) or intradural (25.8%). Approach-related complications were minor: haematomas in the wound not requiring treatment (67.8%), superior transient facial paresis (9.7%), transient temporomandibular joint dysfunction (12.9%) and atrophy of the temporal muscle (16.2%). There were no hardware-related complications or cosmetic issues related to the osteotomy and posterior osteosynthesis of the zygomatic arch.ConclusionsThe pterional approach combined with osteotomy of the zygomatic arch allows mobilising the temporalis muscle away from the temporal fossa, consequently exposing its entire surface to complete the temporal craniotomy up to the middle fossa; it helps to access and treat pathology in this region or it can be used as a corridor to approach surrounding areas.     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路鞍上区域手术的应用解剖

目的探讨经鼻蝶入路和翼点入路对鞍上区暴露的差异,为内镜下经鼻蝶入路进入鞍上区的手术方法建立解剖学基础。方法在12例成人尸颅标本上,分别模拟经鼻蝶入路和翼点入路,暴露鞍上区,观察视神经、视交叉、垂体柄、颈内动脉及其分支。比较两个入路对于鞍上区重要结构的显露。结果翼点入路下,鞍结节后缘至视交叉前缘距离为5.35±1.38mm,两侧视神经内缘间距10.58±1.46mm,小脑幕游离缘长度6.73±0.84mm,后交通动脉长度16.52±2.98mm,前交通动脉长度2.11±0.35mm。神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路可以暴露视神经、视交叉、垂体柄、颈内动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、前交通动脉、后交通动脉等结构,对于颈内动脉分叉以上结构暴露欠佳。结论经鼻蝶入路可以完全暴露第Ⅰ、Ⅱ间隙内的神经血管结构,对于第Ⅲ、Ⅳ间隙内结构显露较差,可以在微侵袭条件下部分代替翼点入路。     

一侧翼点入路治疗颅内多发动脉瘤的显微外科解剖学研究

目的探讨翼点入路手术治疗颅内多发动脉瘤的可行性，为临床一期开颅夹闭多发动脉瘤奠定解剖学基础。方法14例经颈内动脉灌注的成人尸头模拟翼点入路，研究前循环常见位置动脉瘤：眼动脉（OA）、后交通动脉（PCoA）、颈内动脉（ICA）分叉部和大脑中动脉（MCA）分歧部动脉瘤通过对侧翼点入路显露的可能性，及相关解剖结构的测量，结合临床手术治疗多发动脉瘤患者资料，探讨一期夹闭多发动脉瘤的可行性。结果通过对侧翼点入路，模拟各部位动脉瘤显露成功率分别为：眼动脉64％；后交通动脉42％；颈内动脉分叉部100％；大脑中动脉分歧部57％。眼动脉和部分后交通动脉暴露需要切开大脑镰和松解对侧视神经。大脑中动脉分歧部能否暴露取决于M1段长度，M1〈14mm时可成功暴露。结论翼点入路可以完成对侧特定指向、特定位置的动脉瘤的夹闭，视神经的长度、动脉瘤的指向等解剖学参数对于评估多发动脉瘤一期夹闭的可行性具有重要意义。     

翼点入路切除鞍上大型颅咽管瘤的显微手术技巧

目的 为探讨大型鞍上颅咽管瘤经翼点入路全切除的显微手术技巧。方法 随访分析和回顾总结我科63例颅咽管瘤病人手术治疗和预后情况，介绍充分开放外侧裂、暴露切除肿瘤、合理利用各手术间隙、重要组织结构保护及关键器械使用等方面的技巧。结果 本组全切51例，次全切12例，无手术死亡。经该入路切除鞍区肿瘤路径短、损伤少、暴露充分；在传统四个手术间隙基础上，合理使用颈内动脉上间隙增加了肿瘤的直视范围和角度，更有利于肿瘤的切除。结论 翼点入路是鞍区肿瘤手术的理想入路。熟悉显微解剖，充分利用各手术间隙及娴熟的显微操作技巧是全切肿瘤的基础和关键。