2008年张掖市农村饮用水卫生状况调查分析

目的了解张掖市农村生活饮用水水质动态变化及其影响因素。方法2008年对张掖市6县（区）进行了农村生活饮用水卫生状况调查,包括水源类型、取水方式、水质处理和饮用人口,每县随机抽取12～16个监测点,不同类型的水样采集数根据供水方式的饮用人口比例确定,分别于枯水期（3—5月）、丰水期（7～9月）进行水样采集、保存、分析和评价。结果农村人口1002036人。饮用集中式供水的占81．80％,以地下水深井为主要水源：饮用分散式供水的占18.20％,以地下水浅井为主要水源．张掖市农村生活饮用水以地下水为主要水源。饮用未经任何处理饮用水的人口为94.34％。集中式供水枯水期、丰水期合格率为53．64％、69．09％;分散式供水为36.36％、25．64％,丰、枯水期集中式供水合格率高于分散式供水,集中式与分散式供水丰水期监测结果有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。超标指标主要为总硬度、菌落总数、总大肠菌群。结论张掖市农村生活饮用水水质合格率较低．基本没有水处理及消毒措施,微生物污染是主要原因。     

2010年广东省农村生活饮用水卫生状况调查分析

目的了解2010年广东省农村生活饮用水卫生状况，为加强广东省农村饮用水水质卫生监测工作提供科学依据。方法以广东省所有涉农县（区）作为调查点，采用分层随机抽样的方式在每个监测县（区）均选择不少于20个监测点。集中式供水监测点在枯水期和丰水期各检测1次，每次采集出厂水、末梢水水样各1份；分散式供水监测点在丰水期和枯水期各采集农户家中储水器水样l份。对色度、浑浊度等水质指标进行检测，并调查全省纳入监测范围的县（区）全部农村的生活饮用水水源类型、取水方式、分类饮用人口、水处理方式、供水能力等。结果广东省农村集中式供水设施共有15606个，供水人口比例为63．98％（4187．89万／6545．91万），以泉水为水源水居多，占37．78％（5896／15606），其中52．31％（8164／15606）没有采取任何水处理措施；分散式供水点有l673639个，供水覆盖人口比例占36．02％（2358．02万／6545．91万），基本以浅井水为水源，占总数的80．13％（1341065／1673639），其中手压泵式占总数的51．24％（857528／1673639）。枯水期水样水质总合格率为50．00％（1895／3790）；丰水期水样水质总合格率为63．73％（2694／4227）（P〈0．01）。其中集中式供水水质枯、丰水期合格率分别为53．33％（1784／3345）和66．61％（2529／3797），分散式供水水质枯、丰水期合格率分别为24．94％（111／445）和38．37％（165／430），枯水期和丰水期的分散式供水水质合格率均低于集中式供水（均P〈0．01）；枯水期以地面水和地下水为水源的水质合格率分别为54．28％（1262／2325）和43．2l％（633／1465），丰水期以地面水和地下水为水源的水质合格率分别为68．77％（1806／2626）和55．47％（888／1601），枯水期和丰水期的地下水水质合格率均低于地面水（均P〈0．01）；全省农村水质单项指标合格率较低的前3项分别是：总大肠菌群、pH值、菌落总数，其枯、丰水期水质合格率分别为65．30％（2566／3930）、87．80％（3492／3977）、89．44％（3514／3929）和75．38％（3239／4297）、90．09％（3871／4297）、92．32％（3966／4296）。结论集中式供水比例低、水质合格率不高仍然是当前广东省农村安全饮水迫切需要解决的问题，其中微生物超标是导致水质合格率偏低的主要原因。     

2007年江西省农村饮用水卫生状况分析

目的了解江西省农村生活饮用水水质的现状,为政府制订改水政策提供科学依据。方法于2007年,选择江西省22个县进行农村生活饮用水卫生状况(水源类型、取水方式、水质处理情况及饮用人口)调查,每个县设10～11个监测点,于枯水期(3—5月)、丰水期(8—10月),按照GB 5750—1985《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行水样的采集、保存和分析,按照《农村实施〈生活饮用水卫生标准〉准则》进行评价。结果农村人口8726 958人,饮用集中式供水的占16.76%,以江河水为主要水源;饮用分散式供水的占83.24%,以浅井水和深井水为主要水源;饮用未经任何处理水的人口达88.52%。丰、枯水期各采集水样221件,地面水、地下水水样分别占21.27%和78.73%,其水样合格率分别为43.89%和51.58%。丰、枯水期以地面水为水源水质合格率分别为63.83%和59.57%,以地下水为水源水质合格率分别为38.51%和49.43%。丰水期地面水水质合格率高于地下水,差异有统计学意义(x~2=9.64,P<0.01)。集中式供水、分散式供水分别占40.05%和59.95%。丰、枯水期集中式供水水质合格率分别为62.79%和64.84%,分散式供水水质合格率分别为31.85%和42.31%。丰、枯水期集中式供水水质合格率高于分散式供水,差异均有统计学意义(丰水期:x~2=20.42,P<0.01;枯水期:x~2= 10.88,P<0.01)。超标指标主要为菌落总数和总大肠菌群,其次为pH值、硝酸盐氮、锰、铁、砷及氟化物。结论江西省农村自来水普及率较低,供水方式比较落后,饮水卫生状况仍然不佳。微生物污染是存在的主要卫生问题。     

桂林市农村生活饮用水卫生现状分析

目的了解和掌握桂林市农村生活饮用水卫生现状,为政府有关部门决策提供科学依据。方法对2008年广西农村饮水水质监测网络中桂林市10个县(区)的监测结果进行汇总和分析。在枯水期(3月)和丰水期(7月或8月)进行水样采集和检测,检测指标为水质感官指标、一般化学指标、毒理学指标和细菌学指标,设计统一调查表对农村供水类型、取水方式和水源类型及其覆盖人口进行调查。结果桂林市农村饮用水水源类型以地下水为主,占78.83%,农村集中式供水人口覆盖率为27.81%。桂林市农村生活饮用水水质合格率水平低下,枯水期、丰水期水质综合合格率仅分别为23.80%和20.54%,集中式供水出厂水水质合格率也仅分别为26.20%和21.90%。集中式供水出厂水、末梢水总大肠菌群合格率分别为27.18%和27.85%,耐热大肠菌群合格率则分别为31.85%和33.64%;分散式供水总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群合格率分别低至15.70%和18.02%。结论桂林市农村生活饮用水水质受粪便和生活污水污染严重,加强对饮用水水源卫生防护和水质消毒是关键措施。     

2011年漯河市农村生活饮用水卫生现状调查

目的 通过了解漯河市农村居民生活饮用水卫生状况,为农村改水工作提供科学依据.方法 按照《2011年河南省农村饮用水水质卫生监测技术方案》对漯河市农村生活饮用水水源类型、农村集中式供水基本情况、农村集中式供水监测点情况和水质结果报告表中的内容进行基本情况调查,并对100处农村集中式供水监测点进行采样检测,对检测结果进行统计分析.结果 漯河市大部分供水工程属于供水能力不足500 t和供水人口小于5 000人的工程;监测点枯、丰水期水质合格率分别为85.5％、72.5％,其中,枯水期出厂水、末梢水合格率分别为86.0％、85.0％;丰水期出厂水、末梢水合格率分别为70.0％、74.0％,枯、丰水期出厂水合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);末梢水合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);水质监测不合格指标主要有菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、锰、氯化物、总硬度、氟化物.结论 漯河市农村人口集中式供水覆盖率较低,要加快农村集中式供水工程的建设,进一步加强饮水消毒和监督监测.     

2013年西平县农村生活饮用水卫生状况分析

目的了解2013年西平县农村居民生活饮用水卫生状况,为提高饮用水卫生管理质量提供科学依据。方法根据供水方式及饮用人口按照随机整群抽样原则设立监测点,集中式供水采集末梢水,分散供水采集农户家中储水器水样或直接饮用的水样,水样检验按GB/T5750-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》,按GB/T5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》对结果进行水质检测统计、分析和评价。结果全年共检测水样60份,合格44份,总合格率73.33%,不合格项目主要为菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、浑浊度、硝酸盐氮、铁、锰。集中式供水和分散式供水合格率分别为90.00%、43.33%,两者差异有统计学意义(x2=5.25,P<0.05),枯水期与丰水期的监测合格率分别为70.00%、76.67%,两者之间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.34,P>0.5)。结论集中式供水的水质明显好于分散式供水水质,加强水源管理,规范水质净化处理技术是保证饮水安全的关键。     

2010年西平县农村生活饮用水水质卫生学监测结果分析

目的 了解2010年西平县农村居民生活饮用水的卫生状况.方法 根据供水方式及饮用人口按照随机整群抽样原则设立监测点,集中式供水采集末梢水,分散供水采集农户家中储水器水样,水样检验按GB/T5750-2006<生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法>,检测结果按GB/T5749-2006<生活饮用水卫生标准>进行评价.结果 全年共检测水样247份,合格172份,总合格率69.60%,不合格项目主要为菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、浑浊度、硝酸盐氮、铁、锰.集中式供水和分散式供水合格率分别为91.70%、48.80%,两者差异有统计学意义,冬春季与夏秋季的监测合格率分别为84.00%、60.50%,两者之间差异有统计学意义.结论 西平县农村饮用水水质监测合格率较低,水质较差,但集中式供水的水质明显好于分散式供水水质,尤其是夏秋季的水质污染较重,必须加强管理,确保饮水安全.     

四川省农村生活饮用水监测结果分析

目的掌握四川省农村生活饮用水基本情况,保护农村群众生活饮用水的水质卫生安全,为农村改水工作提供科学依据。方法按照四川省农村水质监测方案,选取全省农村水质监测40个县的农村饮水监测点调查。并按《生活饮用水卫生标准》对枯、丰水期水质进行检测。结果40个县中,有80．75％的人饮用分散式供水,其中的81．03％饮用地下水,并以机械取水为主的占49．23％;19．25％饮用集中式供水,有64．56％饮用地面水。在调查6059个集中式供水水厂中,有73．18％的水厂饮水未经净化消毒处理,部分消毒处理的只占5．2％;756份水样检测,有55％合格,检测的13项指标中,细菌总数合格率仅为71．5％,枯水期和丰水期水质合格率比较无统计学意义,集中式供水和分散式供水水质合格率比较有统计学意义。结论农村饮水存在微生物超标,有导致肠道传染病暴发流行的安全隐患,政府应加快农村供水设施建设,以保障农村饮水卫生安全。     

梧州市农村生活饮用水水质卫生监测结果分析

目的了解2011年梧州市农村卫生饮用水卫生状况,为下一步开展农村生活饮用水的卫生监测工作提供依据。方法以《2011年广西农村生活饮用水水质卫生监测技术方案》为依据,选择市直管的30处已经建成投入使用的农村集中式供水工程及市长洲区5处分散式供水为监测点,于枯水期和丰水期各采集集中式供水出厂水和末梢水各1份水样,分散式供水采集农户家庭储水器(家中水龙头)水样1份进行监测。结果梧州市农村生活饮用水共采集水样130份,水质总的合格率为55.38%,枯水期和丰水期的合格率分别为53.85%(35/65)和56.92%(37/65);集中式供水的合格率为56.67%(68/120),分散式供水的合格率为40.00%(4/10)。不同类型水源的水质合格率以深井水最高,其次为浅井水,最低是地表水,合格率分别为94.44%、83.33%、55.86%。水质完全处理的合格率为42.86%,不完全处理或不处理的水质合格率为56.90%。水质不合格的项目有浑浊度、菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、铁。其中总大肠菌群不合格57份,耐热大肠菌群不合格56份,菌落总数不合格34份,浑浊度不合格40份,只有1份水样铁含量不合格。结论梧州市只有半数的农民的生活饮用水是安全的,农村生活饮用水存在最大的问题是受到微生物的污染。     

2012年韶关市农村饮用水供水及水质状况调查

目的 掌握广东省韶关市农村饮用水供水情况及水质状况,为政府相关部门制订农村饮水安全建设提供参考依据.方法 根据2012年韶关市农村水质监测网报资料,对供水情况及水质检测结果进行统计分析.结果 全市农村共有2 218个集中式供水设施,覆盖人口165.47万,占全市农村人口的66.44％.集中式供水设施中采用完全处理工艺的仅占0.90％,采用沉淀过滤处理工艺的占42.88％,没有采取任何处理措施的占55.00％.全市农村共有分散式供水点29 775个,覆盖人口83.60万,占全市农村人口的33.56％,分散式供水以浅井水为主要水源,占总数的71.86％.全年监测水样1 254份,总合格率为43.94％,枯水期和丰水期合格率分别为46.82％和41.05％,差异有统计学意义(x2=4.224,P＜0.05).单项指标合格率较低的指标依次是:总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、浊度、菌落总数、pH值,合格率分别为:52.79％、54.21％、82.77％、89.55％和92.98％.结论 广东省韶关市农村分散式供水人口比例仍较高,水质合格率仍偏低,其中微生物超标是导致水质合格率偏低的主要原因,需继续加快农村饮水工程建设,加强水质处理管理.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.