含巯基抗氧化剂对多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 观察不同的抗氧化剂对多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用,探讨帕金森病(PD)神经元的死亡机制.方法 应用TUNEL染色及电泳技术,观察4种不同的抗氧化剂对多巴胺(DA)诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护性作用. 结果 适当浓度的多巴胺可诱导PC12细胞凋亡,抗氧化剂GSH及N-AC在10mmol/L浓度下能显著抑制DA诱导的PC12细胞凋亡(P<0.05),而相同浓度的维生素C及维生素E则无保护作用.结论 细胞凋亡可能参与了PD的发病过程,适当的抗氧化剂对于DA诱导的细胞凋亡具有保护作用.     

多巴胺能神经元保护的研究进展

一提到多巴胺（dopamine,DA）能神经元,我们就会想到帕金森病（Parkinson’SDisease,PD）。人们最初是先认识了PD,而后在对其发病机制的不断探索中,才开始慢慢解开DA能神经元的神秘面纱,并确立了DA能神经元在PD发病机制的中心地位。近年来,人们对PD的治疗逐渐倾向于神经保护治疗,除了保护DA受体、抑制DA降解及干细胞替代治疗等,保护DA能神经元是关键措施。本文先简单介绍DA能神经元的解剖生理基础,并就目前DA能神经元保护的热点研究做一综述。     

帕金森病黑质多巴胺能神经元铁死亡的机制研究

<正>帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是一种常见于老年人的神经系统变性疾病,平均发病年龄为60岁左右。目前,在我国PD的患病率为1.7%且有逐年上升的趋势。PD最主要的病理改变是中脑黑质多巴胺(dopamine,DA)能神经元的变性死亡,进而引起纹状体DA含量显著性减少,导致一系列运动和非运动症状。研究表明PD患者黑质DA能神经元变性死亡主要是程序性细胞死亡,然而最新的研究发现一种以铁沉积为特征的非程序性细胞死亡同样发生于黑质DA能神经元,与PD的发生和发展密切相关。但是PD中铁沉积导致DA能神经元死亡的具体机制仍不清楚,本文从铁代谢失调、脂质过氧化、α-突触核蛋白异常聚集、炎症反应以及针对铁死亡的药物在PD治疗中的研究等几个方面进行综述。     

帕金森病IgG诱导多巴胺能神经元损伤机制的初步研究

目的采用帕金森病(PD)患者的血清IgG建立PD的细胞模型,探讨其诱导中脑多巴胺(DA)能神经元损伤的机制.方法采用四唑盐(MTF)检测、免疫细胞化学染色和液闪测定法评价DA能细胞数目、形态和功能的变化,并检测一些毒性物质的作用,肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法);NO用Griess法;O-2用细胞色素C还原法.结果PD IgG在补体参与时,可诱导原代中脑神经元-胶质细胞培养体系的DA能神经元出现选择性损伤(DA摄取力由1012.3 cpm下降至670.5 cpm,P＜0.01).疾病对照组和健康对照组的IgG即使在补体存在时对DA能细胞的数目、形态和功能也无明显影响(P＞0.05).原代培养如抑制胶质细胞,则PD IgG即使在补体存在时对DA能细胞也无明显的毒性作用(P＞0.05).来源于毒性物质的检测、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗TNF-α、抗IL-Iβ、L-硝基-精氨酸甲酯的数据表明,PD IgG诱导的DA能神经元的损伤受O-2(4.65 nmoL/106细胞)的介导.结论PD IgG可诱导原代培养的中脑DA能神经元的选择性损伤,受补体、胶质细胞和活性氧自由基的介导,提示PD的发病可能涉及免疫机制.     

帕金森病的脑小胶质细胞激活

帕金森病(Parkinson Disease,PD)是由于黑质内多巴胺(DA)能神经元减少超过80%时,纹状体中的神经递质DA和乙酰胆碱之间的相互拮抗作用失调而导致的神经系统疾病.黑质DA神经元的大量减少普遍认为与多种因素参与有关,近年来,诸多研究显示小胶质细胞参与的炎症反应与PD关系密切,其炎症机制日益受到关注.现将近年PD中小胶质细胞激活的有关文献综述如下.     

PD模型中GDNF与星形胶质细胞对黑质DA能神经元的影响

目的探讨星形胶质细胞和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)在帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)中对多巴胺(dopamine neurons,DA)能神经元损伤的影响。方法成年大鼠右侧前脑侧束注射6羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)制备PD模型。PD模型右侧黑质内注射GDNF,于注射后第6周采用免疫组织化学方法观察星形胶质细胞神经纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)以及多巴胺能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylasa,TH)的变化。结果模型组、PBS和GDNF组注射侧与非注射侧星形胶质细胞相比,均发现GFAP阳性细胞明显增多,DA能神经元数量明显减少(P<0.05)。GDNF组与模型组相比,发现GFAP阳性细胞明显增多,同时残存的DA能神经元数量有所增加(P<0.05)。结论黑质内注射GDNF可能通过激活的星形胶质细胞保护PD大鼠模型黑质DA能神经元。     

左旋多巴对帕金森病大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元及纹状体多巴胺递质的影响

目的　研究长期应用左旋多巴对帕金森病 (PD)大鼠黑质多巴胺 (DA)能神经元和DA递质的影响。方法　采用 6 羟基多巴胺 (6 OHDA)制备部分损毁和严重损毁的PD大鼠模型 ,给两种模型口服不同剂量左旋多巴 /苄丝肼 3个月 ,通过观察大鼠旋转行为、酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)免疫组化染色和高效液相色谱 电化学检测仪 (HPLC ECD)检测纹状体单胺类递质 ,研究左旋多巴对PD大鼠残存的黑质DA能神经元的影响。结果　 (1)左旋多巴对PD大鼠的旋转行为无明显影响 ;(2 )TH阳性细胞数损毁侧 /非损毁侧比值在左旋多巴喂药组和不喂药对照组的差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(3)在严重损毁组 ,大剂量左旋多巴使PD大鼠损毁侧DA和 3,4二羟基苯乙酸 (DOPAC)水平明显升高(P <0 0 1)。结论　长期使用左旋多巴对 6 OHDA单侧损毁的PD大鼠残存的黑质DA能神经元无毒性作用。     

帕金森病的药物治疗进展

帕金森病(parkinson’s disease,PD)是一种常见的老年神经系统慢性退变性疾病。帕金森病主要病理改变是中脑黑质致密部多巴胺(dapamine,DA)能神经元选择性地凋亡,使黑质-纹状体通路DA释放减少,从而导致基底节神经核团调节功能的紊乱,在临床上表现为静止性震颤、肌张力增高、运动迟缓和姿势不稳等一系列症状。目前PD的病因尚未完全清楚,PD的防治成为国内外热点研究课题之一。近年来不断有新的治疗药物出现,用于PD的不同阶段治疗,现就帕金森病的药物治疗进展做一综述。     

多巴胺转运蛋白在帕金森病诊断与治疗中的应用

帕金森病(Parkinson disease, PD)是一种常见的神经系统变性疾病,其主要病理变化为黑质纹状体多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性死亡.近来的研究证实PD患者基底节区多巴胺转运蛋白(dopamine transporter, DAT)的水平是DA能神经元最为特异的标记物,已成为诊断早期PD的敏感指标.使用单光子发射计算机断层成像(SPECT)及正电子发射断层成像(PET)技术测定基底节区的DAT水平有助于对PD的正确诊断,并进行疗效评价.同时,DAT阻滞剂的应用也开辟了一个全新的治疗途径.     

内质网应激在帕金森病中的作用

<正>帕金森病(PD)是仅次于阿尔茨海默病(AD)的年龄相关性神经变性病,主要的临床症状为运动迟缓、肌肉僵直、静止性震颤和姿势不稳;其神经变性特征为进行性黑质致密部(SNc)多巴胺能(DA)神经元变性、缺失、以及神经元内出现由α-共核蛋白(α-synuclein)组成的Lewy小体的形成。虽然家族性PD有一些基因突变基础,但大多数原发性PD病因不明,有多种机制参与DA神经元变性,包括线粒体功能障碍、氧化     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。