葛根素对实验性脑缺血GAD67mRNA表达变化的影响

目的观察葛根素对实验性脑缺血谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD67)表达变化的影响。方法应用原位杂交方法检测大鼠永久大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型GAD67mRNA在脑缺血后不同时间的表达。结果正常组及假手术组GAD67mRNA在脑组织中表达较弱。对照组和治疗组GAD67mRNA在脑缺血后6h即开始表达增强,在72h 达高峰,后逐渐下降,GAD67mRNA表达至第2周仍高于正常,治疗组GAD67mRNA表达高于对照组。结论葛根素可以促进实验性脑缺血后GAD67mRNA的表达,具有神经保护作用,有助于神经功能的恢复。     

Estradiol alters only GAD67 mRNA levels in ischemic rat brain with no consequent effects on GABA.

The present study tested the hypothesis that estradiol reduces tissue infarction after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in estradiol-deficient females by augmenting glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) expression and thus activity, leading to increases in gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) tissue levels. Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the principal enzyme for GABA synthesis and has two isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67, which differ in size and cellular distribution. Rats were ovariectomized 7 to 8 days before receiving no hormone, placebo, or 25 microg estradiol via subcutaneous implant 7 to 10 days before harvesting tissue in either ischemic cohorts after 2 h of MCAO (end-ischemia) or in nonischemic cohorts. Selected cortical and striatal regions were microdissected from harvested brains. GAD65/67 mRNA levels were determined by microlysate ribonuclease protection assay. End-ischemic GABA concentrations were determined by HPLC. Steroid treatment selectively decreased ischemic cortical GAD67 mRNA levels. In most brain regions evaluated, regional GABA concentrations increased with ischemia regardless of treatment. Estradiol blocked MCAO-induced increases in GABA concentration only in dorsomedial cortex. These data suggest that estradiol repletion in ischemic rat brain selectively decreases GAD67 mRNA levels but does not alter steady-state GABA concentrations. It may be that estradiol under ischemic conditions is attenuating GABA metabolism rather than enhancing synthesis or is augmenting other aspects of GABAergic transmission such as GABA transporters and receptors.     

The effects of NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on lipid peroxidation during focal cerebral ischemia in rats

The effect of MK-801 on ischemic neuronal damage was studied in a rat model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia in terms of ipsilateral and contralateral cortical and cerebellar tissue lipid peroxides. Forty-five male Swiss Albino rats were assigned into one of four groups: sham operated as controls, subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or injection of MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) either 30 min before or just after right MCAO. Changes in lipid peroxides were expressed as nmol malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated diene (CD)/mg protein. MDA values after 60 min of ischemia relative to contralateral cortex and CD levels in 0, 10 and 60 min after ischemia were found to be higher in ipsilateral cortex than those in contralateral cortex. On the other hand, contralateral cerebellar MDA levels in 0 and 60 min of ischemia and CD levels in 0, 10 and 60 min after ischemia were found to be higher than those in ipsilateral cerebellum. Pharmacological inhibition of glutamate receptor by MK-801 before or just after permanent MCAO decreased significantly the MDA and CD levels in both cortex and cerebellum. Although no significant differences found in MDA values between rats pre- and posttreated with MK-801, CD levels in posttreated group seemed significantly lower than those in pretreated group. On the whole, these results suggest that MDA and CD represent early biochemical marker of lipid peroxidation in ischemic tissues, reflecting the radical-mediated tissue damage.     

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents ischemic brain injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

To examine a possible protective effect of exogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene expression against ischemic brain injury, a replication-defective adenoviral vector containing GDNF gene (Ad-GDNF) was directly injected into the cerebral cortex at 1 day before 90 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed that infarct volume of the Ad-GDNF-injected group at 24 hours after the transient MCAO was significantly smaller than that of vehicle- or Ad-LacZ-treated group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoreactive GDNF demonstrated that GDNF gene products in the Ad-GDNF-injected group were higher than those of vehicle-treated group at 24 hours after transient MCAO. Immunoreactive GDNF staining was obviously detected in the cortex around the needle track just before or 24 hours after MCAO in the Ad-GDNF group, whereas no or slight GDNF staining was detected in the vehicle group. The numbers of TUNEL, immunoreactive caspase-3, and cytochrome c-positive neurons induced in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex at 24 hours after transient MCAO were markedly reduced by the Ad-GDNF group. These results suggest that the successful exogenous GDNF gene transfer ameliorates ischemic brain injury after transient MCAO in association with the reduction of apoptotic signals.     

Induction of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor proteins in cerebral cortex and striatum after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

In an attempt to elucidate whether glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptors are induced after ischemic brain injury, possible expression of immunoreactive GDNF receptor-alpha1 (GFRalpha-1) and c-ret (RET) was examined at 3, 8, or 24 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Immunohistochemical study showed that both GFRalpha-1 and RET staining cells which were not detected in sham control brain, were present in the ipsilateral cortex and caudate at 3 to 8 h after permanent MCAO, and then decreased but remained to some extent at 24 h. Positive cells for both GDNF receptors were predominantly in cortical neurons of ischemic penumbral area. Western blot analysis confirmed the induction of those receptors after permanent MCAO. This rapid induction of GFRalpha-1 and RET, which correlates with the similar induction of GDNF under these conditions, may play a role in the early response to ischemic brain injury.     

C—fos反义寡脱氧核苷酸部分阻断MCAO大鼠缺血侧皮质内BDNF的表达

用c fos反义寡脱氧核苷酸侧脑室微量注射和细胞免疫化学等技术和方法 ,探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血(MCAO)模型中 ,即早反应基因c fos表达与脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)表达的关系。结果表明 ,局灶性脑缺血再灌注可引起c fos和BDNF在缺血侧皮质的大量表达。侧脑室微量注射c fos反义寡脱氧核苷酸后 ,脑内BDNF的部分表达明显被阻断 ,脑缺血损伤加重。提示脑缺血损伤后 ,脑内BDNF的表达对脑缺血再灌注损伤起一定的保护作用 ;脑缺血后BDNF的表达可能部分通过c fos调控。     

The effect of hypothermia on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.

We investigated the effect of moderate whole body hypothermia (30 degrees C) on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rat. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of ischemia by inserting a suture into the lumen of the internal carotid artery and occluding the origin of the MCA. Experimental groups were (a) MCAO induced at 37 degrees C body temperature (n = 15); (b) 30 degrees C body temperature induced prior to ischemia and maintained for 2 h of MCAO and 1 h of reperfusion (n = 12); and (c) MCAO with regional brain and body temperatures measured in normothermic (n = 3) and hypothermic MCAO rats (n = 2). Histopathological evaluation was performed 96 h after reperfusion. All normothermic MCAO animals exhibited ischemic infarct involving the ipsilateral cortex and basal ganglia with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and microvascular proliferation. Hypothermic MCAO animals exhibited minor ischemic damage ranging from selective neuronal injury to small focal areas of infarct with minimal inflammatory response. Our data demonstrate that transient ischemia induced by using the intra-arterial suture method to occlude the MCA results in a reproducible brain lesion and that moderate hypothermia has a profound protective effect on the brain injury after transient MCAO.     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 plays a critical role in neuroblast migration after focal cerebral ischemia.

Transient focal ischemia is known to induce proliferation of neural progenitors in adult rodent brain. We presently report that doublecortin positive neuroblasts formed in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the posterior peri-ventricle region migrate towards the cortical and striatal penumbra after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult rodents. Cultured neural progenitor cells grafted into the non-infarcted area of the ipsilateral cortex migrated preferentially towards the infarct. As chemokines are known to induce cell migration, we investigated if monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has a role in post-ischemic neuroblast migration. Transient MCAO induced an increased expression of MCP-1 mRNA in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum. Immunostaining showed that the expression of MCP-1 was localized in the activated microglia and astrocytes present in the ischemic areas between days 1 and 3 of reperfusion. Furthermore, infusion of MCP-1 into the normal striatum induced neuroblast migration to the infusion site. The migrating neuroblasts expressed the MCP-1 receptor CCR2. In knockout mice that lacked either MCP-1 or its receptor CCR2, there was a significant decrease in the number of migrating neuroblasts from the ipsilateral SVZ to the ischemic striatum. These results show that MCP-1 is one of the factors that attract the migration of newly formed neuroblasts from neurogenic regions to the damaged regions of brain after focal ischemia.     

Ornithine decarboxylase knockdown exacerbates transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rat brain.

Transient cerebral ischemia leads to increased expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Contradicting studies attributed neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles to ODC after ischemia. Using antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs), the current study evaluated the functional role of ODC in the process of neuronal damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Transient MCAO significantly increased the ODC immunoreactive protein levels and catalytic activity in the ipsilateral cortex, which were completely prevented by the infusion of antisense ODN specific for ODC. Transient MCAO in rats infused with ODC antisense ODN increased the infarct volume, motor deficits, and mortality compared with the sense or random ODN-infused controls. Results of the current study support a neuroprotective or recovery role, or both, for ODC after transient focal ischemia.     

Biphasic expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in the rat brain following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.

Two patterns of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression were identified in brains of normotensive rats following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). First, a relative increase of TGF-beta1 mRNA by 37% was found at 12 h after MCAO in the ipsilateral cingulate cortex as compared to the homotopic contralateral region. The cingulate cortex is located distant from the ischemic territory. Treatment with the glutamate receptor antagonists MK-801 and NBQX did not reduce this expression (34% and 26% increase, respectively). Therefore, peri-infarct depolarization waves were probably not responsible for induction. Secondly, an increase of TGF-beta1 mRNA by 116% was found at 7 days after MCAO within infarcted tissue. This expression was not reduced by the glutamate receptor antagonists MK-801 (increase 140%) and NBQX (increase 137%), either. TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in the cingulate cortex at 12 h after MCAO is possibly mediated by neurons and astroglia and may support cell survival. Expression in the infarcted tissue at 7 days after MCAO is most likely related to the invasion of monocytes and may be involved in the downregulation of inflammatory events, in neoangiogenesis, and in formation of a glial scar around the infarct.     

局灶性脑缺血后脑内髓过氧化物酶活性观察

目的　探讨局灶性脑缺血后脑组织髓过氧化物酶（ＭＰＯ） 活性的测定方法,以及与缺血性损害的关系。方法　采用新型小鼠大脑中动脉线栓模型,检测不同缺血时间组梗塞体积及ＭＰＯ活性。结果　缺血１ ｈ 后再灌注２３ ｈ 组（ｔＭＣＡＯ）缺血灶体积明显小于缺血２４ ｈ 组（ｐＭＣＡＯ）;ＭＰＯ活性在各缺血组缺血侧明显高于对照侧和对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,ｐＭＣＡＯ 组缺血侧基底节区ＭＰＯ 活性显著高于ｔＭＣＡＯ 组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ,而两组缺血皮质区ＭＰＯ 活性则无显著差异。结论　本研究建立了局灶性脑缺血的ＭＰＯ活性测定方法,证明ＭＰＯ活性与缺血损伤间具有一定关系。     

大鼠局灶脑缺血后钙调神经磷酸酶活性和含量变化

目的 研究大脑中动脉闭塞后钙调神经磷酸酶（Calcineurin,CaN)的活性和含量变化规律。探讨CaN在脑缺血中的作用。方法 制备大鼠大脑中动脉永久性闭塞模型。分别测定缺血后不同时间点病灶侧大脑皮质和海马CA1区CaN的活性和含量。结果 皮质组织在缺血6h及其后各时间点CaN 的含量下降，其活性于缺血后4h,6h和12h短暂性增强。海马CA1区CaN的含量于缺血后24h开始降低且不恢复；CaN的活性在缺血后2h,4h和6h减弱。12h始恢复至正常水平。可见，CaN的活性与含量分离。结论 局灶脑缺血后CaN独特的时间变化规律显示其参与介导缺血性神经元损伤。可能具有毒性作用。     

Endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization in the neocortex of the rat after focal cerebral ischemia

The present study was designed to examine whether endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization occur in the neocortex of the ischemic rat brain after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups (n = 29): one control group (n = 4) and five groups composed of animals sacrificed at increasing times post-MCAO (2 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks; n = 5 per group). To determine the presence of neurogenesis and neovascularization in the ischemic brain, nestin, Tuj1, NeuN, GFAP, Tie2, RECA, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) were analyzed immunohistochemically. In addition, nestin, GFAP, and Tie2 expression was determined by Western blotting. Triple-labeling of nestin, BrdU, and laminin was performed to visualize the interaction between endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization. The number of BrdU- and nestin-colabeled cells increased markedly in the neocortex and border zone of the ischemic area up to 1 week after MCAO and decreased thereafter. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of nestin, Tie-2, and GFAP was amplified in the ipsilateral hemisphere 2 days after MCAO and peaked 1 week after MCAO, compared with that in the normal brain. After ischemic injury, nestin- and BrdU-colabeled cells were observed in the vicinity of the endothelial cells lining cerebral vessels in the ipsilateral neocortex of the ischemic brain. Endogenous neurogenesis and neovascularization were substantially activated and occurred in close proximity to one other in the ipsilateral neocortex of the ischemic rat brain.     

Paired associated magnetic stimulation promotes neural repair in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke

Paired associative stimulation has been used in stroke patients as an innovative recovery treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effectiveness of paired associative stimulation on neurological function remain unclear. In this study, rats were randomly divided into middle cerebral occlusion model(MCAO) and paired associated magnetic stimulation(PAMS) groups. The MCAO rat model was produced by middle cerebral artery embolization. The PAMS group received PAMS on days 3 to 20 post MCAO. The MCAO group received sham stimulation, three times every week. Within 18 days after ischemia, rats were subjected to behavioral experiments—the foot-fault test, the balance beam walking test, and the ladder walking test. Balance ability was improved on days 15 and 17, and the footfault rate was less in their affected limb on day 15 in the PAMS group compared with the MCAO group. Western blot assay showed that the expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor, glutamate receptor 2/3, postsynaptic density protein 95 and synapsin-1 were significantly increased in the PAMS group compared with the MCAO group in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex on day 21. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that regional brain activities in the sensorimotor cortex were increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but decreased in the contralateral hemisphere on day 20. By finite element simulation, the electric field distribution showed a higher intensity, of approximately 0.4 A/m~2, in the ischemic cortex compared with the contralateral cortex in the template. Together, our findings show that PAMS upregulates neuroplasticity-related proteins, increases regional brain activity, and promotes functional recovery in the affected sensorimotor cortex in the rat MCAO model. The experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University, China(approval No. 201802173 S) on March 3, 2018.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后STAT1蛋白表达的研究

目的探讨ＳＴＡＴ１基因在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的表达及其在缺血性神经元损伤中可能的作用。方法采用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，用免疫组化方法观察ＳＴＡＴ１蛋白在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后不同时间点脑组织中的表达。结果ＳＴＡＴ１蛋白在脑缺血６０ｍｉｎ再灌注２４ｈ后呈阳性表达，半暗带损伤区表达最显著，表达持续时间达１周。结论ＳＴＡＴ１蛋白超量表达可能对神经细胞存活和修复过程是有益的     

Increased cerebral protein ISGylation after focal ischemia is neuroprotective

Addition of a small peptide called ISG15 is known as ISGylation, which is an ubiquitin (ub)-like posttranslational modification. We currently show that focal ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult mice significantly induces cortical protein ISGylation between 6 and 24 hours reperfusion. With two-dimensional western blotting, 45 proteins were observed to be significantly increased in ISGylation (by 1.8- to 9.7-fold) after focal ischemia compared with sham control. Immunochemistry showed that ISGylated proteins are localized in neurons within the ipsilateral striatum and in astroglia within the peri-infarct cortex of ischemic mice. When subjected to transient MCAO, ISG15^−/− mice showed increased mortality, exacerbated infarction, and worsened neurologic recovery than did wild-type controls. In addition, mice lacking UBE1L (ub-activating enzyme E1-like protein, the first enzyme of the ISGylation cycle) also showed bigger infarcts when subjected to transient MCAO. Regional cerebral blood flow or other physiologic parameters were not significantly different in both knockouts compared with wild-type controls. These studies indicate that increased protein ISGylation might be an endogenous neuroprotective adaptation to minimize poststroke brain damage.     

Biphasic expression of TGF-β1 mRNA in the rat brain following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery

Two patterns of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression were identified in brains of normotensive rats following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). First, a relative increase of TGF-β1 mRNA by 37% was found at 12 h after MCAO in the ipsilateral cingulate cortex as compared to the homotopic contralateral region. The cingulate cortex is located distant from the ischemic territory. Treatment with the glutamate receptor antagonists MK-801 and NBQX did not reduce this expression (34% and 26% increase, respectively). Therefore, peri-infarct depolarization waves were probably not responsible for induction. Secondly, an increase of TGF-β1 mRNA by 116% was found at 7 days after MCAO within infarcted tissue. This expression was not reduced by the glutamate receptor antagonists MK-801 (increase 140%) and NBQX (increase 137%), either. TGF-β1 mRNA expression in the cingulate cortex at 12 h after MCAO is possibly mediated by neurons and astroglia and may support cell survival. Expression in the infarcted tissue at 7 days after MCAO is most likely related to the invasion of monocytes and may be involved in the downregulation of inflammatory events, in neoangiogenesis, and in formation of a glial scar around the infarct.     

c—fos反义寡聚核苷酸对脑缺血性损伤和电针抗损伤作用的影响

用c-fos反义寡聚核苷酸脑内微量注射、TTC染色、c-Fos免疫组织化学和电针等技术和方法,探讨即早反应基因c-fos在大鼠局灶性脑缺血（MCAO）模型的脑损伤中和电针抗局灶性脑缺血脑损伤中所起的作用。实验结果表明,局灶性脑缺血可引起c-fos在缺血侧皮质的大量表达,电针能部分抑制这种表达,使脑缺血梗死灶体积减小。在缺血中心区注射c-fos反义寡聚核苷酸后,脑内c-fos的表达基本上被完全阻断,导致脑梗死灶的体积明显增大,电针抗脑缺血脑损伤的作用也被取消,提示脑缺血后,脑内的c-fos适度表达可能对脑损伤有一定的保护作用。电针可能部分抑制了脑内c-fos表达,调整了缺血后的c-fos表达的程度,对脑缺血损伤起一定的保护作用。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经营养因子表达的自然变化

目的 观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血后大鼠神经行为、梗死体积、组织形态及缺血半暗带神经生长因子(NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的表达水平变化。方法 将健康雄性SD大鼠24只随机分为2组,Ⅰ组(假手术组); Ⅱ组(脑缺血组)。用线栓法建立动物模型,不给予再灌注,各组在术后48h断头取脑,处死前行神经功能评分,用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色计算脑梗死体积,用HE染色观察组织学形态,用免疫组织化学染色观察NGF、BDNF的表达水平。结果 Ⅰ组在神经功能评分、梗死体积、组织形态及大脑皮层相应部位NGF、BDNF阳性细胞数均正常。与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组的神经功能评分和梗死体积均严重受损; 光镜下Ⅱ组缺血性病理改变较重,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组缺血半暗带NGF、BDNF阳性神经元数增加(P<0.05)。结论 脑缺血本身可上调缺血半暗带NGF、BDNF的表达水平。     

Characterization of microglial reaction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain

We have studied the microglial reaction that accompanies cortical infarction induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Lectin histochemistry with the B₄-isolectin from Griffonia simplicifoliaas well as immunocytochemistry with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and lymphocytic antigens were performed. Principal attention was focused on neocortical and thalamic regions, representative of primary and secondary ischemic damage, respectively. With the lectin procedure, activated microglial cells were abundant in the neocortex 24 hours after MCAO. In contrast, microglial activation in the thalamus was not apparent until day 2 after MCAO. On day 5, MHC class II antigen was expressed by reactive microglia in fiber tracts traversing the striatum, but was absent from activated microglia in the primary cortical infarction area. MHC class I and lymphocytic antigens were expressed differentially on microglia with class I antigens appearing early and lymphocytic antigens appearing late in the time course after focal ischemia. The findings are compatible with previous studies during global ischemia and confirm the early activation and the progressive nature of immunomolecule expression on activated microglia after an ischemic insult. In addition to neocortical and thalamic sites, our results showed an early microglial activation to be present also in forebrain regions outside of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, such as the contralateral cortex and hippocampus. A unilateral microglial reaction was also detectable after long-term survival (≥4 weeks) in the pyramidal tracts, as well as in the corticospinal tracts at cervical but not lumbar spinal cord levels. Ischemia-induced neuronal damage, as evaluated by Nissl staining, was found only in cortical and thalamic regions. We conclude that the demonstration of reactive microglia indicates not only imminent ischemic neuronal damage within MCA territory but can also delineate extra-focal disturbances, possibly reflecting subtle and transitory changes in neuronal activity. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.