内镜治疗胃胃肠间质瘤的可行性

近年来,随着消化内镜技术的发展,以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）及其衍生技术包括内镜黏膜下挖除术（ESE）、内镜下全层切除技术（EFR）、内镜经隧道肿瘤切除术（STER）和腹腔镜内镜联合手术（LECS）等的内镜切除技术可治疗绝大多数的胃GIST。本文就内镜治疗胃GIST的指征、方法和疗效评价进行评述。     

Tailored-approach of laparoscopic wedge resection for treatment of submucosal tumor near the esophagogastric junction

Background Laparoscopic wedge resection (LWR) of the stomach cannot easily be applied to tumors that are located near the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). To define the tailored approach for this type of tumors, we evaluated our laparoscopic surgical technique and clinical outcomes. Methods We successfully performed 10 LWRs for patients with submucosal tumor (SMT) located 3 cm or less from the esophagogastric junction. A presumptive diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) was made in all the cases, based on endoscopic and radiologic examinations. The patient demographics, perioperative parameters and outcomes of 10 patients were assessed. Results Neither intraoperative complications nor conversion to open surgery was required, and we were able to perform complete tumor excision with negative surgical margins for all the patients. The laparoscopic approaches of resection included the transgastric method (n = 5) and the exogastric method (n = 5). The mean operation time was 92.5 minutes (range 60–125 minutes). No blood transfusion was given for all cases in the perioperative period. The patients’ oral intake was restored on the third postoperative day. The hospital stay ranged from three to seven days (mean: 4.9 days). Pathologic analysis of the resected specimens showed six GISTs, three leiomyomas, and one lipoma. Conclusions Laparoscopic resection of gastric SMTs located near the EGJ is a feasible and safe procedure. The laparoscopic approaches to this area should be tailored, based on the location, size and expanding pattern of the tumor. This work was supported partly by the Catholic Cancer Center     

105例胃GIST的手术治疗

目的:探讨不同部位胃胃肠间质瘤(G IST)的临床病理学特点及手术治疗方式。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月—2014年8月江苏省苏北人民医院经手术治疗的105例胃G IST患者的临床病理资料。结果:本组105例胃G IST患者中,行开放手术65例,行腹腔镜手术21例,行内镜手术12例,行腹腔镜内镜联合手术7例;行近端胃切除术26例,远端胃切除术23例,全胃切除术2例,胃楔形切除术41例,肿瘤剥除术13例。内镜、腹腔镜及双镜联合微创手术占总手术比为38.1%(40/105)。结论:胃G IST的手术治疗方案(尤其是微创手术治疗)应根据肿瘤的部位、大小以及生物学行为的不同而定。完整切除肿瘤以及尽可能多地保留功能是胃G IST手术治疗的主要目标。     

双镜联合技术在胃间质瘤治疗中的应用

胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤.对于未发生转移的GIST,手术切除是首选的治疗措施.近年来随着腹腔镜外科、内镜外科等微创外科技术的不断发展和成熟,双镜联合技术(LECS)已逐渐发展为胃间质瘤治疗中一种较为成熟的微创手术方式.本文将就近年来双镜联合技术在胃间质瘤治疗中的应用做一综述.     

Safe laparoscopic resection of a gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor close to the esophagogastric junction

Laparoscopic gastrectomy is commonly performed for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Partial gastrectomy is usually achieved with a wedge resection to preserve gastric function; however, performing a wedge resection to excise a large tumor located close to the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) can result in deformation of the stomach and/or the stenosis of the EGJ if the gastric wall resection is excessive. We describe our procedure, in which the whole layer of the gastric wall was cut, maintaining a sufficient margin and confirming the distance between the tumor and the EGJ, by endoscopy and laparoscopy. The defect in the gastric wall was closed using linear staplers by hanging up the stay sutures. Five patients with GIST close to EGJ underwent this procedure, followed by a good postoperative course. Thus, we consider our procedure to be safe and effective for gastric GISTs close to the EGJ.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound-guided resection of gastric submucosal tumors

Background The laparoscopic resection of gastric stromal tumors is being performed with increased frequency. Wedge resection of anterior wall lesions is generally performed. The treatment of posterior wall lesions is still controversial. Methods We report three cases of gastric submucosal tumors treated by a laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach. All lesions were localized anterior gastric wall by intraoperative ultrasound on the. In the first patient the resection was performed with an endoscopic stapler; in the other patients, ultrasonic coagulation in association with an intracorporeal suture has been used. Results All patients were successfully treated laparoscopically; there were no conversions to open surgery. In all cases the operative course was uneventful. The postoperative hospital stay ranged from 6 to 8 days. Conclusions The results suggest that laparoscopic surgery is an adequate strategy for gastric submucosal neoplasms including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Intraoperative ultrasound is very useful in the selection of the technical approach with or without the endoscopic stapler. This article contains a supplementary video.     

Laparoscopic enucleation or wedge resection of benign gastric pathology: analysis of 44 consecutive cases

Laparoscopic resection of gastric submucosal tumors has been described, but the role of laparoscopy for tumors within the esophagus or near the gastroesophageal junction is not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to examine the outcomes of laparoscopic or thoracoscopic enucleation or wedge resection of benign gastric tumors. The charts of 44 patients who underwent minimally invasive resection of benign esophagogastric tumors were reviewed. Surgical approaches included thoracoscopic enucleation (n = 2), laparoscopic enucleation (n = 6), transgastric enucleation (n = 2), and laparoscopic gastric wedge resection (n = 34). There were 23 males with a mean age of 57 years. There was one conversion (2.5%) to laparotomy. Mean operative time was 97 ± 52 minutes. The mean length of hospital stay was 2.6 ± 2.0 days. One patient developed gastric outlet obstruction requiring Roux-en-Y reconstruction. There were no leaks and the 90-day mortality was zero. Pathology demonstrated gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n = 31), leiomyoma (n = 6), and other benign pathology (n = 7). There has been one tumor recurrence at a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. The laparoscopic approaches to local resection of gastric tumors are safe and feasible. The type of minimally invasive surgical approaches should be tailored based on the location and size of the lesion.     

Laparoscopic intragastric stapled resection of gastric submucosal tumors located near the esophagogastric junction

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic resection cannot be applied easily to tumors located near the esophagogastric junction or the pyloric ring. We evaluated our laparoscopic intragastric surgical technique for gastric submucosal tumors located near the esophagogastric junction and the results of a clinical study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed our technique in six patients: one man and five woman with a mean age of 61 years. Using the laparoscopic procedure, after inflation of the stomach, we inserted two or three balloon-type ports into the stomach through the abdominal wall. RESULTS: A stapled resection of gastric submucosal tumors using a laparoscopic linear stapler was performed successfully in all the patients. Without exception, stapled resections were successfully performed. The mean operation time was 168 min, and the blood loss was minimal There were no intra- or postoperative complications. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 9.8 days. The mean maximal diameter size of the resected specimens was 2.4 cm. Histopathologic diagnoses were gastrointestinal stromal tumors in five cases and enterogenous cyst in one. There were no recurrences during a mean follow-up period of 27 +/- 11.6 months. CONCLUSION: Although we need to evaluate the long-term outcomes, our procedure is considered technically feasible, safe, and useful for the resection of gastric submucosal tumors located near the esophagogastric junction.     

胃食管交界区黏膜下肿瘤腹腔镜手术体会(附5例报告并文献复习)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胃局部切除术治疗胃食管交界区黏膜下肿瘤的可行性。方法:回顾性分析2005年3月至2008年3月5例行腹腔镜手术的胃食管交界区黏膜下肿瘤患者的手术方式设计,术后定期随访。结果:平均手术时间(108±19.5)min,术中平均出血(65±11.7)ml;5例手术均获成功,无病灶遗漏,无贲门狭窄、腹腔感染、脾脏损伤、胃漏等并发症和中转手术;术后随访均未见肿瘤复发。结论:腹腔镜胃局部切除术治疗胃食管交界区黏膜下肿瘤安全、有效。     

Laparoscopic resection for benign tumors of the stomach.

BACKGROUND: Of all gastric tumors, less than 5% are benign. The traditional treatment of symptomatic and some asymptomatic benign tumors has ranged from mucosal resection to limited gastrectomy. Since the advent of laparoscopy, many different laparoscopic approaches to resection of benign gastric tumors have now been described in the literature. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with laparoscopic approaches to surgical resection of 7 benign gastric tumors. The tumor locations were the body (posterior wall), 3 cases; body (anterior wall), 1 case; lesser curvature, 1 case; fundus, 1 case, and antrum, 1 case. Laparoscopic wedge resection was done in 6 cases. The seventh patient underwent a Billroth I procedure because he had leiomyoma at the antrum. There was no conversion to laparotomy. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 105+/-15 minutes, and mean blood loss was 50+/-15 mL. The mean length of hospital stay was 5 days. There were no complications or mortalities. Tumor size ranged from 2 cm to 6 cm in the greatest diameter. There has been no tumor recurrence with a mean follow-up of 26 months. DISCUSSION: Laparoscopic approach is slowly carving a niche for itself in the treatment of benign tumors of the stomach. The basic principles are obtaining a precise preoperative pathological diagnosis; accurate tumor localization; achievement of tumor-free margins; avoidance of spillage of stomach contents, careful dissection of tumors in the esophagogastric junction, and preventing tumor seeding. CONCLUSION: Based on ours and other studies, laparoscopic resection of benign gastric tumors is safe and feasible.     

内镜下切除技术对食管胃连接部胃肠间质瘤的治疗价值

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的内镜下切除术在食管胃连接部（EGJ）胃肠间质瘤（GIST）治疗中的安全性及有效性。方法收集复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受ESD治疗的患者资料．筛选出2007年11月至2011年6月间经病理证实的EGJ处GIST患者20例．总结并分析其临床病理及术后随访资料。结果20例EGJ处GIST均起源于固有肌层,其中男性11例,女性9例,年龄29～67（平均54．1）岁,病灶直径8-20（平均14．8）mm。所有病例均成功完成内镜切除手术．其中15例接受了内镜黏膜下挖除术．4例接受了无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术。1例接受了内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术。手术时间15-90（平均47．8）min,术中出血量5-200ml,病灶的完整切除率为100％。术中穿孔4例,气腹3例,气胸1例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例,均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗恢复。20例患者术后均接受了3-36（平均13-2）个月的随访,无局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ处GIST的治疗中,以ESD为基础的内镜下切除技术是一种安全和有效的治疗手段。     

双镜联合治疗早期胃癌的临床体会

目的:探讨胃镜、腹腔镜双镜联合治疗早期胃癌的安全性与可行性。方法:回顾分析近6年双镜联合治疗78例早期胃癌患者的临床资料。胃体、远端胃肿瘤非溃疡患者行内镜黏膜下剥离术,近端胃及胃体、远端胃肿瘤合并溃疡患者行双镜联合下腹腔镜胃楔形切除术。标本送快速病理检查。结果:为早期胃癌浸润至黏膜下层及肌层、伴有脉管癌栓、肿瘤直径>20 mm、低分化腺癌(包括印戒细胞癌)的30例患者行腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术,5例近贲门或幽门部位肿瘤患者行单纯胃大部切除术,43例患者仅行内镜黏膜下剥离术或单纯胃楔形切除术。根治患者术后淋巴结转移占全部病例的11.5%,术后均无并发症发生,患者痊愈出院。结论:双镜联合治疗早期胃癌安全、患者创伤小、康复快、疗效确切,更加体现了微创优势,避免了部分患者不必要的根治切除甚至全胃切除的痛苦,值得临床推广。     

Laparoscopic gastric surgery in a Japanese institution: analysis of the initial 100 procedures

BACKGROUND: Although endoscopic surgical procedures are popular in various fields, reports on its use in gastric surgical procedures are limited. This study was designed to review our initial experience with laparoscopic gastric surgical techniques to evaluate indications and surgical results. STUDY DESIGN: We undertook a retrospective analysis of 100 patients (66 men and 34 women, mean age 63 years) who underwent laparoscopic gastric surgical procedures between 1995 and 2001. Procedures performed were distal gastrectomy (n = 76), wedge resection (n = 20), and intragastric surgical procedures (n = 4). Patients were divided into two groups according to the date of the procedure, from the earliest to the most recent. RESULTS: There were 85 patients with gastric cancers, 14 submucosal tumors, and 1 duodenal ulcer. In 8 cases conversion was made to an open surgical procedure. Operation times required for distal gastrectomy, wedge resection, and intragastric surgical procedures were 330 +/- 69, 144 +/- 34, and 298 +/- 106 min, and blood loss was 354 +/- 251, 56 +/- 94, and 33 +/- 58 g, respectively. Complications included transient anastomotic stenosis (n = 5), leakage (n = 4), and bleeding (n = 1) after distal gastrectomy, and bleeding (n = 1) after intragastric surgical procedures. There were no complications after wedge resection. Comparing the first and second halves of the series, the percentage of distal gastrectomy significantly increased from 66% to 86% (p = 0.02) and the number of dissected lymph nodes at this procedure increased from 20 +/- 13 to 33 +/- 17 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic gastric surgical procedures are safe and feasible for early gastric cancers and submucosal tumors. Technical advances in lymph node dissection have made distal gastrectomy a leading and increasingly popular laparoscopic procedure for early gastric cancer.     

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内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)作为一种治疗早期胃癌新技术,同样适用于治疗食管胃结合部(esophagogastric junction,EGJ)的浅表癌。ESD治疗食管胃结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction,AEG)及EGJ处癌前病变,与外科剖腹手术及内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)等内镜治疗方法相比,具有明显优势。但ESD治疗EGJ处病变,手术难度较高,手术时间更长,手术并发症发生率更高,对操作者的技术要求较高。     

腹腔镜胃切除手术治疗胃间质瘤

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术治疗胃间质瘤（gastricstromal tumors,GST）的临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析2003年6月至2009年2月间接受腹腔镜手术的36例GST病人的临床资料,包括手术方式、手术时间、术中失血、术后排气时间、术后住院天数、并发症、术后病理及随访资料等。结果：所有GST切除手术均在腹腔镜下完成,其中行腹腔镜胃楔形切除者21例．腹腔镜经胃肿瘤外翻切除术者12例,腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除术者2例,腹腔镜辅助下内镜胃间质瘤圈套套扎术者1例。无一例病人中转开腹手术,手术平均时间为75（30～210）min,术中平均失血60（5-150）mL．肿瘤平均大小3．0（0．5～11．5）cm,肿瘤切缘镜下均为阴性;术后平均排气时间2（1～11）d,手术后平均住院天数8f3。131d。1例病人出现术后胃腔内出血,经保守治疗后1d出出即停止,其余病例无重大术后并发症。术后平均随访25（4～67）个月,所有病人均无肿瘤复发和远处转移。结论：腹腔镜辅助胃切除是治疗GST之安全、可行、做创、有效的手术方法。     

Laparoscopic transgastric tumor-everting resection of the gastric submucosal tumor located near the esophagogastric junction

Local resection of the stomach is suitable for the treatment of submucosal tumors (SMT). However, it cannot be easily performed laparoscopically on tumors located near the esophagogastric junction. We have developed a new technique, which is called transgastric tumor-everting resection. To identify the location of the SMT laparoscopically without an oral endoscope, an Indiana ink mark was made prior to the operation. The SMT was everted from the gastrotomy and held by the Mini Loop Retractor II. The gastric mucosa could be observed from gastrotomy, allowing us to confirm that the staple line would not cause deformity of the esophagogastric junction. The lesion was then resected, and the gastrotomy was closed simultaneously using the Endo-GIA Universal. This technique is easy, safe, and useful for the laparoscopic resection of gastric SMTs located on the greater curvature or anterior wall of the fornix, near the esophagogastric junction.     

Laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach

Purpose

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) should be surgically resected, even those smaller than 5?cm in size, which is the threshold of clinical malignancy for submucosal tumors (SMTs) in the gastrointestinal tract. This study reviewed the use of laparoscopic surgery for gastric partial resection of GISTs or SMTs that were suspected to be GISTs.

Methods

Eighteen patients underwent laparoscopic partial resection of the stomach for GISTs or SMTs. The tumor location was confirmed by intraluminal endoscopy. One-half of the circumference around the tumor was dissected, and the tumor was turned toward the abdominal cavity. The nonresected part of the tumor and the edge of the incision line was lifted up using forceps, and the incision line was closed using laparoscopic stapling devices.

Results

Two cases were diagnosed as GIST by endoscopic biopsy. Six patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNAB) examinations, which diagnosed five GISTs. There were 18 tumors smaller than 5?cm, including 10 GISTs, 4 leiomyomas, 3 schwannomas, and one heterotopic pancreas.

Conclusions

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNAB is recommended for definite preoperative diagnosis of histopathologically unknown SMTs to determine the indications for surgery. The laparoscopic approach with the assistance of endoscopy is useful for improving the curability, with minimal invasiveness for the partial resection of GISTs.     

Laparoscopic approaches to resection of suspected gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors based on tumor location

Background Surgical resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) should be optimized to achieve a negative pathologic surgical margin while limiting the extent of stomach volume loss. Careful identification of exact gastric tumor location using preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans and gastroscopy should allow for selection of a specific operative approach. Methods This retrospective case series involved 12 patients (7 men and 5 women; mean age, 60.5 years) with suspected gastric GIST undergoing tumor resection at Fletcher Allen Health Care, a university medical center, from January 2005 to August 2006. The main outcome measures were pathologic resection margins, operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), morbidity, and duration of hospital stay. Results The 12 patients were separated into three groups on the basis of tumor location as follows: type 1 (fundus/greater curvature, n = 5), type 2 (prepyloric/antrum, n = 3), and type 3 (lesser curvature/perigastroesophageal junction, n = 4). Preoperative imaging (CT scan and/or endoscopy) used to identify tumor location accurately predicted the operative approach before surgery for 11 of the12 patients. The surgical approach was selected solely by tumor location as follows: type 1 (laparoscopic partial gastrectomy [LPG]), type 2 (laparoscopic distal gastrectomy [LDG]), and type 3 (laparoscopic transgastric resection [LTG]). Nine patients had a final pathologic diagnosis of GIST. The average tumor size was 4.6 cm, but this did not influence procedure selection. Histologic margins were microscopically negative in all patients. The LPG and LTG approaches had similar outcomes in terms of estimated blood loss (EBL; 80 vs 100 ml) and hospital stay (3.4 vs 3.3 days; p = 0.0198), but LTG had longer operative times (236 vs 180 min). The LDG procedure had longer operative times, greater EBL, and a longer hospital stay. The operative morbidity was 17%, and there was no operative mortality. Conclusion The selection of an operative technique for resection of gastric submucosal tumors can be based on preoperative identification of tumor location, for better definition of both the extent of gastric resection and the technical complexity of the laparoscopic procedure.     

食管胃交界部固有肌层来源黏膜下肿瘤内镜下切除方法的选择与评价

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的各种内镜切除技术在食管胃交界部（EGJ）固有肌层来源黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）治疗中的临床价值和适应证的选择。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受内镜下切除治疗的患者资料库．筛选出2007年3月至2011年6月间经内镜下超声或CT证实固有肌层来源的EGJ处SMT患者143例。详细记录患者的临床病理资料、内镜切除方法、完整切除率、并发症发生率及术后随访资料。结果143例患者中男74例,女69例,平均年龄49．1岁。135例（94-4％）病变成功完成内镜下整块切除,其中接受内镜黏膜下挖除术126例,无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术6例,内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术3例：另外8例肿瘤于内镜下部分切除后,基底部尼龙绳套扎。肿瘤平均直径为17．6mm．平均手术时间45．1min．平均出血量50．0ml。术中穿孔6例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例。均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗好转。术后病理示,平滑肌瘤121例,胃肠间质瘤20例。颗粒细胞瘤1例．肌间脂肪瘤1例。术后经3。48个月的随访,未见局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ固有肌层来源SMT治疗中．各种内镜切除方法均安全有效．临床医师需根据肿瘤的临床特征具体选择．     

Single-incision laparoscopic gastric resection for submucosal tumors: report of three cases

Between March and April 2009, three consecutive patients underwent single-incision laparoscopic gastric wedge resection for a submucosal tumor located in the anterior wall or greater curvature of the stomach. First, we placed two or three trocars through the same infra-umbilical skin incision. Then, we either elevated the tumor with a mini-loop retractor or retracted the gastric wall near the tumor with a laparoscopic grasper. Finally, we resected the tumor using an endoscopic linear stapler. Single-incision laparoscopic gastric resection was successfully completed in all three patients without the need for any extraumbilical skin incisions or conversion to conventional laparoscopic procedures. There was no morbidity. The mean operating time and blood loss were 86 min and 4 ml, respectively, and the mean tumor size and surgical margin were 34 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Histopathologically, two tumors were diagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumors and one as a carcinoid tumor. Thus, single-incision laparoscopic gastric resection for submucosal tumors is safe and feasible when performed by experienced laparoscopic surgeons using conventional laparoscopic instruments.