二丙诺啡对吗啡依赖动物的催促试验

目的观察二丙诺啡催促作用。方法连续递增剂量ｓｃ盐酸吗啡,建立吗啡依赖小鼠和大鼠模型,然后ｉｐ盐酸二丙诺啡（Ｍ５０５０）,观察各种戒断症状并评分。结果小鼠ｉｐＭ５０５０５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,大鼠ｉｐ２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１可分别催促两种动物迅速出现戒断症状,体重显著减轻,大鼠戒断症状评分较高。结论Ｍ５０５０具有较好的催促作用,可作为催促剂用于动物实验研究。     

白芍总甙的抗惊厥作用

采用最大电休克发作（ＭＥＳ）法、士的宁惊厥法和戊血氮最小阈发作（ＭＥＴ）法，观察白芍总甙（ＴＧＰ）对动物惊厥的影响。实验结果表明，ＴＧＰ（２０～８０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，ｉｐ和ｉｇ×３ｄ）呈剂量依赖性对抗小鼠的ＭＥＳ。ＴＧＰ（６０～１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，ｉｐ）能对抗士的宁引起的小鼠和大鼠的惊厥。ＴＧＰ（４０～８０ｍｓ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，ｉｐ）对小鼠的ＭＥＴ无影响。ＴＧＰ（４０～８０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，ｉｐ）对小鼠ＭＥＳ的作用高峰时间在０．５～１．５ｈ之间。     

盐酸二氢埃托啡对大鼠蓝斑放电率的影响

一次性ｉｖ盐酸二氢埃托啡（ＤＨＥ）０．１μｇ·ｋｇ－１能抑制大鼠蓝斑放电率８４．４％，纳洛酮（Ｎａｌ）０．０２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｖ可以逆转这一作用。大鼠连续用ＤＨＥ５ｄ（从３μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１递增到１５μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１或从５μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１递增到２５μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１），Ｎａｌ催促不引起放电率明显增加；吗啡（Ｍｏｒ）连续用药５ｄ（从２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１递增到１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１）后，注射Ｎａｌ则引起爆发放电。同样处理的大鼠ｉｐＮａｌ后，ＤＨＥ用药鼠只表现出较轻的戒断症状。而Ｍｏｒ用药鼠则表现出非常明显的戒断症状。结果证明ＤＨＥ与Ｍｏｒ的急性作用性质相同。但它们在反复用药后对蓝斑产生不同的影响；而且对慢性用Ｍｏｒ和ＤＨＥ的大鼠注射Ｎａｌ后蓝斑放电率的变化与两药身体依赖性的大小平行。     

普萘洛尔和苄普地尔消除左甲状腺素诱发的大鼠心脏肥厚和线粒…

目的：研究普萘洛尔和苄普地尔对左甲状腺素诱发的大鼠心脏肥厚及其线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力升高的影响。 方法：ｉｐ左甲状腺素１ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１·ｄ＾－１×１０ｄ，诱发大鼠心脏肥厚，然后ｉｇ普萘洛尔或苄普地尔１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１·ｄ＾－１×３ｄ治疗Ｃａ＾２＋Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力及其酶动力学参数测定。 结果：肥厚左室线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力和Ｖｍａｘ分别为２５±４和３５     

苯巴比妥钠诱导小鼠引起的记忆障碍及奥丹色隆的拮抗作用

小鼠每组各１０只，ｉｐ７５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１苯巴比妥钠连续６ｄ，２ｗｋ后，采用Ｙ型迷津测定其学习能力，结果表明用药组１０次中的错误次数为６．４±ｓ１．５，明显多于生理盐水组的２．６±ｓ１．３（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而与ｉｐ１．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１东莨菪碱组相近（５．７±ｓ１．６）。预先加脑复康１５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｐｏ或奥丹色隆１０μｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｐ，均能改善苯巴比妥钠引起的记忆损害。采用小鼠跳台法结果也类似。本研究结果证明苯巴妥钠引起记忆损害可出现在用药２ｗｋ后，且其机理可涉及ＧＡＢＡ能和５－ＨＴ能递质。     

四氢原小檗碱同类物缓解吗啡戒断症状作用的实验研究

目的··：观察四氢原小檗碱同类物（ＴＨＰＢｓ）对吗啡依赖小鼠和大鼠戒断症状的影响。方法··：以连续递增剂量方式ｓｃ盐酸吗啡,建立吗啡依赖小鼠和大鼠模型,ｉｐＴＨＰＢｓ２０ｍｉｎ后,用环丙羟丙吗啡（小鼠５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,大鼠２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,ｉｐ）催瘾。结果··：小鼠分别ｉｐｌ－四氢巴马汀（ｌ－ＴＨＰ,１５,３０,６０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）、ｌ－千金藤啶碱（ｌ－ＳＰＤ,１５,３０,６０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）和ｄｌ－四氢巴马汀（ｄｌ－ＴＨＰ,１５,３０,６０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）可显著抑制其跳台反应,降低跳台次数,减少体重下降。大鼠分别ｉｐｌ－ＴＨＰ（１０,２０,４０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）和ｄｌ－ＴＨＰ（１０,２０,４０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）能够抑制１ｈ体重下降,大大改善戒断时的行为表现,减轻腹泻和流涎,症状评分随剂量增加而下降。ｌ－ＳＰＤ抑制大鼠戒断症状作用虽无剂量依赖关系,但１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１却可减轻大鼠２４ｈ体重下降。结论··：ＴＨＰＢｓ可缓解吗啡依赖小鼠和大鼠戒断症状,可能具有临床应用价值。     

维生素E对氯丁二烯所致大鼠肝损害的预防作用

给大鼠ｉｇ维生素Ｅ１５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，３０ｍｉｎ后ｉｐ氯丁二烯（ＣＢＤ）８０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，持续３ｗｋ，能明显防止由单独ｉｐＣＢＤ而引起的肝细胞色素Ｐ４５０，氨基比林脱甲基酶活性的降低及肝内脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量升高；还可使线粒休与微粒体α－生育酚含量大幅度升高，并使肝受损指标血清甘胆酸含量下降，病理所见肝细胞变性坏死亦明显减轻。离休肝细胞以ＣＢＤ染毒发现，胞内游离钙浓度明显升高，并有明显的剂量依赖关系。     

粉防己碱对小鼠吗啡戒断症状的影响

目的··：研究中药成分的钙拮抗剂粉防己碱（Ｔｅｔ）对小白鼠吗啡戒断症状的影响。方法··：以剂量递增法形成吗啡依赖模型,用纳洛酮催促戒断。结果··：ｓｃ给药,Ｔｅｔ１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１抑制“湿狗”样抖动、腹泻、前爪震颤症状;Ｔｅｔ３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１抑制打洞、上睑下垂、前爪震颤、体重下降等症状;Ｔｅｔ６０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１抑制“湿狗”样抖动、打洞、腹泻、前爪震颤、体重下降等症状。３个剂量组的Ｔｅｔ都不影响小鼠的跳跃反应。结论··：Ｔｅｔ能抑制大部分吗啡戒断症状。     

异搏定的镇痛作用及对吗啡依赖性的影响

异搏定（ｉｐ，１０－２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）呈剂量依赖性抑制小鼠热板，扭体和嘶叫反应，增强吗啡抑制小鼠扭体反应的作用，证实它具有镇痛作用。连续给药７ｄ，其镇痛效应明显逐日减弱。异搏定（ｓｃ，１０－２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１）能显著减轻吗啡依赖性动物的戒断反应。异搏定还具有降低动物自发活动的作用。     

去甲肾上腺素和脑室内注射甲氧明引起的小鼠排便抑制

去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）５ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｉｐ和赛拉嗪１－２ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ可抑制小鼠排便，而甲氧明（Ｍｅｔ）１５ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ，异丙肾上腺素１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ多巴酚丁胺２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ和沙丁胺醇５ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ无效、Ｍｅｔ１５０μｇｉｃｖ也抑制排便。咪唑克生１ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ可拮抗ＮＥ，赛拉嗪和ｉｃｖＭｅｔ引起的排便抑制，哌唑嗪１ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ和普萘洛尔１０ｍｇ·ｋｇ￣（－１）ｓｃ则无效。这提示ＮＥ和ｉｃｖＭｅｔ抑制小鼠排便是作用于肠α＿２肾上腺素受体所致。     

Physical dependence potential of an enkephalin analog, EK-399, in rats

The physical dependence potential of Tyr-D-Met(O)-Gly-EtPhe-NHNHCOCH3.AcOH (EK-399), a novel enkephalin analog with a potent analgesic effect, was assessed in rats. The animals were given EK-399 (0.008, 0.032, 0.125, or 0.5 mg/kg), morphine (0.125, 0.5, or 2 mg/kg), pethidine (2 or 8 mg/kg), or pentazocine (2 or 8 mg/kg) every hour through an implanted intravenous cannula. After 3 days of treatment, precipitated withdrawal tests were conducted: naloxone (5 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously. Rats treated with morphine showed withdrawal signs such as hyperirritability, salivation, diarrhea, and weight loss. Rats treated with pethidine, pentazocine, or EK-399 showed similar signs, but they were less evident than those in morphine-treated rats. In abrupt withdrawal tests after 7 days of treatment, rats treated with morphine, pethidine, or pentazocine showed weight loss, whereas rats treated with EK-399 showed little or no weight loss. In substitution tests, EK-399 suppressed the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats, and vice versa. These results show that EK-399 has a morphine-like physical dependence potential that is weaker than that of morphine, pethidine, or pentazocine in rats.     

Differential modification of morphine and methadone dependence by interferon alpha

Subcutaneous implantation of a pellet of methadone was presented as a novel method for the establishment of physical dependence upon this agent and it was compared to (1) the state of physical dependence induced by multiple injections of methadone, administered over several days, and (2) the dependence established by injections of morphine and the implantation of a morphine pellet. Comparable signs of drug dependence were observed in rats treated with both morphine and methadone following the administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone. The administration of interferon-alpha significantly attenuated the severity of the withdrawal syndrome in dependent rats after chronic exposure to morphine and to a lesser extent after morphine and methadone in combination. In contrast, alpha interferon did not affect 6 of the 7 abstinence signs in animals dependent upon methadone alone. The observations suggest that the states of physical dependence upon morphine and methadone may be separate phenomena that involve different physiological mechanisms. Thus, interferon may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of subjects dependent upon morphine but not in those dependent on methadone.     

Relative Involvement of Spinal Opioid Receptors in Physical Dependence on Intrathecal Butorphanol and Morphine

The present study was carried out to investigate the relative involvement of spinal opioid receptors in the development of physical dependence on intrathecal (IT) butorphanol in comparison with IT morphine. Dependence was induced by continuous IT infusion of butorphanol (52 nmol/h) and morphine (26 nmol/h) for 4 days in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Naloxone, CTOP, naltrindole, and nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) were administered IT to precipitate behavioral signs of withdrawal. Administration of IT naloxone produced a significantly greater increase in the profile of withdrawal signs in IT morphine dependence than that in IT butorphanol dependence. An IT nor-BNI challenge elicits behavioral signs of withdrawal only in rats dependent on IT butorphanol, but not in rats dependent on IT morphine. CTOP administered IT precipitated withdrawal signs in IT morphine dependence that were greater than that in IT butorphanol dependence. An IT treatment with naltrindole produced equivalent signs of withdrawal in both IT butorphanol- and morphine-dependent rats. These results suggest that continuous IT butorphanol results in the development of less physical dependence than that of IT morphine. Spinal κ- rather than δ- and μ-opioid receptors play a major role in the development of IT butorphanol dependence, whereas spinal μ-opioid receptors play a more important role than δ-opioid receptors in IT morphine dependence.     

Drug dependence potential of viloxazine hydrochloride tested in rhesus monkeys

The drug dependence potential of viloxazine was tested in 5 experiments on rhesus monkeys. In gross behavioral observation of normal monkeys the acute CNS effects of the drug were found to be very weak. Decrement of spontaneous motor activity and occasional eye-closing were observed with single doses higher than 16 mg/kg IV, IM and 128 mg/kg PO, while convulsions and death occured at 64 mg/kg IV and IM. Viloxazine did not suppress the morphine and barbital withdrawal signs in monkeys that had been made physically dependent on these drugs and withdrawal. In the test for physical dependence by repeated administration of the drug at 16 mg/kg IM twice daily for 31 days in normal monkeys, no observable withdrawal sign was developed in the naloxone precipitation and natural withdrawal tests. In intravenous self-administration experiments, a weak reinforcing effect was demonstrated in some monkeys, but the effect was extremely weak. Thus, viloxazine was found to be physical dependence-free and its overall dependence potential was regarded as very low.     

地高辛对吗啡戒断大鼠去甲肾上腺素能神经活动的影响

目的:探讨地高辛对吗啡戒断大鼠体内去甲肾上腺素能神经活动的影响。方法:按剂量递增法建立大鼠吗啡依赖模型,给予地高辛(0.05-0.2 mg.kg-1,ig)或等体积溶媒1 h后用纳洛酮催促戒断,参考文献方法对大鼠30 min内戒断症状进行评分。处死大鼠,分离左、右心室和下丘脑,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测去甲肾上腺素(NE)和间羟去甲肾上腺素(NMN)的含量并计算其比率(NMN/NE)。结果:地高辛剂量依赖地减弱纳洛酮催促的大鼠吗啡戒断症状(F=5.264,P<0.01),其中,0.2 mg.kg-1和0.1 mg.kg-1地高辛表现出明显的统计学差异(P<0.01,P<0.05);大剂量地高辛(0.2 mg.kg-1)能明显抑制NMN以及NMN/NE值的升高(P<0.05,P<0.05)。结论:地高辛能够缓解大鼠吗啡戒断症状,其机制可能与抑制去甲肾上腺素能神经活动有关。     

中药戒得安对吗啡依赖性大鼠的脱毒疗效及药物身体依赖性的实验研究

本文研究自拟中药戒得安对吗啡依赖大鼠戒断综合征的治疗效果，并对其是否存在药物身体依赖性作出评价。结果表明，戒得安能明显缓解吗啡依赖大鼠的戒断综合征，戒断症状综合积分及体重减轻情况与无治疗戒断组相比有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验亦证实戒得安本身无身体依赖性。     

Studies on the physical dependence liability to guanabenz

The physical dependence liability of guanabenz, a hypotensive agent with central noradrenergic alpha 2-agonistic activity, was investigated. 1) Guanabenz showed a potent analgesic effect nearly equipotent to morphine by the modified Haffner's method, and repeated p.o. treatment resulted in the development of tolerance to the effect. 2) In the combined treatment of guanabenz with morphine or hexobarbital, it potentiated morphine analgesia and prolonged hexobarbital hypnosis in a dose dependent manner. 3) The natural withdrawal signs appearing in morphine or barbital dependent mice was suppressed by guanabenz; however, the effect was accompanied by a marked loss of body weight and weakness of the animals, and especially the dose required for the suppression of barbital withdrawal signs was extremely high and was even lethal in some cases. A substitution test in barbital dependent mice showed that guanabenz could not substitute for barbital. In the primary dependence test after 30 days oral treatment with guanabenz, no appreciable withdrawal signs were observed after discontinuation of the administration. Thus, from the results obtained in the present experiments, it is revealed that guanabenz possesses no physical dependence liability of the morphine or barbital type.     

Aspects of abstinence after morphine ingestion

Sprague-Dawley male rats were intoxicated with morphine, using an ingestion method where exposed and control rats received equivalent amounts of calories and nutrients. The degree of physical dependence on morphine was demonstrated by studying and quantifying abstinence symptoms after withdrawal or after administration of opiate antagonists. The aims of the study were (1) to further enlighten the specificity and validity of the intoxication method concerning physical dependence, and (2) to determine whether some of the abstinence signs might be of value to facilitate quantitation of the degree of physical dependence on morphine, with diet and fluid intake being maintained under control. Withdrawn rats showed a decreased fluid diet intake and a body weight loss, the latter partly due to anorexia. Other mild abstinence signs were irritation, tremor and some motor excitation. The body weight loss during the first day of morphine withdrawal was proportional to the accumulated drug dose (between 25 and 300 mg morphine PO/kg b.wt.). However, prolonged morphine treatment on one dose (340 mg/kg b.wt.) did not reinforce the body weight changes caused by morphine withdrawal. The succeeding weight gain some days after morphine withdrawal was not entirely dependent on the amount of fluid diet intake. Methadone was shown to partially block the decrease in diet intake and the weight loss seen during morphine withdrawal. The naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms were motor excitation, cholinergic signs, body weight loss, diarrhoea and decreased diet intake. The weight loss 2 hr after naloxone administration to long-term intoxicated rats was proportional to the naloxone dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The physical dependence liability of butorphanol: a comparative study with morphine.

In these studies, the physical dependence liability of butorphanol, a mixed 'agonist/antagonist' opioid analgesic, was compared to that of morphine. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats received i.c.v. infusions of saline (1 microliter/h), or an equimolar dose of butorphanol or morphine (52.3 nmol/h) for 3 days. The physical dependence liabilities of these two compounds were then compared by assessing both behavioral withdrawal signs and weight loss following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Body weight loss was also evaluated following abrupt (cessation of infusion) withdrawal from butorphanol or morphine. In animals receiving i.c.v. infusions of butorphanol or morphine, naloxone administration (5 mg/kg s.c.) induced an equivalent degree of body weight loss compared to saline-treated animals. In addition, the ED50 of naloxone to produce wet shakes, escape behavior, teeth chattering, urination and defecation was equivalent in rats receiving butorphanol or morphine. Infusions of butorphanol or morphine also produced an equivalent degree of weight loss in animals undergoing abrupt withdrawal. These results demonstrate then that a substantial degree of physical dependence had developed in rats which received a large dose of butorphanol.     

盐酸二氢埃托啡依赖性潜力的进一步探讨

盐酸二氢埃托啡(DHE)是一种新的强效麻醉性镇痛药,本文着重对DHE在啮齿类动物Do及舌下给药条件下的自然戒断,替代吗啡,催促戒断等方面的致依赖性潜力进行了研究,结果表明,DHE的致身体依赖性潜力确实较低;以DHE替代吗啡抑制阿片类戒断症状时舌下给药剂量低于po给药剂量;在一定剂量条件下DHE舌下给药可使实验动物对其产生身体依赖性。