兰州市大气污染变化规律对健身人群的启示

[目的]探讨大气污染对运动人群健康的影响,为广大兰州市民健身提供参考。[方法]通过文献资料分析了兰州市大气污染中SO2、NO2和TSP的现状和变化规律,从运动生理学的角度讨论了大气污染对运动人群健康的影响。[结果]兰州市大气1～3、11和12月是SO2和NO2两种污染物的浓度相对较高,2000年和2004年SO2和NO2分别为0.058mg/m3和0.058mg/m3与0.73mg/m3和0.047mg/m3。TSP的浓度两年均较高,保持在0.38mg/m3以上,均值为0.711mg/m3和0.650mg/m3。[结论]兰州市空气中的SO2、NO2和TSP浓度变化与季节有关,冬春采暖期SO2、NO2浓度较高,TSP浓度全年偏,高春季最高。市民冬春季节选择小强度运动健身。     

What can we learn today from the Central European smog episode of 1985 (and earlier episodes)?

In January 1985 an extended smog episode occurred in Central Europe. The Rhine-Ruhr area (Western Germany) was affected for 5 days with maximum concentrations of 0.8 mg/m³ SO₂ and 0.6 mg/m³ TSP (24h averages). Health effects were investigated during the smog period and a control period before and after the smog. Daily mortality increased by 8%, hospital admissions (for respiratory and cardiovascular causes, RC) by 15%, outpatients (RC) by 12% and ambulance transports (RC) by 28%. Patients with chronic bronchitis from the Ruhr area cities showed more exacerbations during the episode, and in school children from the Netherlands lung function was reduced.

In Augsburg (Southern Germany) the smog episode was less severe (maximum concentrations 0.2 mg/m³ SO₂ and 0.1 mg/m³ TSP, 24 h averages). Here - by chance - the prospective MONICA study was ongoing. During the episode a significant increase of plasma viscosity, C-reactive protein and heart rate was observed in the participants.

The highest ambient concentrations (maximum 24h average of 3.6 mg/m³ SO₂) were measured in Erfurt (Eastern Germany). Surprisingly, no measurable increase of mortality occurred. This was explained by premature deaths during the period before the smog, were the concentrations had already been clearly above 1 mg/m³ SO₂.

An earlier episode took place in December 1962 in the Rhine-Ruhr area for 5 days with maximum concentrations of 5.0 mg/m³ SO₂ and 2.4 mg/m³ TSP (24 h average). Daily mortality on average increased by 19%. In 1962 and 1985 the effects were stronger in cities with pollution mainly from traffic than in areas with pollution from industrial sources.

In total, between 1962 and 1987 two major and several smaller smog episodes occurred in Central Europe. Patients with cardiovascular diseases were more severely affected than patients with respiratory diseases. Health effects were more strongly correlated with TSP than with SO_2.     

Mortality during winter smog episodes 1982, 1985, 1987 and 1993 in the Czech Republic

OBJECTIVES: Severe air pollution episodes were recorded during the 1980s and early 1990s in the Czech Republic as a result of widespread combustion of brown coal. A population-based retrospective study investigated the relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in six highly polluted areas of the Czech Republic during smog episodes in 1982, 1985, 1987, and 1993. METHODS: Total daily mortality, mortality by gender and age, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, data on weekly incidence of acute respiratory diseases and daily mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide and suspended particulate matter were used in the model. The effects of smog on daily mortality were estimated by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Significant increases in mortality were observed for the 1982 and 1987 episodes (6% and 9%). In 1982, mortality was significantly associated with mean concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2) of the current and the preceding days and with the 4-day moving average. In the 1985 episode a significant increase in respiratory mortality in men and in both genders together, lagging by 2 and 3 days, was detected. During the 1987 episode significant associations of total daily mortality, mortality in persons over 65 years of age and mortality from cardiovascular or respiratory diseases with 4-day moving average of both pollutants were found. For the 1993 episode a significant association between mortality in women under 65, lagging by 3 days, and mean concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the results are consistent with other studies aimed at episodic air pollution during the 1950s and 1960s in Western Europe and the USA, in which outdoor air pollution was shown to be a significant predictor of mortality. However, non-significant or opposite associations between air pollution and mortality indicate that other factors may also play an important role. A stronger effect on men under 65 years of age, suggested by a previous Czech study was not confirmed.     

本溪市儿童呼吸系统健康状况及其影响因素

目的 调查工业城市——本溪市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响,筛选可能产生呼吸系统损害的各种因素,以提出防治措施,保护易感人群。方法 根据环保部门提供的大气污染数据,选择轻、重2个污染区,并分别选取1、6年级学龄儿童各3000名,男、女各半,以发放调查表的方式进行呼吸系统健康状况调查。结果 轻、重污染区TSP浓度分别为0.59 mg/m3和1.02 mg/m3,差异有显著性(P<0.05);SO2分别为0.17 mg/m3和0.19 mg/m3。重污染区儿童的咳嗽、咯痰、咳嗽咯痰、持续咳嗽咯痰等症状的阳性率均高于轻污染区儿童(P<0.05)。重污染区儿童的支气管炎、哮喘性支气管炎、肺炎的患病率也高于轻污染区儿童(P<0.05)。用非条件logistic回归模型计算了几种呼吸系统症状和疾病的OR值及95%,可信区间,通过调整大气污染区、年龄、性别、家庭用煤、父母吸烟、通风设施、父母亲呼吸系疾病史等因素,在控制了其他因素后,重污染区儿童患呼吸系统疾病和症状的危险性显著高于轻污染区(P<0.05或P<0.01)。父母亲呼吸系疾病史、家庭成员吸烟也是危险因素之一。结论 大气污染能够引起儿童呼吸系统健康的损害。     

Air pollution and daily mortality in Cracow.

Several studies indicated that short-term increases in concentration of pollution in the atmosphere of a town may result in increased mortality in the days following the episode. To evaluate this relationship we analyzed data on daily mortality in Cracow, Poland, in the period 1977-1989 and data on daily concentrations of suspended particulates (PM 20) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the town area. This analysis was restricted to winter months. In 1167 winter days, an average of 18.4 deaths of Cracow residents occurred daily. PM 20 concentration exceeded 300 micrograms/m3 in 21%, and SO2 exceeded 200 micrograms/m3 in 19% of those days. The correlation coefficient of the daily number of deaths with the air pollution in the 24 hours preceding the day of death was 0.093 (p < 0.01) for PM 20, and was 0.141 (p < 0.001) for SO2. Similar correlations were found for air pollution levels in the four days preceding death, and the correlation decreased for earlier days. The effects were more pronounced in people over 65 years of age than in those younger, especially in males. After adjustment for SO2 levels, PM 20 had no additional effect on mortality. It was estimated that with an increase of SO2 concentration of 100 micrograms/m3, the daily number of deaths due to respiratory system diseases increased by 19% and deaths due to circulatory system diseases by 10%.     

Air pollution and unscheduled hospital outpatient and emergency room visits.

We conducted a time-series analysis of daily hospital visits and air pollution data to assess acute effects of air pollution on daily unscheduled outpatient visits to internal medicine, pediatric, and emergency departments in the No. 3 Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical University in Beijing, China. Sulfur dioxide was marginally significantly associated with total outpatient visits (beta = 41.5, SE = 24.2) and significantly associated with internal medicine (beta = 14.6, SE = 6.7), pediatric (beta = 12.7, SE = 3.7), and emergency room visits (beta = 6.8, SE = 2.7). Total suspended particulates (TSP) was a significant predictor for total outpatient (beta = 21.1, SE = 7.7) and pediatric visits (beta = 3.4, SE = 1.3) and a marginally significant predictor of internal medicine visits (beta = 4.2, SE = 2.2). In a season-specific analysis, SO2 was a significant predictor for total hospital outpatient visits in summer, although the mean daily SO2 concentration was only 17 micrograms/m3 (maximum = 51 micrograms/m3). In winter, SO2 was significantly associated with internal medicine, pediatric, and emergency room visits, and TSP was associated with total outpatient visits. This study suggests an exposure-response relationship between TSP and SO2 and hospital outpatient visits, both at high air pollution levels and at levels well below air quality standards recommended by the World Health Organization.     

室内燃煤与大气污染对儿童肺功能的交互影响

目的 研究室内燃煤与大气污染对儿童肺功能的交互作用影响。方法 1995—1996年间在中国4城市的城区和郊区的8所小学对6～12岁的儿童进行肺功能的队列测试,每年分冷、暖两季进行。通过3步回归过程进行统计分析。结果 室外空气颗粒物与儿童第1秒最大呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和FEV1／FVC都有显著的负相关关系。家庭燃煤与TSP对FEV1和FVC有较显著的交互作用。家庭燃煤与PM10对肺功能的交互作用较弱,但有加重颗粒物对肺功能产生不利影响的趋势。未发现室内燃煤与SO2和NOx对肺功能有显著的交互影响作用。结论 家庭燃煤这种室内污染因素加重了环境空气颗粒物污染,特别是TSP对儿童肺功能的不利影响。     

Air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea, 1991-1997

The relationship between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea for the period 1991-1997 was examined. These cities account for half of the Korean population (about 22 million). The observed concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO(2), mean=23.3 ppb), ozone (O(3), mean=23.7 ppb), and total suspended particulates (TSP, mean=77.9 microg/m(3)) during the study period were at levels below Korea's current ambient air quality standards. Generalized additive models were applied to allow for the highly flexible fitting of seasonal and long-term time trends in air pollution as well as nonlinear associations with weather variables, such as air temperature and relative humidity. In city-specific analyses, an increase of 50 ppb of SO(2) corresponded to 1-12% more deaths, given constant weather conditions. The risk of all-cause mortality was estimated to increase by 0.5-4%, with an increase in the 2-day moving average of TSP levels equal to 100 microg/m(3). In multipollutant models with pooled data, we found that the estimated risk of death by SO(2) was notably unaffected by adding the other two pollutants (TSP and O(3)) to the model and was statistically significant in various regression models. The rate ratio (RR) for SO(2) remained elevated, indicating an excess mortality of 3% 50 ppb (RR=1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05). TSP's effect on mortality maintained its significance with O(3), but not with SO(2). This implies that there may be collinearity problems where TSP and SO(2) are included in the same model or that TSP may function less than SO(2) as a surrogate for fine particles in the ambient air of Korea. In conclusion, increased mortality was associated with air pollution at SO(2) levels below the current recommendation for air quality. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between SO(2) and fine particles in Korea.     

北京市大气污染与城区居民死亡率关系的时间序列分析

为定量评价北京市大气污染对居民每日疾病死亡率的影响 ,运用时间 -序列分析方法 ,控制了流感、季节等混杂因素的影响后 ,对北京市主要大气污染物CO、SO2 、NOX、TSP、PM10 与居民相应疾病死亡率的相关关系进行了定量评价。以呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病、冠心病、慢性阻塞性肺病和消化系统肿瘤疾病死亡人数分别为因变量 ,大气污染物浓度和平均温度、湿度为自变量 ,进行了泊松回归分析。单变量分析结果表明 ,除TSP对冠心病死亡率的影响无显著意义外 ,大气中CO、SO2 、NOX 、TSP浓度与呼吸系统、心脑血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病和冠心病死亡率之间的正相关关系均有显著意义 ,而多因素泊松回归得到的暴露 -反应关系模型显示 ,SO2 浓度每提高 10 0 μg m3,呼吸系统、循环系统、冠心病和慢性阻塞性肺病疾病死亡率分别增加 4 2 1%、3 97%、10 68%和 19 2 2 % ;总悬浮颗粒物每增加 10 0 μg m3 ,呼吸系统疾病死亡率增加 3 19% ,循环系统死亡率增加 0 62 %。提示大气污染物浓度的升高会引起相应疾病死亡率的增加     

Air pollution and daily mortality in Turin, 1991-1996

A time series study was carried out to assess the relationship between the air pollutants measured by the air quality monitoring network and daily mortality in Turin, Italy. We used TSP, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO concentrations measured from 1-1-1991 to 31-12-1996 at three stations of the city network, chosen to represent different, typical circumstances of exposure to air pollution in the town. The analysis was performed by robust Poisson regression model including loss smoothing functions to allow for long-time trend, seasons, temperature and relative humidity. Dummy variables for the days of the week and holidays were also included. The relative risk of death for a unit increase in the pollutant concentration either during the same day (lag 0) in the previous ones (lag up to 5) was computed. The unit increase was 50 micrograms/m3 for TSP, SO2, NO2, O3, and 2 mg/m3 for CO. The average daily number of deaths for natural causes was 21. The relative risks for total mortality were 1.04 for TSP (lag 1), 1.10 for SO2 (lag 2), 1.06 for NO2 (lag 1), 1.01 for O3 (lag 0), 1.03 for CO (lag 1). The relative risks were 1.05 for TSP (lag 0), 1.12 for SO2 (lag 2), 1.07 for NO2 (lag 1), 1.03 for O3 (lag 0), 1.03 for CO (lag 1) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.08 for TSP (lag 2), 1.20 for SO2 (lag 2), 1.12 for NO2 (lag 2), 1.03 for O3 (lag 2), 1.05 for CO (lag 2) for respiratory mortality.     

Indoor air quality of schools in Alexandria City

Poor air quality in schools can affect children's desire and ability to concentrate and learn and may lead to increased rate of absenteeism. This study was carried out with the aim of characterizing and measuring indoor air quality in school buildings, measuring ventilation status and studying the impact of design and environmental parameters on some measured pollutant levels. The study was carried out in some primary schools of Alexandria City. All ventilation rate levels exceeded the ASHRAE standard of 15 cfm/pupil except for a few cases. Badly located and small window area led to air stagnation and low ventilation rates. Levels of TSP greatly exceeded a suggested daily guideline of 150 microg/m3. The highest average levels of TSP were found inside classrooms surrounded by unpaved playground and located near semi rural, commercial and heavy traffic areas, while lowest levels were in classrooms located next to residential areas. The average total bacteria were highest in winter. There was also a slight increase in respiratory symptoms and signs in winter. There was a significant positive correlation between average total, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria with average TSP levels, indoor CO2 levels and relative humidity while a significant negative correlation was observed with ventilation rate and class volume occupied. The average attack rate of respiratory conditions was 1.96 episode per child. Running nose was the highest frequent symptom. Students of first grade, had an incidence rate higher than that among fifth grade students.     

本溪市大气污染与急慢性呼吸系统疾病的关系

目的 灯一溪市大气污染治理。方法 于１９９４年和１９９５年连续二年调查室外大气污染对呼呼统健康的影响,经对市内５个衡区２５岁以上成中呼吸系统症状生咳 、气短、突发性喘息）三种疾病（慢性支气管炎,慢性阻塞性疾患及上呼吸道感染）以内外多种暴露的流行病学调查,用多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析,调整了年龄、性别、文化程度、职业、室内煤及吸烟状况后,得出室外大气污染和一呼吸系统疾病的联系。结果 ６种呼吸系统     

Association of lung function with declining ambient air pollution

Recent studies have found a declining prevalence of respiratory infections in East German children, along with a tremendous improvement of air pollution since 1990. The present study evaluates the effects of improved air quality on lung function. Three consecutive cross-sectional surveys of schoolchildren ages 11-14 years from three communities in East Germany were performed in 1992-1993, 1995-1996, and 1998-1999. Lung function tests were available from 2,493 children. The annual mean of total suspended particulates (TSP) declined from 79 to 25 micro g/m(3), whereas levels for sulfur dioxide declined from 113 to 6 micro g/m(3). Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) of the children increased from 1992-1993 to 1998-1999. The adjusted percent change of the geometric mean of FVC was 4.7% for a 50 micro g/m(3) decrease of TSP (p = 0.043) and 4.9% for a decrement of 100 micro g/m(3) SO(2) (p = 0.029). Effects on FEV(1) were smaller and not statistically significant. Our study indicates that a reduction of air pollution in a short time period may improve children's lung function.     

Measurement of acidic aerosol species in eastern Europe: implications for air pollution epidemiology.

A large number of studies have indicated associations between particulate air pollution and adverse health outcomes. Wintertime air pollution in particular has been associated with increased mortality. Identification of causal constituents of inhalable particulate matter has been elusive, although one candidate has been the acidity of the aerosol. Here we report measurements of acidic aerosol species made for approximately 1.5 years in Erfurt, Germany, and Sokolov, Czech Republic. In both locations, the burning of high-sulfur coal is the primary source of ambient air pollution. Twenty-four-hour average measurements were made for PM10, [particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter (da) < or = 10 microns], as well as fine particle (da < 2.5 microns) H+ and SO4(2-) for the entire study. Additionally, separate day and night measurements of fine particle H+, SO4(2-), NO3-, and NH4+ and the gases, SO2, HNO3, HONO, and NH3 were collected with an annular denuder/filter pack system over a 7-month (late winter-summer) period with additional measurements during pollution episodes the following winter. At both sites, 24-hr SO2 (mean concentrations of 52 micrograms/m3, with peak levels of > 585 micrograms/m3) and PM10 (mean concentration 60 micrograms m3) concentrations were quite high. However, aerosol SO4(2-) concentrations (mean concentration of approximately 10 micrograms/m3) were not as great as expected given the high SO2 concentrations, and acidity was very low (mean concentration of < 1 microgram/m3, with peak levels of only 7 micrograms/m3). Low acidity is likely to be the result of NH3 neutralization and slow conversion of SO2 to SO4(2-).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptom effects of long-term cumulative exposure to ambient levels of total oxidants and nitrogen dioxide in California Seventh-Day Adventist residents

To assess the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms due to long-term exposure to ambient levels of total oxidants and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), symptoms were ascertained using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) respiratory symptoms questionnaire. A total of 7,445 Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) nonsmokers who were 25 yr of age or older and had resided at least 11 yr in areas of California with high to low photochemical air pollution were included in this study. Cumulative exposures to each pollutant in excess of four thresholds were estimated for each participant, using zip codes for months of residence and interpolated dosages from state air-monitoring stations. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted individually and together for pollutants and included eight covariables, including passive smoking. A statistically significant association with chronic symptoms was seen for total oxidants above 10 pphm (196 mcg/m3) (p less than .004, relative risk of 1.20 for 750 hr/yr). Chronic respiratory disease symptoms were not associated with relatively low NO2 exposure levels in this population. When these pollutant exposures were studied with exposures to total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), only TSP exposure above 200 mcg/m3 showed statistical significance (p less than .01). Exposure to TSP is either more strongly associated with symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than the other measured exposures or is the best single surrogate representing the mix of pollutants present.     

2006年上海市徐家汇地区空气质量状况分析

[目的]了解上海市徐家汇地区空气质量状况。[方法]在徐家汇地区设置了1个监测站，使用连续自动监测分析仪监测分析大气主要污染物二氧化硫（SO2）、二氧化氮（NO2）和PM10。[结果]徐家汇地区SO2、NO2和PM10年日均浓度范围分别为0．005—0．224mg／m^3、0．016～0．148mg／m^3和0．012～0．294mg／m^3，年均浓度分别为0．066mg／m^3、0．069mg／m^3和0．085mg／m^3，监测分析结果表明徐家汇地区NO2污染严重于PM10和SO2，冬春季节的污染严重于夏秋季节。[结论]该地区的NO2浓度与就近道路行使的机动车配置有关，PM10浓度不仅与就近道路行使的机动车有关，还与其他污染源有关；NO2浓度受就近局地源的影响明显高于PM10浓度和SO2浓度，该地区的空气污染交通道路机动车污染特征明显。     

大气污染物致肺癌的潜伏期灰色定量分析

目的：测算大气污染物致肺癌的潜伏期。方法：利用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联度模型，根据最大关联度值测算出总体的潜伏期。结果：总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）的最大关联度值为0.886，所对应的是1985－1989年的比较数列与1994－1998年的参考数列的关系最为密切。二氧化硫（SO2）的最大关联度值为0.919，的是1986－1990年的比较数列与1994－1998年的参考数列的关系最为密切。结论：H市SO2和TSP致肺癌的潜伏期分别为7年和8年。该方法不受混杂因素的制约，且计算较为简便，为大气污染物致肺癌的潜伏期研究提供一种可行和实用的新途径。     

寒区部队居室空气卫生调查

于冬夏两季监测了哈尔滨、长春、锦西部队新旧营房共18个居室空气内SO_2、CO、NOx、CO_2、总悬浮颗粒物和苯并(α)芘浓度。结果表明,三市上述六项指标夏季大多在标准以内;冬季CO、NOx、CO_2、总悬浮颗粒物均超过标准,苯并(α)芘冬季高于夏季,室内高于室外,旧营房高于新营房;以沈阳大气质量指数评价夏季哈尔滨新营房属“清洁”,余为轻污染,冬季哈尔滨新营房为轻污染,其余新营房为中污染,长春与锦西旧营房为极重污染。     

某炼油企业职业有害物监测评价与分析

[目的]了解某中型炼油公司职业性有害因素的变化现状,为预防和消除职业性有害因素提供科学依据。[方法]对某炼油厂企业的职业性有害因素二氧化硫(SO2)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化氮(NO2)、氨气(NH3)、非甲烷总烃(NMTH)6项指标进行监测,所用的检测方法一致、选择的地点相同,按国家标准对监测结果进行评价分析。其中对SO2、NO2和TSP浓度变化进行了17年纵向分析。[结果]H2S、TSP、NMTH超标,大气污染指数最大值分别为7.12、1.39和3.33;厂区H2S污染最严重,最大超标6.12倍,SO2、NO2和NH3符合国家标准。17年来的监测结果显示SO2、NO2的浓度在缓慢上升。[结论]评价区环境空气受到H2S、TSP、NMTH污染。17年来SO2、NO2的浓度符合国家标准,但在缓慢上升。该公司应继续不断改进技术设备,降低有害物质的浓度,保证职工和周围居民的身心健康。     

The joint effects of various atmospheric pollutants: a meta-analysis]

Epidemiological and experimental papers on respiratory effects of air pollution published between 1980 and 1988 were reviewed, using a meta-analytical approach. Forty epidemiological papers dealing with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and total suspended particles (TSP) were used to scrutinize the interaction between the two pollutants, and suggested that the effect of the acid gas was enhanced by the joint presence of TSP. Oxidant pollution combining O3 and NO2 was also found more noxious than ozone alone, using 32 experimental design papers. These results stem from the multivariate modelization of the relationship between the relative risk of cough or the relative decrease of FEV1.0, and the pollutants concentration, and illustrated some of the advantages of this quantitative approach to literature review. Underlying physiopathological processes are discussed, in the light of the important literature available on this topic.