先天性漏斗胸的治疗进展

目的对近年先天性漏斗胸的治疗进展作一综述。方法广泛查阅近年国内外治疗先天性漏斗胸的相关文献,总结治疗现状及进展。结果先天性漏斗胸矫正方法主要有胸廓成形术(Ravitch胸骨抬高术和Nuss微创手术)和假体植入术,磁力推进和无创负压吸引治疗尚处于研究阶段。结论先天性漏斗胸的矫正除改善功能外,对外观要求也在提高,微创和无创治疗是下一步研究重点。     

漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病同期外科治疗体会

目的总结漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病同期外科治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析5例漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病患者同期手术治疗的临床资料，其中3例采用带腹直肌蒂的胸骨翻转术矫治漏斗胸，1例采用保留双侧胸廓内动脉及腹直肌蒂的胸骨翻转术矫治漏斗胸，另1例采用胸骨抬举术矫治漏斗胸。结果5例患者均治愈出院，随访3～44个月，胸骨稳定性好，外观满意，心脏畸形矫正满意，心功能良好，均为Ⅰ级（NYHA）。结论同期矫正漏斗胸及心内畸形是一种安全可行的治疗方案，节约医疗费用，避免或减少了分期手术及麻醉的风险，减轻了患者痛苦。     

胸外科——胸壁、胸膜

胸腔镜微创Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸，电视胸腔镜辅助腋下Muscle-Sparing切口治疗自发性气胸，改良胸骨翻转术治疗先天性漏斗胸16例，胸腔镜下Nuss手术治疗小儿漏斗胸38例报告[编者按]     

硅胶假体置入漏斗胸重建术

漏斗胸畸形通常是美容手术的指征。扩大手术时需要将胸骨碎裂并重新塑形，这种手术创伤大，并发症发生率高。以色列Margulis等报告了一种新术式，应用一种定制的硅胶假体行轻及中度漏斗胸畸形重建术。所有患者均获得美容矫正，且无任何近期或晚期并发症。     

胸壁、胸膜

改良胸骨抬举术治疗儿童先天性漏斗胸268例；巨大局限性胸膜纤维性间皮瘤3例；胸腔镜下微创漏斗胸矫形术15例分析；先天性漏斗胸Nuss术与改良Ravitch术的比较；105例胸壁肿瘤的诊断和外科治疗；恶性胸腔积液的治疗现状；     

带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣翻转移植整复漏斗胸畸形

目的 探讨整复先天性漏斗胸的手术方法。方法 ①根据前胸壁漏斗状凹陷畸形的病变范围,设计胸骨前面皮肤正中垂直切口线。②采用带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣,前后翻转移植整复严重漏斗胸畸形。结果 1999年至2005年,于临床应用7例,全部获得成功,畸形矫正满意,术后无复发。结论 带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣前后翻转移植是一种治疗漏斗胸前胸壁严重漏斗状凹陷畸形较好的方法。     

小儿漏斗胸的外科治疗

漏斗胸是最常见先天性胸壁畸形，可引起患儿呼吸循环功能损害及严重的心理创伤，产生一系列并发症。采用胸骨翻转术和胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸，各有其不同特点及手术适应证。掌握正确的手术技术，并坚持术后疗法，可纠正胸壁的凹陷畸形，改善患儿运动耐受量及心功能，达到有效治疗目的。     

非胸腔镜辅助Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸51例分析

目的总结非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸的临床经验。方法 2008年7月至2014年2月济南军区总医院胸外科采用非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗51例漏斗胸患儿,其中男32例、女19例,年龄8.32(2.5~17.0)岁。全组均采用双侧胸壁横行切口,将矫形板由左胸壁经胸骨后穿至右胸壁,翻转矫形板并固定于肋骨完成矫正。结果全组患者畸形均得以矫正,手术时间为30~52(38±9)min。其中1例发生心脏损伤,开胸修补成功后放置支撑钢板。术后发生皮下气肿7例、气胸3例、肺不张3例,经保守治疗后痊愈。术后4个月支撑钢板移位1例,再次手术矫正。随访1~42(21.6±7.6)个月,依据Nuss效果评价标准评价优39例,良9例,中3例。结论非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术矫正小儿漏斗胸的矫形效果确切,并发症少,简便可行,安全有效。     

深侧骨膜分离胸骨翻转术治疗小儿先天性漏斗胸长期观察(附12例报告)

深侧骨膜分离胸骨翻转术治疗小儿先天性漏斗胸长期观察（附１２例报告）马长金戚良晨王宪富臧广生白求恩医科大学第三临床学院（长春１３００３１）漏斗胸是一种先天性疾病，目前矫治漏斗胸的手术方法较多，但均存在着一定程度的缺点，为了提高漏斗胸的治愈率，减少术后的...     

非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术矫治漏斗胸的中期疗效观察

漏斗胸是最常见的先天性胸壁畸形,手术被认为是惟一有效的治疗手段.自从1998年Nuss等[1]报告了微创治疗漏斗胸的手术经验以来,微创成为外科矫治漏斗胸的趋势,Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸的报道也逐年增多.现有文献多为漏斗胸术后近期的功能、并发症及外观报道,中期(Nuss术后1年至拔除矫形板后3个月)[2]及远期的疗效报道较少.本组对41例已拔除矫形板的漏斗胸患者进行胸壁外观及手术后心理、生理功能方面的随访,并结合患者相关资料做进一步分析,现报告如下.     

The Nuss Procedure After Breast Augmentation for Female Pectus Excavatum

Pectus excavatum, the most common congenital chest wall malformation, has a higher incidence among men. Since 1987, when Donald Nuss performed his technique for the first time, the minimally invasive approach has become the most widely used technique for treating pectus excavatum. Few reported studies have focused on the repair of female pectus excavatum. Women with pectus excavatum often present with breast asymmetry that may require breast augmentation, either before or after pectus excavatum repair. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports on the Nuss procedure after breast implant surgery have been published. This report describes the case of a 26-year-old woman who underwent minimally invasive repair after breast implant surgery. The authors believe that for women with severe pectus excavatum, the Nuss procedure should be the first choice for surgical correction. Moreover, for breast implant patients, this technique is absolutely feasible without major complications.     

Evaluation of thoracic factors after scoliosis surgery in patients with both scoliosis and pectus excavatum

Purpose

Pectus excavatum can negatively impact cardiac function during scoliosis surgery. Several authors reported severe hypotension associated with the prone position during scoliosis surgery in children that had both scoliosis and pectus excavatum. However, we could find no studies that evaluated the change in the thoracic factors, such as sternal tilt angle and Haller index after scoliosis surgery in patients with both scoliosis and pectus excavatum. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in thoracic factors after surgical treatment for scoliosis associated with pectus excavatum.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review on 20 patients (10 males and 10 females) who underwent surgical treatment for scoliosis associated with pectus excavatum from August 2004 to April 2014 in our hospital. We investigated the scoliosis diagnosis, preoperative and postoperative Cobb and thoracic kyphosis (TK) angles, the change in TK after surgery and thoracic factors, including the AP and transverse diameters of the chest, the sternal tilt angle, and Haller index.

Results

Patient mean age was 13.2 years old (4–27 years old) at surgery. Types of scoliosis were idiopathic in 8 patients, syndromic in 10, and neuromuscular in 2. The mean Cobb angles were 72.1° preoperatively and 19.0° postoperatively. Curve locations were thoracic in 13 patients, thoracolumbar in 4, and lumbar in 3. Surgical treatment of pectus excavatum was performed in 9 patients (45 %) before scoliosis treatment. Mean sternal tilt angles were 11.5° preoperatively and 11.1° postoperatively. Mean Haller indices were 4.8 preoperatively and 5.3 postoperatively. This was especially true for syndromic or neuromuscular scoliosis and thoracolumbar/lumbar curve type patients in which scoliosis surgery tended to worsen the Haller index.

Conclusion

The Haller index increased postoperatively in 11 of 20 patients, which means sternal depression deteriorated after scoliosis surgery in about 50 % of patients. We suggest that surgeons fully assess the thoracic factors in patients with scoliosis and pectus excavatum prior to performing scoliosis surgery and carefully monitor their patient’s general condition during surgery.

     

Visual diagnosis of pectus excavatum: An inter-observer and intra-observer agreement analysis

Background/purposeAmong patients suspected of pectus excavatum, visual examination is a key aspect of diagnosis and, moreover, guides work-up and treatment strategy. This study evaluated the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement of visual examination and diagnosis of pectus excavatum among experts.MethodsThree-dimensional surface images of consecutive patients suspected of pectus excavatum were reviewed in a multi-center setting. Interactive three-dimensional images were evaluated for the presence of pectus excavatum, asymmetry, flaring, depth of deformity, cranial onset, overall severity and morphological subtype through a questionnaire. Observers were blinded to all clinical patient information, completing the questionnaire twice per subject. Agreement was analyzed by kappa statistics.ResultsFifty-eight subjects with a median age of 15.5 years (interquartile range: 14.1–18.2) were evaluated by 5 (cardio)thoracic surgeons. Pectus excavatum was visually diagnosed in 55% to 95% of cases by different surgeons, revealing considerable inter-observer differences (kappa: 0.50; 95%-confidence interval [CI]: 0.41–0.58). All other items demonstrated inter-observer kappa's of 0.25–0.37. Intra-observer analyses evaluating the presence of pectus excavatum demonstrated a kappa of 0.81 (95%-CI: 0.72–0.91), while all other items showed intra-observer kappa's of 0.36–0.68.ConclusionsVisual examination and diagnosis of pectus excavatum yields considerable inter-observer and intra-observer disagreements. As this variation in judgement could impact work-up and treatment strategy, objective standardization is urged.Levels of evidenceIII.     

隆胸术治疗轻度漏斗胸的临床应用15例

目的评介隆胸术治疗轻度漏斗胸的临床效果。方法2000年1月至2008年1月对15例女性轻度漏斗胸患者，年龄18-35岁，在双侧腋窝横皱襞内各作4cm切口直达皮下组织，随后向内分离至胸大肌外侧边缘，切开胸大肌肌膜，用手指钝性分出胸大肌后间隙，用乳房分离器捅入间隙广泛分离至设计范同再置入乳房毛面硅凝胶假体。结果15例患者通过腋下入路行隆胸术后，随访1-9个月，均未见局部皮肤坏死、感染等并发症，前胸壁漏斗胸状畸形明显改善。结论应用隆胸术治疗轻度漏斗胸，具有操作方便，手术损伤小，效果满意等优良，可在临床推广应用。     

Nuss手术矫治复发性和胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸

目的 总结Nuss手术矫治复发性和胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸经验.方法 2004年6月至2011年9月18例复发性或胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸Nuss手术者中男12例,女6例;年龄3.1 ～14.8岁,平均(8.8±4.0)岁;体重11 ～55kg,平均(30.2±14.8)kg.10例为开放式漏斗胸矫治术后复发病例,8例为其他胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸.16例畸形为对称性,2例为非对称性.CT检查Haller指数5.4±3.4.手术均在胸腔镜辅助下完成.结果 全组均成功实施手术.所有患儿均置入1根钢板.17例置入右侧固定片,1例置入双侧固定片.16例矫形效果为优良,2例良好.矫形效果与初次Nuss手术相比,早期优良及良好率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后胸腔引流管放置1～4天.1例钢板移位于术后5个月行Nuss修正,重新固定移位之钢板.1例心脏穿孔出血,术中紧急行扩大胸骨正中切口,直视下修补心脏破口,术后复查超声心动图,心脏功能正常,无神经系统并发症.1例术后当天气胸合并皮下气肿,1例术后3天胸腔积液,此2例均行胸腔闭式引流后治愈.12例钢板拆除,钢板滞留24～45个月,拆除者10例保持优良,2例良好,无复发病例.结论 Nuss手术矫治复发性和胸部手术后继发性漏斗胸效果良好.     

Early results following the Nuss operation for pectus excavatum--a single-institution experience of 383 patients

The prevalence of pectus excavatum is low but many patients are disabled from this thoracic deformity. The Nuss operation is a well-established surgical correction, however, until recently it has been rarely used in Europe. We have performed the Nuss operation regularly between 2001 and 2006 where a total of 383 patients were operated on for pectus excavatum. The indication for surgery was disabling cosmetic appearance as described by the patient. Patient records were reviewed for retrospective analysis. The median age was 16 years (range 7-43) and 86% were males. A satisfactory peri-operative result was achieved in all but one patient with one pectus bar (81%), two bars (19%) and three bars in one patient. Postoperative complications included bleeding, pleural effusion, seroma and deep infection. Seven patients were reoperated because the bar dislocated. At present the bars have been removed in 73 patients and their final result was excellent in all but one. The Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum can be implemented with excellent early results and few complications. There is a surprisingly high demand for surgical correction of pectus excavatum and the number of referred patients continues to increase as patients learn about the ease of this procedure and its excellent results.     

Patient satisfaction and clinical results 10 years after modified open thoracoplasty for pectus deformities

Purpose  

Indications for surgical treatment for patients with pectus excavatum and carinatum are psychosocial issues, pulmonary or cardiac limitations or pain. When surgery is indicated in our institution, patients are treated with a modified thoracoplasty according to the Ravitch technique. In order to stabilize pectus excavatum, an allogenic bone strut is transplanted which does not require removal.     

Endoscopic correction of pectus excavatum.

Pectus excavatum has been most commonly corrected by either the sternal elevation or turnover methods. Both of these procedures require a long skin incision in the anterior chest wall. Endoscopic techniques have been introduced into the treatment of pectus excavatum since 1994 to minimize the skin incision to approximately 1 inch. Thirty patients with pectus excavatum (25 men and 5 women) underwent surgery employing the centimeter incision method assisted by the endoscope. The mean age at the time of surgery was 11.9 years (range, 4-45 years). The patients were classified as having one of three types of pectus excavatum: Type I (symmetrical and localized) was seen in 18 patients (60%), type II (symmetrical and diffuse) was seen in 5 patients (17%), and type III (localized or diffuse but asymmetrical) was seen in 7 patients (23%). Although the results of the thoracic cage correction achieved using our procedure were excellent overall, the results were best for type I, with clear improvement achieved in the funnel index-0.48 to 0.63. All of the patients recovered well without any severe complications, and both the patients and their families found the results obtained using this method to be quite satisfactory, especially because of the minimal postoperative scar.     

Acquired thoracic scoliosis following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum

The minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair as described by Nuss et al. is rapidly gaining acceptance as an effective method of repair of severe pectus excavatum deformities in the pediatric population. It potentially offers several advantages over previous techniques. The incidence of major complications of the procedure has been reduced by recent modifications including utilization of video-assisted thoracoscopy during placement of the Lorenz pectus bar as well as utilizing the pectus bar stabilizer that provides more rigid fixation of the strut. We report two cases of acquired thoracic scoliosis following minimally invasive repair of severe pectus excavatum deformity. This particular complication has not been reported in previous literature and warrants concern. In both cases the thoracic scoliosis slowly improved with physical therapy and range-of-motion exercises.     

Anterior chest wall deformities and congenital heart disease

Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum usually exist as isolated abnormalities. Only 19 cases of associated congenital heart defects have been reported. Significant complications related to uncorrected pectus excavatum have been described either during or after cardiac operations. Therefore we reviewed our experience with these coexisting lesions to assess the risk of surgical repair of chest wall deformities before and after correction of congenital cardiac anomalies. Among 20,860 infants and children with congenital heart disease seen at our institution, 36 (0.17%) had associated anterior thoracic deformities, 22 of whom underwent surgical correction of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum. Ten of these 22 patients had pectus repair after a cardiac operation. Pleural or pericardial entry was avoided in all and none required a blood transfusion. Ten other patients had pectus repair either before cardiac repair (five patients) or without a subsequent cardiac operation. Another patient had a cardiac operation performed through a median sternotomy both before and after pectus repair, and the remaining patient, early in the series, had simultaneous banding of the main pulmonary artery and repair of pectus excavatum complicated by chest wall instability and a lethal intrathoracic hemorrhage. The experience indicates that congenital chest wall deformities can be safely and effectively repaired after early correction of congenital heart defects through a median sternotomy, although repair of the chest wall deformity after cardiac surgery also gives good results. However, in children who require an extracardiac conduit for repair of their congenital heart defect, we recommend initial repair of the pectus excavatum followed at 6 weeks or later by repair of the cardiac lesion to eliminate possible extrinsic compression of the conduit by the depressed sternum. We avoid simultaneous cardiac and pectus excavatum repair because of potential associated major complications.