多环芳烃在不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布

目的 研究多环芳烃(PAHs)在冬季和夏季不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布。方法 用DFJ-1型五段分级采样器采样,用GC-MS法测定,分析衡阳市区冬夏两季空气中PAHs在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布。结果 在大气颗粒物分级样品中,均检出PAHs。PAHs在冬夏两季空气中的浓度分别为161．42、140．72 ng／m^2,在粒径≤2．0μm的细小颗粒上的含量分别占总量的63．3％与52．3％。结论 衡阳市大气环境中PAHs的含量冬季明显高于夏季,冬季主要富集在粒径≤2.0μm的细小颗粒上,PAHs在不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布不一致,夏季在粗细粒子中分布较为均匀,冬季PAHs的分布明显发生变化。     

莱芜市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

莱芜市位于鲁中山区，素有“钢城煤都”之称，近年来，随着工业化、城市化进程的加快，市区空气质量有所下降。莱芜市环境监测站历年环境质量检测数据显示，二氧化硫、二氧化碳污染相对严重。多环芳烃是一类普遍存在于环境中的难降解的“三致”有机污染物，因此受到广泛关注。     

2000年济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

[目的 ]了解济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 0年在济南市采集大气环境土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘 ,利用气相色谱 质谱联用技术测定多环芳烃浓度。 [结果 ]大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量为 0 2 94～ 15 45 4μg/g ,粒径 <10 μm的机动车尾气燃油尘最高 ,粒径≥ 10 μm的土壤风沙尘最低。[结论 ]济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃含量最高的是以机动车尾气为代表的燃油尘     

2015—2020年保定市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃的健康风险评估

目的 分析2015—2020年保定市城区大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染水平,并进行健康风险评估。方法 2015—2020年检测保定市竞秀区某小学附近大气颗粒物中16种多环芳烃浓度,利用毒性当量法、日均暴露量计算超额致癌风险、非致癌风险评估保定市大气中16种多环芳烃的人群健康风险,并对数据进行分析。结果 2015—2020年16种多环芳烃采暖期总浓度由21.96μg/m³下降至2.17μg/m³,非采暖期总浓度由2.85μg/m³下降至0.53μg/m³;2015—2020年7种致癌多环芳烃的终生超额风险为1.09×10^-6～20.49×10^-6;对于非致癌风险,2018—2020年苯并芘的危害商<1,但苯并芘危害商的P₉₅值>1;结论 大气颗粒物中多环芳烃仍存在超额致癌风险和非致癌风险,还要引起一定的关注,需要继续采取措施对大气环境进行治理。     

北京市昌平区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃暴露及人群健康风险评价

目的了解北京市昌平区大气颗粒物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)及多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,分析PAHs的污染来源,并进行人群健康风险评估。方法于2015年1—12月用大气采样器采集北京市昌平区大气样品,分别用称重法和高效液相色谱法检测大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度和16种PAHs浓度;利用比值法分析PAHs的污染来源,并对其人群健康风险进行评估。结果 2015年北京市昌平区大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的质量浓度范围分别为7.8~343.0μg/m~3和6.3~344.3μg/m~3,年均浓度分别为97.0、78.6μg/m~3;PAHs浓度范围为2.4~383.0 ng/m~3,年均浓度为87.8 ng/m~3。4环PAHs浓度与5、6环PAHs浓度比值范围为0.15~1.38。PAHs的等效毒性浓度以夏季最低(0.354 ng/m~3),冬季最高(29.816 ng/m3)。PAHs对成人及儿童的终身致癌超额风险分别为9.68×10~(-6)和6.14×10~(-6)。结论北京市昌平区大气颗粒物浓度高于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准,PAHs污染主要来自本地污染;PAHs对成人的终身致癌风险高于儿童,但两者均处于可接受水平。     

200O年济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况调查

[目的]了解济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染状况.[方法]2000年在济南市采集大气环境土壤风沙尘、扬尘、煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定多环芳烃浓度.[结果]大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的含量为0.294～1 545.4μg/g,粒径＜10 μm的机动车尾气燃油尘最高,粒径≥10 μm的土壤风沙尘最低.[结论]济南市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃含量最高的是以机动车尾气为代表的燃油尘.     

徐州市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估

目的 调查徐州市大气颗粒物中的细颗粒物(PM2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平并对人群进行健康风险评估。方法 采用大气中流量采样器在徐州市泉山区采集PM2.5样品,用液相色谱法定量分析2016年徐州市PM2.5中16种PAHs的质量浓度,并对人群健康风险进行评估。结果 2016年徐州市大气PM2.5中PAHs月平均总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)范围为0.85～94.8 ng/m3,16种致癌性PAHs的等效致癌浓度(BEQ)范围为0.00011～6.81 ng/m3;儿童、成年男性、成年女性PAHs的致癌超额危险度年平均值分别为1.10×10-6、1.67×10-6、1.59×10-6。结论 徐州市区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染较为严重,但致癌风险处于可接受水平。     

2014年北京市某区不同空气质量下大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的特征与来源分析

目的了解北京市春季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃分布现状及来源特征。方法记录北京市环境保护监测中心公布的空气质量信息,采用大气颗粒物采样仪在北京市某区进行采样。索式提取法提取细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中的有机物,用气相色谱—质谱联用仪定量分析PAHs,分子诊断比值法分析多环芳烃的来源。结果环境空气质量指数(AQI)日均值与蒽、荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽、■、苯并[b]荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘呈现正相关,与苊、芴呈负相关,其中与苯并[b]荧蒽的相关系数最高(r=0.772)。随着空气质量由优到严重污染发展,苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝三种多环芳烃质量浓度有上升的趋势且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);苊、芴、菲、芘四种多环芳烃质量浓度有下降的趋势且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);特征来源分析发现,空气质量为优和良的情况下细颗粒物中PAHs主要来源于石油和液态化石燃料的燃烧;空气质量为重度和严重污染的情况下,PAHs来源除了液态化石燃料燃烧外还有木材和煤炭燃烧。结论 2014年北京市某区春季的大气细颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要来源于煤和化石燃料的燃烧,可能与居民取暖和交通污染有关。     

合肥市大气颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险初步评估

目的 了解和评估合肥市中心城区和郊区大气颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险。方法 玻璃纤维滤膜采集2018年2月至2019年1月大气颗粒物PM2.5,高效液相色谱法测定16种PAHs含量;根据非致癌危险度和致癌超额危险度进行健康风险评估。结果 合肥市瑶海区和滨湖新区PM2.5质量年平均浓度分别为(63±42)μg/m³和(61±33)μg/m³,超标率均为23.7%;两区PM2.516种PAHs总年均浓度分别是(9.36 ±8.26)ng/m³和(7.94±6.12)ng/m³,浓度范围分别为1.64~38.19ng/m³和0.55~24.42ng/m³,16种PAHs含量冬季>春季>夏季>秋季;BaP年均浓度分别为(0.64±0.93)ng/m³和(0.59±0.67)ng/m³,日均浓度超标率分别为9.28%和1.03%;四季Σ16PAHs(TEQ)为0.67~2.21ng/m³,ΣcPAHs(TEQ)为0.66~2.19ng/m³;成人和儿童的非致癌风险度为2.6×10-¹0~1.8×10-9之间,致癌风险度为1.18×10-5~5.03×10-5之间。结论 合肥市大气PM2.5污染严重,PAHs污染较轻,非致癌和致癌风险均处于可接受水平。     

Study on suspended particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air

Summary To study changes in the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in indoor and outdoor air, a new portable sampler (AND sampler) was designed that could separately collect particles exhibiting aerodynamic diameters of > 10 m, 2–10 m, and < 2 m. The relationship between the airborne particle concentration in indoor air and that in outdoor air varied with the aeordynamic diameter of the particles. The concentration of SPM in the indoor air increased in proportion to that in the outdoor air. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in SPM also varied with the aerodynamic diameter of the particles. Fine particles exhibiting an aerodynamic diameter of < 2 m contained high concentration of PAH. The concentrations of benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo (ghi) perylene in indoor air increased in proportion to those in outdoor air.     

Particulate matter and particle-attached polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of Tokyo measured with personal monitors

Using two types of personal monitors for suspended particulate matter of diameter under 10 microm (PM-10) and for particles of diameter under 1 microm with attached polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH), we measured the PM-10 and PPAH concentrations in the indoor and outdoor air in various locations in the Tokyo area. The major findings were as follows. (1) The PPAH concentrations in a clean living room increased rapidly within several minutes after one cigarette was smoked. (2) Using the average indoor concentrations of PM-10 and PPAH in a department store as control concentrations, respectively, where the average indoor PM-10 concentration was closest to an annual average outdoor concentration in Japan, the mean value for indoor air concentrations of PM-10 by location ranged from 2.2 to 6.2 times the control concentration, and the mean value for indoor air concentrations of PPAH by location ranged from 1.0 to 32.2 times the control concentration. (3) Using the same control concentrations, the mean value of outdoor concentrations of PM-10 by location ranged from 1.6 to 8.5 times the control concentration, while the mean value of outdoor concentrations of PPAH by location were up to 353.7 times the control concentration. The major polluted places were main traffic roads, highways, and street tunnels. (4) The correlation coefficient between the PM and the PPAH concentrations in the total monitoring time was 0.014, which was not significant (P>0.05).     

Risk assessment related to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in gas and particle phases near industrial sites

Background: Inhalation is one of the main means of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) because of their ubiquitous presence in the atmosphere. However, most studies have considered only PAHs found in the particle phase and have omitted the contribution of the gas-phase PAHs to the risk.Objective: We estimated the lifetime lung cancer risk from PAH exposure by inhalation in people living next to the largest chemical site in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean area.Methods: We determined 18 PAHs in the atmospheric gas and particle phase. We monitored the PAHs for 1 year in three locations near the chemical site in different seasons. We used toxic equivalence factors to calculate benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalents (BaP-eq) for individual PAHs and applied the World Health Organization unit risk (UR) for BaP (UR = 8.7 × 10^–5) to estimate lifetime cancer risks due to PAH exposures.Results: We observed some spatial and seasonal variability in PAH concentrations. The contribution of gas-phase PAHs to the total BaP-eq value was between 34% and 86%. The total estimated average lifetime lung cancer risk due to PAH exposure in the study area was 1.2 × 10^–4.Conclusions: The estimated risk was higher than values recommended by the World Health Organization and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency but lower than the threshold value of 10^–3 that is considered an indication of definite risk according to similar risk studies. The results also showed that risk may be underestimated if the contributions of gas-phase PAHs are not considered.     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in occupational versus urban environmental air

To evaluate the balance between occupational and environmental exposure to suspended particulate matter (SPM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), comparison measurements were performed in a coal-fired power plant and the urban atmosphere from the town nearby. Methods: The analysis of SPM for PAH content was done according to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method. The microscopic assessment was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) by silver coverage of the samples derived by air filter. Results: Contrary to expectations, the results showed low levels of particle-bound PAHs in the occupational environment (<1 ng benzo(a)pyrene/m³ air) and high levels in urban air (range 80–1250 ng benzo(a)pyrene/m³). The SPM collected from the power plant exhibited non-respirable characteristics (particles larger than 10 μm), whereas urban SPM almost exclusively contained respirable airborne particles (<3 μm). Conclusions: The PAH burden, combined with the enhanced probability of respiratory absorption, confers a much greater hazard potential to the urban SPM. Under these conditions, in areas or countries in which old technologies remain in use, occupational exposure to SPM containing PAHs might represent a severe underestimation of the total risk as it does not take into account the background air pollution. Received: 6 December 1997 / Accepted: 12 June 1998     

Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and serum C-reactive protein

The association of 9 urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was investigated using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. The unweighted number of participants included was 999, which represented 139,362,776 persons in the non-institutionalized US population. In adjusted logistic regressions, two OH-PAHs, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene and 9-hydroxyfluorene, were associated with elevated CRP (>3 mg/l). Logistic regressions were adjusted for age, gender, race, exercise, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, and hypertension. 2-Hydroxyphenanthrene >148 ng/g creatinine had an odds ratio of 3.17 (95% CI 1.73-5.81) compared to 2-hydroxyphenanthrene ≤48 ng/g creatinine, and 9-hydroxyfluorene >749 ng/g creatinine had an odds ratio of 2.28 (95% CI 1.08-4.83) compared to 9-hydroxyfluorene ≤160 ng/g creatinine. Intermediate levels of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (49-148 ng/g creatinine), and 9-hydroxyfluorene (161-749 ng/g creatinine) were also significantly associated with elevated CRP compared to the respective reference categories.In a combined analysis, OH-PAHs were classified as low, medium, and high. Low OH-PAH was 2-hydroxyphenanthrene ≤48 ng/g creatinine and 9-hydroxyfluorene ≤160 ng/g creatinine. High OH-PAH was 2-hydroxyphenanthrene >148 ng/g creatinine or 9-hydroxyfluorene >749 ng/g creatinine. Participants not assigned to the low or high categories were classified as having medium OH-PAH concentrations. Compared to the low OH-PAH group, high OH-PAH had an odds ratio of 3.60 (95% CI 2.01-6.46) in an adjusted logistic regression. Given that inflammation (characterized here by CRP) is an important factor in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, these results suggest a role for OH-PAHs in the progression of atherosclerosis.     

Household air pollution related to biomass cook stove emissions and its interaction with improved cookstoves

IntroductionHousehold air pollution (HAP) is associated with significant global morbidity and mortality. Newer initiatives including improved cookstove (IC) and cleaner fuels are being implemented to improve HAP effects.MethodsA literature review was conducted for household air pollution related to biomass cookstoves in resource limited countries. In January 2018, we electronically searched the PubMed database for the term cookstoves with no date restrictions. We included cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, conference abstracts, editorials, and reviews; studies that assessed the emissions related to cookstove and factors affecting HAP emissions.ResultsTwenty-three articles met the objectives of the review. Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM_2.5), carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the major HAP emissions. Emission factors are based on the stove and fuel used while the activity is based on cooking practices. Changes in composition and sources of PM_2.5 causes modification to its resulting toxicity. Many PAHs and their metabolites released by HAP have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic potential. Improving ventilation decreases concentrations of PM_2.5 and CO in the household air. Few standard tools are available to measure ventilation and continued IC efficacy in long term.ConclusionUnavailability of tools to measure ventilation and continued IC efficacy in long term affect uniformity and comparability of IC study results. Community education about the health effects of HAP and importance of ventilation in decreasing HAP is an important aspect of public health policy to prevent HAP effects.     

非职业暴露人群尿中多环芳烃接触生物标志物浓度水平

多环芳烃(PAHs)作为一类化学物质,广泛存在于环境中,长期暴露具有潜在致癌性,而单一的接触生物标志物并不能完全代表暴露者体内的暴露水平;有关职业暴露人群中多种接触生物标志物已多有研究,而一般人群暴露研究则相对较少,本文自2000年以后14年间报道的一般暴露人群尿中PAHs接触生物标志物进行综述,重点对主要的生物标志物及其浓度水平进行描述,为一般环境中PAHs类化学物质暴露的生物学检测提供理论依据。     

北京市城区孕妇多环芳烃暴露水平及季节变化特征

目的 探究北京市城区孕妇多环芳烃(PAHs)暴露水平、人群分布特征及季节变化特征。方法 于2013年3月-2014年6月在北京市海淀妇幼保健院募集205名孕妇,采集孕妇肘部静脉血,血浆经萃取、净化和浓缩后,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定样品中15种PAHs浓度。结果 孕妇血浆低分子量PAHs(L-PAHs)的检出率相对较高,为75.1%~97.6%,高分子量PAHs(H-PAHs)中的苯并[a]芘(BaP)、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IcdP)、二苯并[a,h]蒽(DahA)和苯并[g,h,i]芘(BghiP)的检出率<5%,其他H-PAHs[芘(Pyr)、苯并[a]蒽(BaA)、1,2-苯并菲(Chr)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)和苯并[k]荧蒽(BkF)]的检出率在53.7%~100%。总PAHs(ΣPAHs)浓度中位数和四分位数间距(IQR)为1484.52(563.23~2401.09) ng/g;L-PAHs中,以菲(Phe)的浓度最高,为793.33(174.11~1515.69) ng/g,苊烯(Acy)浓度最低,为29.04(14.84~43.81) ng/g;H-PAHs中,Chr浓度最高,为45.94(13.51~65.42)ng/g。不同年龄、孕前身体质量指数(BMI)、文化程度及有无被动吸烟组孕妇血浆中各种PAHs暴露水平差异均无统计学意义。不同采血季节组的蒽(Ant)、荧蒽(Flua)、Pyr、BaA、Chr、BbF、BkF和总高分子量PAHs(ΣH-PAHs)差异有统计学意义;其中,Ant浓度为秋季> 夏季> 冬季> 春季,Flua浓度为春季> 秋季> 夏季> 冬季; Chr、BbF和ΣH-PAHs浓度均为冬季> 秋季> 夏季> 春季,Pyr浓度为秋季> 冬季> 夏季> 春季,BaA浓度为冬季> 秋季> 春季> 夏季。结论 北京市城区孕妇PAHs暴露水平总体处于较高水平,在不同孕妇人群中分布并无明显特异性。另外,可能受到膳食摄入、呼吸摄入和个人行为活动的影响,PAHs暴露水平在不同采血季节呈现一定的变化特征。     

吸烟对焦炉工人尿中10种多环芳烃代谢物浓度的影响

目的 研究吸烟对焦炉作业工人尿中多环芳烃(PAHs)代谢物浓度的影响.方法 采用高效液相色谱法检测工人工作环境中颗粒物载带上的PAHs浓度;通过职业健康体检和问卷调查的方式收集某焦化厂1401名男性焦炉工人的职业信息,并采集尿液;使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定尿样中10种羟基多环芳烃代谢产物(OH-PAHs)的浓度.按照工作岗位和工作环境PAHs浓度的差异分成对照组、低暴露组、中暴露组和高暴露组4组,采用协方差分析分别比较各组吸烟者与不吸烟者尿中10种OH-PAHs的浓度差异.结果 工作环境中16种PAHs的检测结果均显示高暴露组＞中暴露组＞低暴露组＞对照组,高暴露组的浓度明显高于对照组、低暴露组和中暴露组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在对照组、低暴露组、中暴露组和高暴露组中,吸烟者尿中1-羟基萘(1-OHNa)和2-羟基萘(2-OHNa)的浓度明显高于不吸烟者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);4个组中,吸烟者的1-羟基芘(1-OHP)浓度与不吸烟者的差异无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 在焦炉作业人群中,尿中1-OHNa和2-OHNa可以作为评价吸烟对工人尿中OH-PAHs浓度影响的生物标志物.