2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

目的 了解山西省地方性氟中毒病区居民饮水含氟量及降氟改水工程使用现状,为制订科学有效的防治策略提供可靠依据.方法 2007年,根据<地方病防治项目技术方案>的要求,在山西省选择15个县(市、区)的未改水村进行高氟水源筛查,选择10个县(市)的全部降氟改水工程进行调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(GB/T 8538-1995).结果 15个县(市、区)共调查未改水村969个,居民饮用水平均水氟合格(≤1.0mg/L)的村有497个,占51.29%(497/969),超过国家饮用水卫生标准(>1.0 mg/L)的村有472个,占48.71%(472/969),超标水氟主要集中在>1.0～4.0 mg/L,最高平均水氟达8.96 mg/L.10个县(市)共调查降氟改水工程290个,正常运行的有213个,占73.45%(213/290),间歇运行的有77个,占26.55%(77/290);降氟改水工程的出厂水水氟合格(≤1.0mg/L)的有158个,占54.48%(158/290),超过国家饮用水卫生标准(>1.0mg/L)的有132个,占45.52%(132/290),最高水氟达5.20 mg/L.结论 山西省饮水型氟中毒病区水氟超标情况仍然较重,降氟改水工程水氟合格率较低,今后应加大改水力度,保证工程质量,进一步提高防治效果.     

2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

Objective To explore into the condition of fluoride content of the drinking water and the present status of water-improving projects in the endemic fluomsis areas in Shanxi province,and to provide the evidence for making scientific and effective tactics in prevention and control.Methods In 2007,according to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control",screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in non-improving water villages of 15 counties(cities,districts).The investigation of all water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).The fluoride content in drinking water was determined by fluoride selective ion electrode(GB/T 8538-1995).Results Screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in 969 non-improving water villages in 15 counties(cities,districts).Average water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 497 villages,accounting for 51.29%(497/969).Average water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 472 villages.accounting for 48.71%(472/969).The overall standard drinking water fluoride content was mainlv>1.0-4.0mg/L,and the maximum average water fluoride content was 8.96 mg/L.The investigation of 290 water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).Among 290 water-improving projects 213 water-improving projects were running normally,accounting for 73.45%(213/290);77 water-improving projects were running abnormally,accounting for 26.55%(77/290).Water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 158 projects,accounting for 54.48%(158/290).Water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 132 projects,accounting for 45.52%(132/290).The maximal water fluoride content was 5.20 mg/L.Conclusions The situation of drinking water fluoride content over the national standard is serious in Shanxi province.The qualification rate was lower for the fluoride content of water-improving projects.Therefore,we should strength water-improving projects to raise the effectiveness of prevention and treatment and assure their quality.     

山东省降氟改水工程现状调查

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒病区降氟改水工程现状及水氟分布.方法 2005-2007年,根据<国家和山东省地方性氟中毒防治项目方案>的要求,对山东省17个市全部降氟改水工程的改水形式、水源类型、运转状况进行调查;同时对尚在运转的改水工程水氟进行检测,方法为离子选择电极法.结果 山东省共建降氟改水工程5816处,分布于全省17个市110个县(市、区),覆盖地氟病村8776个,主要为打井改水工程,占94.55%(5499/5816),水源类型以地下水为主,达97.73%(5684/5816);运转正常与基本正常的工程占75.91%(4415/5816),供水村数7246个,受益人口6 946 459人,报废工程占24.09%(1401/5816),包含病村1530个;尚在运转的4415处工程,水氟达标(≤1.0mg/L)的占65.53%(2893/4415),水氟＞1.0 mg/L的达34.47%(1522/4415),其中＞2.0 mg/L的548处,＞4.0 mg/L的97处,水氟最大值9.71 mg/L.结论 山东省降氟改水工程有近1/4报废停用;尚在运行的工程水氟超标严重,达1/3以上,且有97处工程水氟＞4.0 mg/L.因此亟须强化措施,增加投入,加强对降氟设施的维护、监管及水氟监测.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the present situation of water-improving defluoridation project and the distribution of water fluoride in fluorosis areas in Shandong province. Methods In 2005 - 2007, according to "The National and Shandong province Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control", the water-improving form,water type and the running status of defluoridation project in 17 cities of Shandong province were investigated, and the water-fluoride of the running projects were determined by F- ion selective electrode. Results A total of 5816projects were built that involved 8776 villages, 110 counties, 17 cities distributed in Shandong province. In which,the drilling of water-improving projects accounting for 94.55% (5499/5816), under-ground water type 97.73%(5684/5816);operating normally accounting for 75.91% (4415/5816), 7246 villages were supplied with the water, beneficiary population 6 946 459 people, non-normal projects accounting for 24.09%(1401/5816), including 1530 diseased villages. There were still 4415 projects running well. The projects with water fluoride lower than 1.0mg/L were 2893, accounting for 65.53% (2893/4415). The water fluoride higher than 1.0 mg/L accounted for 34.47%(1522/4415), ＞ 2.0 mg/L of 548, ＞ 4.0 mg/L of 97, and the maximum value of water fluoride was 9.71mg/L. Conclusions Nearly 1/4 of the water-improving projects in Shandong province are abnormal. The water fluoride of the project of more than 1/3 are exceeding the standard( ＞ 1.0 mg/L) in 4415 projects, and water-fluoride of 97 projects are higher than 4.0 mg/L. More measures should be taken to strengthen the supervision of the projects and monitoring of water fluoride.     

山西省饮用水高氟水源筛查结果分析

目的 了解山西省饮水型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区的饮用水水氟分布现状,为防治工作提供科学依据.方法 根据国家<地方病防治项目技术方案>,2004-2006年在山西省的8个市,对有饮水型地氟病病区分布的60个县(市、区)进行水氟筛查,采用氟离子选择电极法检测水氟.结果 共筛查了60个县(市、区)的2990个村,水氟超标(>1.00 mg/L)的村为1658个,占55.45%,最高为9.72 mg/L.高氟村主要分布于太原、大同、忻定、临汾、运城5个盆地,占全省高氟村数的89.63%(1486/1658),其他地区高氟村散在分布;5个盆地的水氟分布不相同(H=316.10,P<0.05),大同盆地水氟(2.32 mg/L)高于其他盆地(P均<0.05),超标率为81.16%(336/414).结论 山西省高氟水源分布范围广,主要集中在5个盆地,水氟超标情况仍较严重,防治任务依然艰巨,应加大改水力度,进一步提高防治效果.     

2005年甘肃省饮水型氟中毒病区水氟和改水降氟工程调查

目的 了解2005年甘肃省饮水型氟中毒病区水氟分布和改水降氟工程现状.方法 对甘肃省地方性氟中毒病区饮水和改水降氟工程进行水氟监测和工程运转情况调查登记.水氟测定用氟离子选择电极法.结果 筛查了11个市(州)的34个县(区)354个乡(镇)的1576个村的水源.检测水样7829份,检测出水氟超标水样1891份,占24.15%.水氟均值≤1.0 mg/L的村为1185个,占调查村的75.19%;1.0 mg/L的村为391个,占24.81%;水氟最低为0.04 mg/L,最高为6.78 ms/L,以庆阳市、平凉市及定西市总体水氟均值较高,大于或接近1.0 mg/L.调查了993处改水降氟工程,对876处工程的饮水含氟量进行了检测,共检测水样3528份,有408份水样含氟量1.0 mg/L.其中≤1.0 mg/L的工程768处,占87.67%;1.0 mg/L的工程108处,占12.33%;水氟最高为5.27mg/L.剔除能正常运转但水氟超标部分,实际水氟合格且正常使用的工程682处,占68.68%.改水降氟的主要形式为打井和引水.结论 甘肃省筛查村的水氟超标仍较严重,有近1/3的改水工程报废或处于非正常运转状态,须尽快落实防治措施和加强改水降氟工程的监测和管理力度.     

2010年河北省张家口市降氟改水工程运行现状调查

目的 掌握张家口市降氟改水工程运行情况及水氟含量,为饮水型氟中毒防治提供科学依据.方法 在张家口市地方性氟中毒病区,选择截至2010年修建的降氟改水工程,调查改水工程的运转情况、资金来源情况等.在每处正常使用的改水工程处,采集1份水源水和2份末梢水,采用生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法(GB/T 5750.5-2006)测定水氟.结果 共调查386处降氟改水工程,其中正常使用工程310处,占80.31％;间歇使用工程6处,占1.55％;报废工程70处,占18.14％.对316处降氟改水工程进行了水氟调查,其中水氟合格工程175处,占55.38％;水氟超标工程141处,占44.62％.调查的386处降氟改水工程中,共投资2186.82万元,其中国家、集体、个人分别投资1007.80万元、621.04万元、557.98万元,分别占总投资的46.09％、28.40％、25.51％.结论 张家口市降氟改水工程运行现状令人十分担忧,应进一步加大病区改水力度,坚持可持续降氟改水防治策略.     

吉林省洮南市高氟水源筛查及防氟改水工程调查报告

洮南市地方性氟中毒分布在8个乡(镇),2005年在中央补助地方公共卫生地方病防治项目启动后,洮南市开展了高氟水源筛查和改水降氟工程检测工作,现将2005～2006年调查结果报道如下.     

2005年四川省泸定县水氟筛查及改水降氟工程监测结果

根据川疾(2005)100号《关于印发水氟筛查和改水降氟工程监测实施方案的通知》及《水氟筛查和改水降氟工程监测方案》要求,于2005年9月按方案要求对四川省泸定县境内部分可疑高氟水     

山西省饮水型氟中毒重病区县病情现状调查

目的掌握目前山西省饮水型氟中毒(地氟病)重病区地氟病病情现状,为制定科学有效的防治策略提供可靠依据。方法根据山西省地氟病重病区的分布特点,选取4个重病区县(区),每个病区县(区)按照分层整群抽样的方法抽取调查点,对每个调查点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙及成人重度氟骨症患者患病情况进行临床检查；水氟、尿氟采用氟离子选择电极法。结果各县(区)改水任务完成情况相差较大,改水完成率最低的是15．71%,最高为76．36%。大部分改水病区的水氟与改水前相比呈下降趋势,盐湖区下降幅度最大。儿童尿氟均值2．71mg/L,各县(区)病区中儿童氟斑牙患病程度不一,最高检出率为86．91%,未发现成人重度氟骨症患者。结论山西省水氟状况有所好转,地氟病病区病情依然较重,今后应加大改水力度,保证工程质量,进一步提高防治效果。     

2010年湖北省随州市地方性氟中毒病区改水降氟工程及水氟水平调查结果分析

目的 了解随州市高氟病区改水降氟工程使用和水氟状况,为科学改水和防治地方病提供依据.方法 采取横断面调查方式,对随州市辖区内,在1986 - 2009年修建的全部改水降氟工程,进行全面调查;对正常使用的工程处,分别采集水源水和末梢水各3份;对停用和报废的工程处,选择3处饮用水供应量较大的地方,分别采集水样1份.检测全部水样氟化物、氯化物、总硬度、重金属等指标.结果 共调查改水工程21处,其中正常使用的14处(占66.7％),停用和报废工程7处(占33.3％).在正常使用的14处工程处,末梢水中氟化物平均含量≤1.0 mg/L的合格工程13处(占92.9％),氟化物含量＞1.0 mg/L的不合格工程1处(占7.1％).在停用和报废的7处工程处,氟化物平均含量全都＞ 1.0 mg/L(占100％).所有水样中的水砷、铅都在正常范围.在正常使用的14处工程中,末梢水中有2处水样含铁量超标,有1处水样的总硬度超标;报废停用的7处工程中,氯化物超标1处,锰超标1处,铁超标2处,总硬度超标3处.结论 随州市改水降氟工程存在停用和报废情况;工程停用和报废的地方,存在水氟超标状况.     

安徽池州市2007年饮水氟含量调查

目的全面了解和掌握安徽池州市辖区内地方性饮水氟含量及分布情况。方法对池州市所辖的原病区青阳县所有行政村,非病区县（区）的所有乡镇按东西南北中不同方位抽取5个行政村,每个行政村按东西南北中不同方位采集5口井水样;抽取改水工程水40个,每个县、区各抽10个,每个工程各采5份水样;调查各村户数及人口数、被采水样水源基本情况,检测水氟含量。结果池州市所辖的三县一区及九华山风景区抽取503个村、共检测水氟样品2515份。结果表明,全市行政村水氟均值为0.16mg/L、最大值为0.56mg/L。其中村最大值〈0.5mg/L的村有490个,占97.42%;在0.5～1.0mg/L之间的有10个,占1.99%;1～1.5mg/L之间的有3个、占0.60%;没有〉1.5的村。调查村的均值分布：〈0.5mg/L有502个村、占99.80%;0.5～1mg/L有1个、占0.20%;≥1mg/L以上的村无。在检测的2515份饮用水样本中,氟含量〈0.5mg/L的2501份,占99.44%;0.5～1.0mg/L之间的有11份,占0.44%;〉1.0mg/L的有3份、占0.12%。共检测改水工程水样200份,所有水样均低于1.0mg/L。结论青阳县原病区降低了水氟含量、贵池区有3地新发水氟含量超标,池州全市98%以上村饮水氟含量均在正常限值内。     

2005年山东省济宁市地方性氟中毒病区水氟和改水降氟工程调查

目的 了解2005年山东省济宁市地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区的水氟分布和改水降氟工程的现状.方法 在济宁市选择有地氟病的任城区、梁山县和嘉祥县进行饮用水氟筛查和改水降氟工程运行情况调查,采用氟离子选择性电极法测定水氟.结果 共筛查了671个村,饮水含氟量≤1.00 mg/L的村为170个(占25.34%),>1.00 mg/L的村为501个(占74.66%),水氟最高为11.33 mg/L.共检测改水降氟工程497处,其中报废工程161处(占32.39%),正常运行工程334处(占67.20%),间歇运行工程2处(占0.40%).正常和间歇运行的 336处改水降氟工程.饮水含氟量≤1.00 mg/L的工程为281处(占73.18%),>1.00 mg/L的工程为55处(占26.82%),最高为4.28mg/L.结论 济宁市地氟病防治形势仍然十分严峻,须尽快落实防治措施和加强改水降氟工程的监测和管理工作.     

高氟饮水对小鼠脑功能的影响

目的 探讨高氟饮水对小鼠脑功能的影响。方法 对饮加氟离子浓度１００、５０、１０ｍｇ／Ｌ水６个月的小鼠,通过行为毒理学实验（穿梭箱试验）判断其学习和记忆功能,并对其脑组织胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活力进行测定。结果 饮高氟水的小鼠学习和记忆能力显著落后于对照组;高氟组小鼠脑组织ＣｈＦ活力显著高于对照组。结论 高氟饮水对小鼠脑功能有显著的影响,氟对中枢神经系统具有毒性作用。     

2006和2007年湖北省洪湖市高砷水筛查结果

Objective To investigate the distribution of high-arsenic drinking water in Honghu city of Hubei province in order to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of endemic arsenic disease.Methods Investigations were made in 22 townships(towns,districts),68 natural villages of the drainage areas of the Dongjing River,the Neijing River and the Yangtse River in 2006 and 2007,with the townships(towns,districts)around Shahu town in Xiantao city as the focal point.1000 water samples were drawn each year,which was 10% of all the wells in every natural village.Using sampling investigation,water arsenic Was determined by half-quantitative fast reagent kit.All samples of water with arsenic exceeding the standard(≥0.03 mg/L)were re-determined according to state standard.Surveys on the disease was carried out in the villages(brigades)where arsenic exceeded the standard.Results A total of 2000 samples were surveyed from 68 natural villages,of which there were 401 samples from 48 villages exceeding the standard in a rate of 20.05%(401/2000).The highest arsenic content Was 0.71 mg/L.The high arsenic water sources were distributed mainy in the drainage areas of the Dongjing River and the Neijing River,but no patients with endemic arsenic disease were found.Conclusions The high arsenic water sources are distributed mainly in the drainage areas of the Dongjing River and the Neijing River.It is suggested that the interrelated government departments should take precise measures to impmve the quality of drinking water and ensure safe water to the residents in high arsenic areas.     

2005-2007年山东省地方性氟中毒病区水氟测定结果分析

目的 分析山东省地方性氟中毒病区水氟分布和改水降氟工程的现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家<2004、2005和2006年地方病防治项目技术方案>要求,分别于2005、2006、2007在山东省17个市的113个地方性氟中毒病区县(市、区)对改水降氟工程的使用现状进行调查;对未改水病区村进行水氟筛查;对改水降氟工程进行水氟检测;水氟测定采用氟离子选择性电极法.结果 山东省共有改水降氟工程5816处,工程以打井为主,水源主要为地下水;正常运行的工程占72.80%(4234/5816),间歇运行的工程占3.11%(181/5816),报废工程占24.09%(1401/5816).共筛查了16个市、100个县、6940个病区村(包括未改水和改水降氟工程报废的病区村)的饮水水样,其中水氟≤1.00 mg/L的病区村为2987个,占43.04%(2987/6940);水氟＞1.00mg/L的病区村为3953个,占56.96%(3593/6940),最大值为13.31 mg/L.调查了17个市、95个县、4415处改水降氟工程,其中水氟≤1.00 mg/L的工程为2983处,占65.53%(2983/4415);水氟＞1.00mg/L的工程为1522处,占34.47%(1522/4415),最大值为9.71 mg/L.结论 山东省仍有1/2以上的病区村和1/3以上的改水降氟工程水氟超标,并且近1/4的改水降氟工程已经报废,氟中毒防治形势仍然十分严峻,应尽快落实防治措施和加强改水降氟工程的监测工作.     

2006和2007年湖北省洪湖市高砷水筛查结果

Objective To investigate the distribution of high-arsenic drinking water in Honghu city of Hubei province in order to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of endemic arsenic disease.Methods Investigations were made in 22 townships(towns,districts),68 natural villages of the drainage areas of the Dongjing River,the Neijing River and the Yangtse River in 2006 and 2007,with the townships(towns,districts)around Shahu town in Xiantao city as the focal point.1000 water samples were drawn each year,which was 10% of all the wells in every natural village.Using sampling investigation,water arsenic Was determined by half-quantitative fast reagent kit.All samples of water with arsenic exceeding the standard(≥0.03 mg/L)were re-determined according to state standard.Surveys on the disease was carried out in the villages(brigades)where arsenic exceeded the standard.Results A total of 2000 samples were surveyed from 68 natural villages,of which there were 401 samples from 48 villages exceeding the standard in a rate of 20.05%(401/2000).The highest arsenic content Was 0.71 mg/L.The high arsenic water sources were distributed mainy in the drainage areas of the Dongjing River and the Neijing River,but no patients with endemic arsenic disease were found.Conclusions The high arsenic water sources are distributed mainly in the drainage areas of the Dongjing River and the Neijing River.It is suggested that the interrelated government departments should take precise measures to impmve the quality of drinking water and ensure safe water to the residents in high arsenic areas.