微波消解-氢化物原子荧光法对车间空气中锡测定的方法研究

目的：建立用微波消解氢化物原子荧光法测定车间空气中锡的方法。方法：将微孔滤膜在微波条件下消化，用氢化物原子荧光法测定锡的含量。结果：微波消解高教快速、分解完全、污染少，原子荧光法测定锡浓度在0-200ng／ml范围内线性关系良好，相关系数0．9992，RSD3．92％，低、中、高不同浓度回收率分别为94．8％、101．4％、96．8％。结论：微波消解氢化物原子荧光法测定车间空气中锡的方法灵敏度高、干扰少、简便、快速、准确。     

保健食品中砷和硒同时测定方法的研究

目的：建立同时测定保健品中砷和硒的方法。方法：湿法消解样品后用双道氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和硒。结果：方法简单，准确，砷回收率为91．6％～100．7％，相对标准差0．43％～1．98％；硒回收率为90．8％～101.4％，相对标准差为0．46％～1．93％。结论：保健食品经湿法消解后，砷和硒可用双道氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定。     

微波消解-氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定珍珠粉中砷

目的：建立微波消解氢化物原子荧光法测定珍珠粉中砷的分析方法。方法：样品经微波消解，用原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量。结果：方法检出限为0．013mg／kg，线性范围2—20μg／L，相关系数r=0．9999，相对标准偏差为4．1％-6．9％，加标回收率为93．3％-97．1％。结论：该法消解效果好，检出限低，线性范围宽，精密度好，准确性高。     

车间空气中硒的氢化物发生原子荧光测定法

目的通过试验提出氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定车间空气中硒的方法。方法在3mol／L的盐酸介质中利用AFS-2201型双道原子荧光光度计进行实验。结果硒的最低检测限为0．4ng／ml，回收率为92．7％-99．5％。结论方法简便，快速，结果满意。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定化妆品中的汞

目的建立微波消解一原子荧光法测定化妆品中汞的方法。方法化妆品采用微波消解,双道氢化物发生原子荧光法测定样品中的汞。结果汞浓度在0～0．20μg/L范围内与原子荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0．9991,方法检出限为0．0066μg／L,回收率为91．31％-96．77％。结论方法简便、快捷、准确、灵敏度高,应用双道氢化物发生原子荧光法可测定化妆品汞含量。     

绞股蓝中硒的氢化物-原子荧光光度测定法

目的 寻找准确、快速、简便的测定食品中硒含量的方法。方法 利用氧化物-原子荧光光度法，选择最佳的仪器条件和测定条件，进行硒含量的测定。结果 硒含量在0～50μg/L范围内线性良好，相关系数为0．9999。最低检出浓度为0．09μg/L，相对标准偏差为1．30％-1．53％，回收率为97．5％～102．0％。结论 应用氢化物-原子荧光光度法测定绞股蓝中的硒含量，操作简便、快速、干扰少，结果准确可靠。     

氢化物原子荧光法测定水中砷

[目的]应用氢化物原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的方法。[方法]样品处理后以氢化物原子荧光法测定。[结果]本方法检出限为1．0μg／L,在0～20．0μg／L范围内,线性关系良好,r=0．9996,回收率98．3％～100．2％。[结论]本法操作简便、快速,适合测定水中砷。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定保健食品中砷和锑

目的：研究了氢化物-原子荧光光谱法测定保健食品中砷和锑的适宜条件，研究了酸介质和还原剂的用量对测定砷和锑的影响，选择了仪器的最佳工作条件及氢化物发生条件，探讨了生成氢化物元素及常见元素对测定的干扰情况。方法：采用氢化物-原子荧光光谱法进行测定。结果：在测定条件下，砷的线性范围为0～80μg／L，r=0．9998，检出限为0．6μg／L，回收率在96．9％～110．7％之间，精密度（RSD）为9．3％；锑的线性范围为0～80μg／L，r=0．9999，检出限为0．27μg／L，回收率在89．2％～110．6％之间，精密度（RSD）为2．69％。用该法测定了标准物质茶叶中砷和锑的含量以进行比较，结果与推荐值相吻合。结论：方法快速、准确，应用于保健食品中砷和锑的检测，获得较满意结果。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定富硒酵母中的硒

目的：建立应用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定富硒酵母中硒的方法。方法：采用微波消解样品，研究了在盐酸介质下，硒与硼氢化钠生成氢化物的条件，并对影响荧光强度的诸因素进行了试验和探讨。结果：硒的含量在0～30μg／L范围内呈良好线性关系，相关系数r=0．9995，硒的检出限（3σ）为0．10μg／L，样品加标回收率为98.4％～100．4％，相对标准偏差（RSD）（n=6）小于2．7％。结论：该方法具有灵敏度高、检出限低、共存离子干扰小、线性范围宽、方法快速简便等优点。     

巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集-萃取-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定染发剂中的砷、铅

目的：建立染发剂中砷、铅在盐酸介质下，氢化物发生原子荧光法测定的方法。方法：采用HNO3-H2O2消解样品，以硫基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集Pb^2＋，以2．0mol／LHCl溶液洗脱，在样品溶液中，以双-（α-乙基已基）-二硫代磷酸癸烷溶液萃取As，然后以NH4OH和（NH4）2SO4反萃取后，酸性介质中，在硫脲和碘化钾、革酸和铁氰化钾存在下，氢化物发生原子荧光法测定其含量。结果：方法的检出限为0．40、0．35μg／L；线性范围为0—100μg／L，0—80μg／L；加标回收率为96．0％-105．0％。结论：本法由于有效地分离了干扰物质，所以具有灵敏度高、结果准确可靠的优点，应用于样品的检测并与其它方法相比较，结果满意。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.