脂肪酸结合蛋白在急性心肌梗死早期诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)在AMI早期诊断中(尤其是3h内)的应用价值。方法对30例AMI患者于入院即刻采静脉血测定cTNT、cTNI、CK-MB、MYO和H-FABP浓度,并同时检测50名健康体检者作对照。结果在发病后3h内入院的AMI患者中,五种标志物的敏感性顺序由高到低为H-FABP>MYO>CK-MB>cTNT=cTNI。发病后3～6h入院的AMI患者中,五种标志物的敏感性顺序由高到低为H-FABP>MYO>CK-MB>cTNT>cTNI。对检测AMI的五种标志物的敏感性进行比较,H-FABP要优于MYO、CK-MB、cTNT和cTNI(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论血清H-FABP较MYO、CK-MB、cTNT、cTNI对早期(尤其是3h内)AMI具有更好的诊断价值。     

肌红蛋白检测及其在急性心肌梗塞中的应用

WHO推荐患者有胸痛、心电图(ECG)改变和心肌酶学异常三个指标中的二项时,即可诊断为急性心肌梗塞(AMI).但胸痛为非特异性的,且只有1/3的AMI患者入院时伴胸痛.约73%的AMI患者可见典型的ECG改变,如Q波改变、ST-T段升高.余下1/4的病人不能依ECG作出诊断,特别是梗塞面积较小时,血清标志物更显重要.尽管将CK-MB作为诊断AMI的“黄金指标”,但其在梗塞后6～8h才出现异常,且需连续测定2次     

急性心肌梗塞合并室壁瘤心电图特征及临床意义

目的探讨急性心肌梗塞(AMI)并发室壁瘤(VA)心电图(ECG)特征及其临床意义。方法患者入院后用ECG定期检查分析，2～3周行二维超声心动图(2-DE)检查诊断。结果本组219例AMI患者经ECG检查提示，2-DE检查证实有48例AMI合并VA占21．9％。AMI后2个月占4．1％，其余VA分别在4—6个月内诊断，其阳性检出率分别是7．8％、10％。结论ECG对AMI合并VA的诊断简便、易行，对AMI后2～6个月合并VA的诊断具有较高的敏感性和准确性，对于6个月后合并VA的诊断预测亦有一定的临床应用价值，为临床的治疗决策及预后评价提供重要信息。     

急性心肌梗死直接PTCA后心电图变化与临床预后的关系

目的 :探讨直接经皮冠状动脉腔内球囊成形术 (PTCA)治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)后心电图抬高的ST段的变化与临床预后的关系。方法 :10 8例成功行直接PTCA的AMI患者 ,分析术后 1h 12导联心电图抬高的ST段下移幅度 ,分为四组 :A组 :抬高ST段下移 10 0 % ;B组 :抬高ST段下移 5 0 %～ 10 0 % ;C组 :抬高ST段下移 0～ 5 0 % ;D组 :ST段无下移。结果 :四组梗死相关血管 (IRA)开通时间相似 ,A组患者下壁和 /或后壁、右室梗死占 84 6 % ,与其余三组比较均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 5 )。抬高ST段下降≥ 5 0 %组比 <5 0 %组的CPK、CK-MB峰值 ,梗死延展发生率及病死率明显下降 (分别为 32 6 6 1± 2 15 7 6比 436 4 0± 2 873 0 ,134 5± 80 1比 176 9± 10 7 5 ,0比 6 1% ,1 3%比 12 1% ,P <0 0 5 ) ,LVEF明显升高 (5 8 5±12 9比 5 1 5± 16 0 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论 :AMI成功再灌流治疗后抬高ST段下移幅度可作为判断预后的一个重要指标 ,迅速下降≥ 5 0 %组梗死面积小 ,左室收缩功能好 ,近期心脏事件发生率及病死率低。     

心电图在确诊梗死相关动脉中的临床意义

选取我院2009年7月～2010年3月的54例急性下壁心肌梗死(AIMI)患者的心电图,测量各个导联两个以上心动周期的平均Q波、R波、S波与T波的时限和高(深)度。结果54例AMI患者中有右冠状动脉(RCA)闭塞者40例(74%),左回旋支(LCX)闭塞者14例(26%)。心电图诊断与CAG的一致性尚佳,临床可于早期用其确诊梗死相关动脉,但ECG还是有一定的局限性,临床尚需不断改善。     

心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ和肌红蛋白定量检测对急性心肌梗死的诊断价值

目的探讨心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)和肌红蛋白(MB)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)的诊断价值。方法对192例AMI患者、50例健康对照者和100例非AMI胸痛患者进行血清cTnI和MB检测,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 AMI患者cTnI和MB较其他两组对照均显著升高(P<0.01),健康对照组和非AMI胸痛组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。cTnI在AMI胸痛发作12~24 h达到高峰,峰值为(9.68±2.64)μg/L;MB在AMI胸痛发作4~8 h达到高峰,峰值为(378.6±198.6)μg/L。cTnI和MB对AMI诊断灵敏度在AMI发作0~4 h和3~7 d均有显著性差异,4 h~2 d诊断灵敏度无显著性差异,在健康对照组中cTnI和MB对AMI诊断特异度分别为98.0%和84.0%,非AMI胸痛组cTnI和MB对AMI诊断特异度分别为97.0%和74.0%。结论 cTnI诊断AMI具有很高的特异性和较宽的诊断时间,MB对于AMI的早期诊断具有很高的敏感性,两者结合可提高AMI的诊断率,为梗死时间提供必要的信息。     

心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ检测在急性心肌梗死中的诊断价值

目的：探讨CTn-Ⅰ对急性心肌梗死(AMI)诊断的价值。方法：采集AMI患者35例、不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)45例和健康者32例静脉血．测定CTn-Ⅰ、CK-MB。结果：AMI患者入院时CTn-Ⅰ、CK-MB的阳性率分别为68．6%、59．2％、CK-MB在UAP组仍有较高阳性率，而CTn-Ⅰ在UAP组阳性率很低。CTn-Ⅰ在AMI发生4h左右可显著升高．8～l6h达最高峰．5～6天仍高于临界；CK-MB在AMI发生4～8小时显著升高，16～24h达最高峰．2～3天降至正常。结论：CTn-Ⅰ与CK-MB对AMI早期诊断价值基本相同，CTn-Ⅰ具有更宽的诊断时间及高度的特异性，可作为AMI的首选诊断指标。     

头胸导联心电图诊断急性右室梗死的价值

急性下壁心梗常常合并右室梗死。急性右室梗死的并发症多、病死率高 ,早期诊断和治疗可减少并发症及病死率 ,改善预后。本研究旨在探讨头胸 (HC)导联 [1 ] 心电图诊断急性右室梗死的价值。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　 1998- 0 3～ 2 0 0 1- 0 6住院的急性下壁心梗 5 8例 ,男4 3例 ,女 15例 ,年龄 4 7～ 84岁。1.2　方法　以 2 5 mm/s的纸速、10 mm/mv的标准电压为每位患者进行 HC导联 HV3R- 6 R心电图检查 ,同时进行右胸常规(Wilson)导联 V3R- 6 R心电图检查作对照。首次心电图检查的平均时间在发病后的 2 0 .7h± 2 .9(1～ 72 ) h,首次…     

心电图对心尖肥厚型心肌病的诊断价值

探讨心电图(ECG)检查对心尖肥厚型心肌病(AHCM)的诊断价值。收集22例心尖肥厚型心肌病患者和50例同期健康体检者的心电图资料进行回顾性分析。22例心尖肥厚型心肌病患者的心电图结果显示:左胸导联R波振幅明显增高(RV4RV5RV3),胸前导联(V3-V6)T波巨大对称性倒置,以V4~V6导联最为明显,ST段压低以胸前导联显著。心尖肥厚型心肌病患者心电图会发生特征性改变,心电图对心尖肥厚型心肌病具有早期诊断与筛查价值。     

不同导联连接方式对冠心病诊断的影响

目的:比较常规心电图(ECG)、动态心电图(AECG)采用Einthoven-Wilson12导联系统(A系统)和Mason-Likar12导联系统(B系统)记录时ST-T的差异。评价ECG、AECG采用不同导联系统对冠心病诊断的特异性,敏感性、误诊率、漏诊率。方法:选择207例行冠脉造影术(CAG)者为研究对象,其中CAG阳性者107例,CAG阴性者100例。均接受ECG、AECG检查,并分别采用A系统和B系统描记,每例4种描记方式在10min内完成。结果:(1)在ECG检查中,CAG阳性者,B系统与A系统相比,Ⅲ、V1～3的J点(以JⅢ、V1～3表示,以后类推)下移,STⅢ、aVR、V1～6下移,STⅠ上抬,TV2.4～6振幅降低,TⅠ、Ⅱ振幅升高;CAG阴性者,B系统与A系统相比,JⅡ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1下移,JaVR上抬,STⅡ、Ⅲ、V1、V3～4下移,TaVR、V4～5振幅降低。TⅡ振幅升高(2)在AECG检查中,CAG阳性者,B系统与A系统相比,JⅠ、Ⅲ、V1、V4～6下移,JaVR、aVL上抬,STⅢ、V1～2、V4～6下移,STⅠ、aVL上抬,TⅢ、5～6振幅降低,TⅠ、aVL振幅升高。CAG阴性者,B系统与A系统相比,JⅡ、aVF、V2、V6下移,JaVR上抬。STV1～2、V5～6下移,TaVR、V1～6振幅降低,TⅡ、aVF振幅升高。差异均有统计学意义,P<0.05。(3)不论ECG或AECG检查,采用B系统诊断冠心病较A系统误诊率增加。ECG检查中,采用A系统时,冠心病的误诊率为35.00%,漏诊率为36.45%;采用B系统诊断冠心病时,误诊率为46.00%,漏诊率为32.71%。在AECG检查中,采用A系统诊断冠心病时,误诊率为35.00%,漏诊率为35.51%;采用B系统诊断冠心病时,误诊率为47.00%,漏诊率为33.65%。结论:B系统记录的ST-T可能造成下壁、前壁心肌缺血的假象,在AECG诊断心肌缺血时应慎重,以免误诊,必要时应行CAG检查。     

Early Diagnostic Efficiency of Cardiac Troponin I and Troponin T for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objective : To compare the early diagnostic efficiency of the cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) level with that of the cardiac troponin T (cTn-T) level, as well as the creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, and myoglobin levels, for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients without an initially diagnostic ECG presenting to the ED within 24 hours of the onset of their symptoms. Methods : A prospective, observational, cohort study was performed involving chest pain patients admitted to a large urban community hospital. Participants were consecutive consenting ED chest pain patients ≥30 years of age. Exclusions included duration of symptoms >24 hours, inability to complete data collection, receipt of CPR, and ST-segment elevation on the initial ECG. Measurements included levels of cTn-I, cTn-T, CK, CK-MB, and myoglobin at the time of presentation and 1, 2, 6, and 12–24 hours after presentation as well as presenting ECG and clinical follow-up. Confirmation of the diagnosis of AMI was based on World Health Organization criteria. Results : Of the 177 patients included in the study, 27 (15%) were diagnosed as having AMIs. The sensitivities of all 5 biochemical markers for AMI were poor at the time of ED presentation (3.7–33.3%) but rose significantly over the study period. The sensitivity of cTn-T was significantly better than that of cTn-I over the initial 2 hours, but both markers' sensitivities were low (<60%) during this time frame. The cTn-I was significantly more specific for AMI than was the cTn-T, but not significantly better than CK-MB or myoglobin. Likelihood ratio analysis showed that the biochemical markers with the highest positive likelihood ratios for AMI during the first 2 hours following ED presentation were myoglobin and CK-MB. From 6 through 24 hours, the positive likelihood ratios for cTn-I, CK-MB, and myoglobin were superior to those of CK and cTn-T. Conclusions : cTn-I, CK-MB, and myoglobin are significantly more specific for AMI than are CK and cTn-T. Myoglobin is the biochemical marker having the highest combination of sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for AMI within 2 hours of ED presentation. Neither cTn-I nor cTn-T offers significant advantages over myoglobin and CK-MB in the early (≤2 hours) initial screening for AMI. The cardiac troponins are of benefit in identifying AMI ≤6 hours after presentation.     

A prospective study of the impact of serial troponin measurements on the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and hospital and six-month mortality in patients admitted to ICU with non-cardiac diagnoses

Introduction

Troponin T (cTnT) elevation is common in patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and associated with morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to determine the epidemiology of raised cTnT levels and contemporaneous electrocardiogram (ECG) changes suggesting myocardial infarction (MI) in ICU patients admitted for non-cardiac reasons.

Methods

cTnT and ECGs were recorded daily during week 1 and on alternate days during week 2 until discharge from ICU or death. ECGs were interpreted independently for the presence of ischaemic changes. Patients were classified into four groups: (i) definite MI (cTnT ≥15 ng/L and contemporaneous changes of MI on ECG), (ii) possible MI (cTnT ≥15 ng/L and contemporaneous ischaemic changes on ECG), (iii) troponin rise alone (cTnT ≥15 ng/L), or (iv) normal. Medical notes were screened independently by two ICU clinicians for evidence that the clinical teams had considered a cardiac event.

Results

Data from 144 patients were analysed (42% female; mean age 61.9 (SD 16.9)). A total of 121 patients (84%) had at least one cTnT level ≥15 ng/L. A total of 20 patients (14%) had a definite MI, 27% had a possible MI, 43% had a cTNT rise without contemporaneous ECG changes, and 16% had no cTNT rise. ICU, hospital and 180-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with a definite or possible MI.Only 20% of definite MIs were recognised by the clinical team. There was no significant difference in mortality between recognised and non-recognised events.At the time of cTNT rise, 100 patients (70%) were septic and 58% were on vasopressors. Patients who were septic when cTNT was elevated had an ICU mortality of 28% compared to 9% in patients without sepsis. ICU mortality of patients who were on vasopressors at the time of cTnT elevation was 37% compared to 1.7% in patients not on vasopressors.

Conclusions

The majority of critically ill patients (84%) had a cTnT rise and 41% met criteria for a possible or definite MI of whom only 20% were recognised clinically. Mortality up to 180 days was higher in patients with a cTnT rise.     

Serial Myoglobin Levels for Patients with Possible Myocardial Infarction

Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of a new myoglobin assay for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), considering both the total amount of serum myoglobin and its percentage change over 2 hours.
Methods: A prospective, observational test performance study for the recognition of AMI was done using serial myoglobin assays of 42 admitted chest pain patients at a large, urban teaching hospital ED. Myoglobin testing was performed at presentation (time 0) and at 1 and 2 hours after arrival. A myoglobin level >100 g/L (ng/mL) or a change >50% from baseline (increase or decrease) any time during the 2–hour period was considered positive. Patients and their physicians were blinded to the myoglobin results. The managing clinician's final diagnosis of the presenting event was used as the diagnostic criterion standard.
Results: The sensitivity of the myoglobin technique for detection of AMI in the first hours in the ED was 13/14 (93%; 95% CI: 66–100%). The 1 patient who had a false-negative test had evidence of AMI on the ECG and an initially abnormal creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) assay. The specificity was 22/28 (79%; 59–92%). However, of the 6 patients who had "false-positive" myoglobin tests, all had serious illness: significant cardiac disease (n = 4), in-hospital death (n = 1), or deep venous thrombosis (n = 1).
Conclusion: Myoglobin level determinations are sensitive tests to detect AMI during the first 2 hours of a patient's stay in the ED and may complement current clinical tools.     

超声背向散射积分对心肌梗死超急性期的临床诊断价值

目的研究心肌组织二次谐波成像背向散射积分（IBS）用于临床诊断心肌梗死超急性期的价值.方法选择30例正常人、12例心肌梗死超急性期患者（梗死时间在2 h以内）、36例典型急性心肌梗死患者（梗死时间在2～12 h,有典型的心电图改变）,应用超声于胸骨旁左室乳头肌短轴观,分别测量心肌梗死区域组织和非梗死区域心肌组织的IBS,并将其与心包IBS的比值作为心肌IBS的校正值（IB%）,舒张末期与收缩末期的IBS差值即IBS的周期变化（CVIB）,并将其与心包IBS的比值作为心肌CVIB的校正值（CVIB%）.同时记录心电图进行比较对照.结果12例心肌梗死超急性期患者心肌梗死部位的IBS值明显大于正常人（14.7对8.3,P＜0.01）,而CVIB明显小于正常人（6.1对7.6,P＜0.05）,此时心电图尚无典型变化.36例典型急性心肌梗死患者IBS明显高于正常人及患者本身非心肌梗死部位（21.3对8.3,20.2对8.5,P＜0.05）,而CⅥB则明显低于正常人及患者本身非心肌梗死部位（5.8对7.6,5.9对9.4,P＜0.05）,与心电图的变化完全一致.结论心肌组织IBS对临床上判断心肌梗死超急性期有很高的特异性和敏感性,并可判断病变心肌的范围和功能状况,可作为早期诊断心肌梗死超急性期的一个可靠指标.     

缺血修饰白蛋白、肌钙蛋白和心电图联合检测诊断早期急性冠状动脉综合症的应用价值

目的探讨缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)、心电图(ECG)和肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)在急性冠状动脉综合症(ACS)早期诊断中的应用价值。方法277例因胸痛入院患者24小时内采血测定IMA、肌钙蛋白T(cT-nT),同时记录心电图(ECG)结果。以最终出院诊断为标准,通过分析IMA、cTnT、ECG单独或联合诊断ACS的敏感性、特异性、阳性预示值、阴性预示值,评价三者联合在ACS早期诊断的的应用价值。结果IMA诊断ACS的敏感性为83%,高于cTnT(23%)、ECG(42%),三者联合诊断的敏感性提高到98%,与三者单独诊断差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),并且有相对较高的阴性预示值。结论IMA、cTnT、ECG三者联合在ACS早期诊断能力优于单独应用,有很高的临床应用价值。     

The prehospital 12-lead electrocardiogram: impact on management of the out-of-hospital acute coronary syndrome patient

The electrocardiogram (ECG), when applied in the prehospital setting, has a significant effect on the patient with chest pain. The potential effect on the patient includes both diagnostic and therapeutic issues, including the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the indication for thrombolysis. The prehospital ECG may also detect an ischemic change that has resolved with treatment delivered by emergency medical services (EMS) prior to the patient's arrival in the emergency department (ED). Perhaps the most significant issue in the management of chest-pain patients involves the effect of the out-of-hospital ECG on the ED-based delivery of reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolysis. In AMI patients with ST-segment elevations, it has been conclusively demonstrated that information obtained from the prehospital ECG reduces the time to hospital-based reperfusion treatment. Importantly, these benefits are encountered with little increase in EMS resource use or on-scene time.     

Serial Electrocardiograms for Chest Pain Patients with Initial Nondiagnostic Electrocardiograms: Implications for Thrombolytic Therapy

Objectives: To determine the proportion of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients without ST–segment elevation who subsequently develop ST–segment elevation during their hospital courses; and to compare demographics and presenting features of AMI patient subgroups: those with initial ST–segment elevation, those with in–hospital ST–segment elevation, and those with no ST–segment elevation. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of admitted chest pain patients who had a hospital discharge diagnosis of AM1 was performed. Each chart was examined for initial ECG interpretation, serial ECG analysis, patient age, gender, cardiac risk factors, in-hospital survival, time between sequential ECGs, and number of ECGs performed within the first 48 hours of hospital admission. Results: Of the 114 charts reviewed, 20 patients had ECGs meeting thrombolytic criteria on arrival. Of the 94 AM1 patients who had nondiagnostic ECGs on arrival, 19 (20%) subsequently developed ECG changes meeting thrombolytic criteria. Seven patients developed these changes within eight hours of the initial ECG, four from eight to 12 hours after, two from 12 to 24 hours after, and six more than 24 hours after. Most patients who had documented AMIs did not develop ECG criteria for thrombolytic therapy during their hospitalizations. Male gender and smoking history were more commonly associated with late ST-segment elevation for those presenting with nondiagnostic ECGs. All the patients who had late diagnostic ECG changes survived to hospital discharge. Serial ECGs were performed more frequently in the group who had initially diagnostic ECGs and least frequently in the group who did not develop ST-segment elevation during their hospitalizations. Conclusions: Most patients with AM1 do not meet ECG criteria for the administration of thrombolytic therapy. A significant minority (20%) of the admitted chest pain patients with subsequently confirmed AMIs developed ECG criteria for thrombolytics during their hospitalizations. Further attention to such patients who have delayed ST-segment elevation is warranted. A standardized in-hospital serial ECG protocol should be considered to identify admitted patients who develop criteria for thrombolytic or other coronary revascularization therapy.     

初次心梗患者再灌注后脑钠素、心肌钙蛋白T的变化及临床意义

目的研究急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期再灌注治疗前后脑钠素(BNP)和心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTNT)的变化及临床意义。方法将57例患者分为下壁和前壁再灌注和非再灌注治疗的4小组,于入院即刻和入院后第4d分别测定血浆BNP和cTNT值并与对照组比较。结果入院时对照组与下壁和前壁组BNP值比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.997,P=0.000);下壁组与前壁组cTNT值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);再灌注治疗第4d,下壁组2小组BNP值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),cTNT值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);前壁组2小组BNP和cTNT值比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);患者心梗后BNP与cTNT浓度均升高;入院时BNP与cTNT无相关性(R=O.126,P=0.349),再灌注组第4d测BNP与cTNT呈线性正相关(R=0.425,P=0.024),非再灌注组第4d测BNP与cTNT无相关性(R=0.233,P=0.223)。结论急性心肌梗塞BNP浓度明显升高;早期再灌注治疗后血浆BNP浓度明显降低。     

乳酸评价急性胸痛的临床研究

目的　检验乳酸诊断急性心肌梗死(AMI)及判断危重心脏病患者预后的假说。方法　急性胸痛或其它典型AMI症状的患者检测静脉血乳酸。高于2.0mmol/L作为急性心脏疾病的预测值。同时检测心肌磷酸激酶(CK)和同工酶(CK-MB),记录ECG。结果　全部114例患者,65例乳酸高于2.0mmol/L。25例(22%)确诊为急性心肌梗死(AMI),其乳酸为2.7±0.7mmol/L。而Non～AMI乳酸为2.2±0.8mmol/L(P＜0.05)。乳酸诊断AMI的敏感性为96%(95%CI为89%～100%),特异性为55%(95%CI为45%～64%),乳酸阴性预计值为96%(95%CI为89%～100%)。胸痛患者乳酸升高的平均时间为发病3h以内。死亡或要求ICU治疗48h以上的患者其乳酸也明显升高,与不要求ICU治疗者比较其乳酸分别是5.0±4.3mmol/L比1.9±0.6mmol/L(P＜0.01)。结论　乳酸对AMI具有较高的阴性预计值,高乳酸血症与急性心脏病患者病死率及要求住院有明显的相关性。