Endovascular stenting for treatment of mycotic intracranial aneurysms

Mycotic intracranial aneurysms (MIA) are a rare form of cerebrovascular pathology for which obliteration must be undertaken when they present with rupture or fail to respond to antibiotic therapy. Intracranial stents provide the unique ability to simultaneously preserve parent vessel integrity while obliterating the aneurysmal sac, but their use for the treatment of MIA has only been reported in a few instances for proximally located lesions. We report a patient with a MIA treated with endovascular stenting and review the literature for similar cases. Three case reports of four MIA treated with either stent monotherapy or stent-assisted coil embolization were identified. The clinical and radiographic features of each case were detailed. A 35-year-old with bacterial endocarditis from Streptococcus mitis was diagnosed with a ruptured 3 mm MIA of the pericallosal anterior cerebral artery after episodic diplopia. The MIA was successfully treated with stent-assisted coil embolization utilizing a Neuroform EZ stent (Stryker Neuroendovascular, Kalamazoo, MI, USA). Follow-up magnetic resonance angiography at 3 months demonstrated complete aneurysm obliteration, and the patient was neurologically intact. In the literature, a M1 segment middle cerebral artery MIA, bilateral cavernous carotid MIA, and a unilateral cavernous carotid MIA were also successfully treated with Neuroform, Helistent (Hexacath, Rueil-Malmaison, France), and SILK (BALT Extrusion, Montmorency, France) stents, respectively. We present the first patient with a pericallosal MIA treated with stent-assisted coil embolization. Proper treatment of the causative organism with antibiotics minimizes the risk of infectious seeding of the stent. Intracranial stenting may be safely and effectively utilized to treat select cases of MIA.     

儿童颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗

目的 报道儿童颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的特征和血管内治疗的结果.方法 2002-2006年收治29例儿童动脉瘤患者(年龄<19岁);其中14例蛛网膜下腔出血,10例意外发现,2例脑神经麻痹,3例神经功能障碍.动脉瘤的位置:10个椎动脉动脉瘤,5个大脑中动脉瘤,4个大脑后动脉瘤,3个基底动脉动脉瘤,3个前交通动脉瘤,1个小脑后下动脉瘤,2个大脑前动脉瘤,1个颈内动脉动脉瘤.结果 7例动脉瘤行动脉瘤囊内弹簧圈栓塞,17例载瘤动脉闭塞(9例使用球囊闭塞载瘤动脉,8例使用弹簧圈载瘤动脉闭塞).1例椎动脉瘤病人全脑血管造影后4 d动脉瘤白发血栓形成.4例行支架或者支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(其中2例基底动脉瘤患者死亡,2例动脉瘤栓塞后复发并再次给予栓塞治疗).平均随访20.7个月,93.1%的病人GOS评分4分或5分.结论 儿童颅内动脉瘤在发病特点上,男性比女性多见,好发部位是椎动脉、大脑后动脉和人脑中动脉.对于梭形动脉瘤行载瘤动脉闭寒是一种安全有效的治疗方法.基底动脉主十的梭形动脉瘤治疗困难而且死亡率高.     

显微神经外科手术和血管内介入治疗Ⅳ、Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤对比研究

目的比较显微神经外科手术和血管内介入治疗Hunt-Hess分级为Ⅳ、Ⅴ级的破裂动脉瘤的疗效及优缺点。方法回顾性分析26例Ⅳ、Ⅴ级破裂动脉瘤的治疗，11例行开颅显微手术，15例行血管内介入治疗结果手术组11例中良好、轻残者5例，占45．5％；重残、植物生存者4例．占36.4％；死亡者2例、占18．2％，与手术有一定关系；介入组15例中良好、轻残肯8例，占53．3％：重残、植物生存者5例，占33．3％；死亡者2例，占13．3％，并非介入治疗并发症所致。结论Ⅳ、Ⅴ级破裂动脉瘤病人状态差，入院后应根据病情针对脑室出血、颅内血肿、脑疝等情况进行处理、并尽早行手术或介入治疗。介入治疗创伤小、适应证广、并发症少，应作为Ⅳ、Ⅴ级帧内破裂动脉瘤的首选治疗方法。     

Endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms

The Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) is an important tool for the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneuryms by an endovascular approach. This new device may be introduced under fluoroscopy into the aneurysmal sac through a microcatheter. When the coil is judged well positioned, it can be detached with accuracy by electrolytic breakdown. The procedure is completed when a dense coil packing is obtained. When vasospasm is present, papaverin infusion or angioplasty may be used by the endovascular approach as well. Best results are achieved in cases of small aneurysm with small neck. The morbidity and mortality rates in the first 200 patients treated by GDC for a ruptured intracranial aneurysm were 4% and 1.5%, respectively. Complications are generally related to rupture of the malformation by the endovascular device or to thromboembolic events. Despite these promising results, further studies using larger numbers of patients are required to determine the exact role of these procedures in patient care. Received: 22 July 1998 Accepted: 23 July 1998     

Endovascular treatment of ruptured tiny intracranial aneurysms

Endovascular treatment of ruptured tiny intracranial aneurysms (RTIA) is technically challenging. We retrospectively collected and analyzed the clinical data of 51 patients with RTIA who underwent attempted endovascular treatment at our institution between November 2000 and April 2009. Forty-nine patients were successfully treated by coiling alone (29 patients), stent-assisted coiling (11 patients) or stent placement alone (nine patients). Procedural complications occurred in five patients. One patient died from a severe initial hemorrhage and poor clinical condition. At the time of discharge, 44 patients (89.8%) had recovered in good condition (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS] score 5), two were moderately disabled (GOS score 4) and two were severely disabled (GOS score 3). Angiographic follow-up (mean follow-up time = 14 months) was available for 33 patients, and two were re-treated. None of the 46 patients who were clinically followed up (mean = 54.2 months) experienced re-bleeding. Our results suggest that RTIA is not uncommon and can be safely treated endovascularly.     

复杂颅内动脉瘤的血管内治疗(79例报告)

目的探讨各种栓塞技术在复杂颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗中的适应证和临床效果。方法回顾性分析经血管内治疗的79例复杂颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果采用常规可脱弹簧圈技术、球囊再塑形技术、支架载瘤动脉成形术及载瘤动脉闭塞术治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤79个,完全或近全栓塞率为43.1%,部分栓塞率46.8%,永久性致残率2.5%,死亡率5.1%。17例患者随访2～13个月,平均6.5个月,均无颅内出血或再出血。结论血管内栓塞是治疗复杂颅内动脉瘤的相对安全有效的选择,各种新型栓塞技术、栓塞材料的发展和临床经验的逐步积累将使复杂颅内动脉瘤的血管内治疗迈上新台阶。     

血管内介入治疗颅内动脉瘤(附59例报告)

目的总结颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗的经验。方法对59例不同部位和类型颅内动脉瘤分别行可脱性微弹簧圈栓塞、Neuroform支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞及载瘤动脉可脱性球囊闭塞治疗。结果动脉瘤腔完全致密栓塞48例,非致密栓塞8例,动脉瘤颈部有残留3例。55例破裂动脉瘤中死亡1例,患者系术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅴ级,因额叶脑内血肿脑疝致中枢性呼吸循环衰竭死亡。1例遗留明显偏瘫,其余恢复良好。4例未破裂动脉瘤均临床治愈。结论针对不同部位、不同类型的颅内动脉瘤,采取合理的血管内介入治疗方法可获得满意效果。     

烟雾病合并颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨烟雾病患者颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2012年9月至2013年9月采用血管内栓塞治疗的7例烟雾病合并颅内血流相关性动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞3例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞3例,ONYX胶栓塞1例。结果7例患者中3例表现为蛛网膜下腔出血,3例表现为脑室出血,1例表现为顶枕部脑内出血;3例动脉瘤位于基底动脉顶端,1例位于脉络膜前动脉,1例位于大脑后动脉顶枕支,2例位于胼周动脉。7例均成功行血管内栓塞治疗,6例随访均获良好疗效。结论烟雾病合并血流相关性动脉瘤可导致不同类型的颅内出血,血管内栓塞治疗烟雾病合并颅内动脉瘤安全、有效。     

Pipeline血流导向装置治疗颅内动脉瘤的安全性及疗效分析

目的探讨Pipeline血流导向装置(PED)治疗颅内动脉瘤的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年2月至2020年2月郑州大学第一附属医院神经介入科收治的采用PED治疗的颅内动脉瘤患者103例(108个动脉瘤)。其中颈内动脉颅内段小型动脉瘤65例,Willis环远端动脉瘤23例,椎-基底动脉动脉瘤15例;囊状动脉瘤83例,夹层和梭形动脉瘤20例;破裂动脉瘤9例,未破裂动脉瘤94例。术后采用O′Kelly Marotta(OKM)分级标准判断动脉瘤的闭塞程度,采用改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)评估临床预后。结果103例患者(108个动脉瘤)共置入109枚支架,支架置入成功率为100%。术后即刻动脉瘤闭塞OKM分级A级45例(43.7%)、B级42例(40.8%)、C级6例(5.8%)、D级10例(9.7%)。103例患者中,围手术期9例(8.7%)发生并发症,其中出血性事件1例(1.0%),缺血性事件8例(7.8%),死亡1例(1.0%)。术后12个月,102例患者中,mRS评分≤2分者99例(97.1%),3~5分3例(2.9%);79例行数字减影血管造影检查,其中OKM分级B级和C级各7例(各占8.9%),D级65例(82.2%),无一例患者的动脉瘤复发。结论采用PED治疗颈内动脉颅内段小型动脉瘤、椎-基底动脉动脉瘤及Willis环远端动脉瘤,围手术期并发症少,手术效果好。     

36例颅内多发动脉瘤的治疗体会

目的 探讨颅内多发动脉瘤(MIA)的发生率、治疗原则和预后.方法 采用回顾性分析,对36例共76个MIA的临床资料进行分析.结果 14例行一侧翼点入路,夹闭动脉瘤28个,包裹2个.20例行介入栓塞40个动脉瘤.2例手术联合介入,夹闭动脉瘤4个,栓寒2个.GOS评分恢复优28例,轻残4例,重残2例,植物生存1例,死亡1例.结论 应根据动脉瘤的位置和患者的具体情况,选择显微手术、介入栓塞或手术联合介入,尽可能地在早期一期处理所有的MIA,预后良好.     

烟雾病颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨烟雾病患者颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内治疗方法。方法回顾性分析11例经全脑血管造影证实的烟雾病合并颅内血流相关性动脉瘤患者的临床表现和血管内栓塞治疗方法。结果 11例中7例表现为颅内出血,4例表现为缺血症状;9个动脉瘤位于Willis环周围,1个位于大脑后动脉顶枕支,1个位于脉络膜后内侧动脉;11个动脉瘤除1例外周型动脉瘤因超选困难外其余10例均成功行血管内栓塞治疗,随访均获良好疗效。结论烟雾病患者颅内血流相关性动脉瘤可有出血或非动脉瘤性临床表现,此类动脉瘤可分为累及Willis环的主要动脉型动脉瘤和累及侧支为主的外周动脉型动脉瘤;血管内栓塞治疗烟雾病患者的颅内动脉瘤是安全有效的,对外周动脉型动脉瘤可予对症保守治疗。     

破裂颅内椎动脉动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗在破裂颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤中的应用.方法 回顾性分析21例血管内介入治疗的颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤患者,其中8例采用微弹簧圈或球囊进行载瘤动脉闭塞术,13例应用支架辅助弹簧圈进行栓塞治疗.结果 8例载瘤动脉闭塞的患者,载瘤动脉完全闭塞,小脑后下动脉保持通畅;随访3-12个月,未遗留明显的神经功能障碍.13例支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞的患者,术中1例因再出血死亡;余12例中,致密栓塞10例,接近完全栓塞2例.9例患者(包括接近完全闭塞的2例患者)有效造影随访3-11个月,致密栓塞的患者中动脉瘤无复发,载瘤动脉及PICA保持通畅;接近完全闭塞的2例患者中有1例部分复发,给予再次致密栓塞,另1例达稳定状态;另3例电话随访,未发现遗留明显的神经功能障碍.结论 载瘤动脉闭塞术治疗破裂的椎动脉梭形及夹层动脉瘤效果肯定,但有潜在缺血的风险;支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术近期效果较好,但远期疗效有待长期随访的验证.     

颅内动脉瘤治疗方案选择的临床研究

目的探讨显微手术与血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的效果、特点、适应证及治疗原则。方法回顾性分析应用显微手术治疗的202例颅内动脉瘤患者与经血管内介入治疗的56例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果术后按GOS评分评定手术疗效,经显微手术治疗的202例中,术后恢复良好132例,中残38例,重残21例,死亡11例。经血管内介入治疗的56例61个动脉瘤中,54个动脉瘤行可脱性弹簧圈栓塞,1个行单纯支架置入,6个行支架置入+可脱性弹簧圈栓塞;术后恢复良好35例,中残11例,重残8例,死亡2例。结论显微手术与血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤各有其特点及适应证。根据动脉瘤的大小、部位、术者经验选择不同的手术方式,均能取得满意效果。     

颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗措施

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗措施,以提高动脉瘤的手术疗效。方法回顾分析56例59个颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗的时机、手术入路、术中和术后的处理。结果55例58个动脉瘤均获夹闭,1例行孤立术后死亡;随访6月至10年,55例均恢复日常工作生活。结论合理的手术措施对颅内动脉瘤包括多发性动脉瘤的治疗效果是至关重要的。     

Whole-brain CT perfusion combined with CT angiography for ischemic complications following microsurgical clipping and endovascular coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms

Ischemic complications associated with microsurgical clipping and endovascular coiling affects the outcome of patients with intracranial aneurysms. We prospectively evaluated 58 intracranial aneurysm patients who had neurological deterioration or presented with poor grade (Hunt-Hess grades III and IV), aneurysm size >13 mm and multiple aneurysms after clipping or coiling. Thirty patients had ischemic complications (52%) as demonstrated by whole-brain CT perfusion (WB-CTP) combined with CT angiography (CTA). Half of these 30 patients had treatment-associated reduction in the diameter of the parent vessels (n = 6), ligation of the parent vessels or perforating arteries (n = 2), and unexplained or indistinguishable vascular injury (n = 7); seven of these 15 (73%) patients suffered infarction. The remaining 15 patients had disease-associated cerebral ischemia caused by generalized vasospasm (n = 6) and focal vessel vasospasm (n = 9); six of these 15 (40%) patients developed infarction. Three hemodynamic patterns of ischemic complications were found on WB-CTP, of which increased time to peak, time to delay and mean transit time associated with decreased cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume were the main predictors of irreversible ischemic lesions. In conclusion, WB-CTP combined with CTA can accurately determine the cause of neurological deterioration and classify ischemic complications. This combined approach may be helpful in assessing hemodynamic patterns and monitoring operative outcomes.     

颅内宽颈动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的总结使用neuroform支架或球囊辅助瘤颈重塑技术与电解可脱弹簧圈结合治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的体会，探讨两种方法的适应症、存在问题、技术要点及临床应用前景。方法25例颅内宽颈动脉瘤中，19例采用neuroform支架置入结合电解可脱弹簧圈栓塞，6例采用球囊辅助瘤颈重塑技术结合电解可脱弹簧圈栓塞。结果以neuroform支架与电解可脱弹簧圈栓塞的动脉瘤中，10例完全闭塞，8例闭塞90％以上，1例闭塞90％以下。球囊辅助瘤颈重塑技术结合电解可脱弹簧圈栓塞的动脉瘤中，3例完全闭塞，3例闭塞90％以上。结论Neuroform支架或球囊辅助瘤颈重塑与电解可脱弹簧圈结合是治疗颅内宽颈动脉瘤的有效方法；两种方法各有优缺点，应根据宽颈动脉瘤的具体情况选择neuroform支架或球囊辅助进行栓塞。     

颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗进展

颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗始于二十世纪七十年代初。早期，血管内治疗仪适用于动脉瘤形态和部位不适合手术夹闭或临床状态较差的患者，随着导管技术和栓塞材料的不断改进，血管内技术逐渐成熟，已成为治疗颅内动脉瘤的重要方法。近期一项多中心随机临床试验-国际蛛网膜下腔出血动脉瘤试验（international subarachnoid aneurysmtrial，1SAT）对血管内弹簧圈栓塞和神经外科夹闭两种办法进行了比较，结果表明前者能够提高患并接受治疗1年后独立生活的机会。血管内治疗安全性、有效性的提高无疑有赖于新技术和新材料的发展。     

Intraprocedural retrieval of migrated coils during endovascular aneurysm treatment with the Trevo Stentriever device

Coil migration during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms occurs in 2–6% of cases. As endovascular coiling of aneurysms has become increasingly popular and as endovascular technology continues to rapidly evolve, the prevalence of intraprocedural coil migration will invariably rise. Since coil masses are highly thrombogenic, migration out of the aneurysm sac into the parent artery may result in large territory infarcts which subsequently manifest as significant neurological morbidity. Therefore safe and timely retrieval of migrated coils is essential to avoiding poor angiographic and clinical outcomes. A 66-year-old woman with an unruptured 5 × 3 mm, wide-necked posterior communicating artery aneurysm was referred for endovascular treatment. During coiling with the dual catheter technique, both initially deployed coils dislodged from the aneurysm sac and migrated distally into the middle cerebral artery. After failed retrieval with an Alligator device (Chestnut Medical Technologies, Menlo Park, CA, USA), we used two Trevo devices (Concentric Medical, Mountain View, CA, USA) in succession to successfully retrieve the migrated coils. The aneurysm was then occluded with stent-assisted coil embolization. There were no post-procedural angiographic or clinical complications. The patient was subsequently discharged home without neurological deficit. This case illustrates the first use of the Trevo device for retrieval of migrated coils during endovascular treatment of an intracranial aneurysm to our knowledge. Due to the lack of guidelines defining the standard management of intraprocedural coil migration, current strategies are based on retrospective review of published reports and expert opinion. We present a unique and effective method for endovascular retrieval of displaced coils using a Trevo Stentriever device.