电视胸腔镜辅助下食道癌切除术

目的探讨右胸电视胸腔镜应用于食道癌切除术的临床效果. 方法回顾性分析我院自1999年10月～2003年11月间23例电视胸腔镜辅助下食道癌切除术患者的临床资料.均经右胸胸腔镜完成胸腔、纵隔的探查及食道周围的游离,然后经颈部、腹部切口离断食管,再经颈部切口完成食管-胃底吻合.另选择同期行常规手术的食道癌患者作为对照. 结果 23例患者的手术时间、出血量、吻合口瘘等与同期常规手术患者无明显差别,但开胸后疼痛轻,肺部并发症少,术后患者恢复快,住院时间短. 结论电视胸腔镜辅助下食道癌切除手术有微创的优势,可作为部分患者的手术选择方式.     

Total Esophagectomy versus Proximal Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer at the Cervicothoracic Junction

To investigate the adequate extent of esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy for an esophageal cancer localized at the cervicothoracic junction, the mortality and morbidity rates, survival rates, and patterns of recurrence were retrospectively analyzed in two groups—14 patients who underwent total esophagectomy with or without laryngectomy and 15 patients who underwent proximal esophagectomy with or without laryngectomy—at Kurume University Hospital from 1981 to 1996. Proximal esophagectomy with or without laryngectomy resulted in a lower hospital mortality rate and better overall survival for patients who underwent curative esophagectomy compared with total esophagectomy with or without laryngectomy. Multivariate analysis indicated that the extent of esophagectomy (total esophagectomy versus proximal esophagectomy) was not a prognostic factor. The incidence of recurrence was not different between the two groups. Lymph node metastasis or recurrence from such esophageal cancers was localized to the neck and upper mediastinum. For an esophageal cancer localized at the cervicothoracic junction, therefore, proximal esophagectomy with or without laryngectomy and with cervical and upper mediastinal lymphadenectomy could be better indicated for preselected patients.     

Surgical Resection of Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophageal Cancer with a History of Esophagectomy for Thoracic Esophageal Cancer

Background

Cancer of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus (PhCe cancer) frequently develops synchronously or metachronously with esophageal cancer. The surgical approach is usually difficult, especially in metachronous PhCe cancer after esophagectomy. The purpose of this study was to clarify the treatment outcomes of patients with metachronous PhCe cancer with a history of esophagectomy.

Methods

The subjects evaluated in this study were 14 patients with metachronous PhCe cancer who underwent pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy after subtotal esophagectomy and gastric tube pull-up for primary esophageal cancer.

Results

Definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT; radiation dose >50 Gy) was performed for primary laryngeal (n = 1), pharyngeal (n = 2), esophageal (n = 1), and recurrent esophageal cancer (n = 2). For seven patients with metachronous PhCe cancer, induction CRT (radiation dose <40 Gy) was performed. In all 14 patients, pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy was followed by free jejunal graft interposition with reconstruction of the jejunal vessels. Although postoperative complications developed in four patients, no perioperative death or necrosis of the reconstructed free jejunum occurred. The 2- and 5-year overall survival rates were 84 and 50 %, respectively.

Conclusions

Pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy with free jejunal transfer is considered to be safe for metachronous PhCe cancer, even in patients with a history of CRT and esophagectomy.     

Hand-Assisted Endoscopic Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

Radical esophagectomy is a highly invasive operation for esophageal cancer, and improved techniques are being sought to reduce the invasiveness of this procedure. We devised a method in which an assistant inserts their left hand into the thoracic cavity, and the operator inserts their left hand into the abdominal cavity through a small incision in the upper quadrant during an endoscopic procedure. Between 1996 and 1999, we performed endoscopic esophagectomy on 18 patients. The median number of mediastinal lymph nodes removed by thoracoscopic surgery was 20.1 ± 9.4 and the median number of abdominal lymph nodes removed by laparoscopic surgery was 11.1 ± 5.6. The number of nodes dissected by endoscopic surgery did not differ significantly from the number of nodes dissected by conventional thoracotomy with laparotomy. Our experience shows that endoscopic esophagectomy with reconstruction of the esophagus assisted by inserting the hand into the thoracic and abdominal cavity, for safety and certainty, is an effective technique that is much less invasive than radical esophagectomy performed by conventional thoracotomy with laparotomy. Received: January 21, 2002 / Accepted: July 2, 2002 Reprint requests to: S. Okushiba     

食管癌切除术后胃食管返流症

目的为了解食管癌切除胃食管吻合术后近期内患者发生胃食管返流的情况。方法对１０例正常人和３０例患者术后１～３月间进行了残留食管腔内连续２４小时ｐＨ监测。结果发现所有患者的ｐＨ总得分、２４小时返流次数、大于５分钟的返流次数、最长返流时间和ｐＨ＜４的总时间均明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时发现有明确胸骨后烧灼感、反酸、胸痛等胃食管返流症状者仅１１例，占总监测患者的３６．７％。结论所有胃食管吻合术后患者近期内均存在胃食管返流症，且多以无症状返流形式存在。对术后发生胃食管返流症的原因进行了分析并提出了相应的预防治疗措施。     

Long-Term Quality of Life After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

BackgroundSurgery, as part of a multimodal approach, offers the greatest chance of cure for esophageal cancer. However, esophagectomy is often perceived as having a lasting impact on quality of life (QOL), biasing some physicians and patients toward nonoperative management. A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic changes in patient-centered outcomes is therefore important for decision making. Our objective was to determine the long-term QOL after esophagectomy.MethodsData were obtained from a prospectively collected (2006-2015) esophagectomy database at a high-volume center, and patients surviving 3 or more years were identified. Health-related QOL was evaluated using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Esophageal Module (FACT-E) at diagnosis and every 3 to 6 months, and was stratified according to operative approach, stage, and complications. In addition, QOL scores were compared with normative population values.ResultsOf 480 patients, 47% (n = 226) survived 3 or more years and 70% (158 of 226) completed the health-related QOL assessments. Time of follow-up was 5.1 ± 2.8 years. After a reduction at 1 to 3 months, FACT-E increased from a baseline of 126 (95% CI, 121-131) to 133 (95% CI, 127-139) at 12 months, and to 147 (95% CI, 142-153) by 5 years. There was no difference in long-term FACT-E with respect to the surgical approach, clinical and pathologic stage, or postoperative complications. At long-term follow-up (more than 3 years), QOL did not differ significantly from the normative population reference values.ConclusionsThe long-term QOL of esophagectomy patients surviving at least 3 years is improved when compared with the time of diagnosis and does not differ from the general population.     

手辅助电视胸腔镜食管癌切除12例

目的 探讨手辅助电视胸腔镜手术(HVATS)行胸中、上段食管癌切除术的方法、可行性,总结临床经验. 方法 2004年3月至2005年12月,采用HVATS方法施行食管癌切除胃食管颈部吻合术12例,患者取左斜卧位,先开腹游离胃,左手经右侧腹膜外进入胸腔,辅助胸腔镜游离食管及肿瘤,将胃牵至颈部与食管残端吻合. 结果 12例患者共清扫淋巴结94个,平均7.83个/例,淋巴结转移率为8.5%(8/94).手术时间为140～200min;平均失血量为200ml,手术中均未输血;术后引流量为300～600ml;均在48～84h拔除胸腔闭式引流管.术后发生并发症2例,颈部切口感染1例,术后乳糜胸1例均经对症治疗痊愈;无心肺及吻合口并发症发生.术后住院时间10～15d.随访12例, 1例于术后1年死亡,其余11例患者均生存,其中3例尚能从事轻微劳动,8例生活能自理,未发现明显的手术后遗症或并发症. 结论 对中、上段食管癌外侵不明显、与血管粘连不严重以及低心肺功能的患者,采用HVATS进行根治性治疗是安全可行的;该方法为部分在常规手术中可能存在较大风险的患者提供了一个相对安全、可靠、不影响治疗效果的选择.     

Cost-Effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Versus Open Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

Background

A recent randomized trial comparing minimally invasive (MIE) and open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer reported improved short-term outcomes. However, MIE has increased operative costs, and it is unclear whether the short-term benefits of MIE outweigh the increased operative costs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of MIE compared to open esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Methods

A decision-analysis model was developed to estimate the expected costs and outcomes after MIE and open esophagectomy from a health care system perspective with a time horizon of 1 year. Costs were represented in 2012 Canadian dollars, and effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis assessed parameter uncertainty.

Results

MIE was estimated to cost $1641 (95 % confidence interval 1565, 1718) less than open esophagectomy, with an incremental gain of 0.022 QALYs (95 % confidence interval 0.021, 0.023). MIE was therefore dominant over open esophagectomy. On deterministic sensitivity analyses, the results were most sensitive to variations in length of stay. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the base case result, with 66, 77, and 82 % probabilities of cost-effectiveness at willingness-to-pay thresholds of $0/QALY, $50,000/QALY, and $100,000/QALY, respectively.

Conclusions

MIE is cost-effective compared to open esophagectomy in patients with resectable esophageal cancer.     

管状胃在食管癌切除术颈部吻合中的应用

目的探讨管状胃在食管癌切除术食管胃颈部吻合中的临床应用,总结其经验。方法将苏北人民医院2007年1月至2009年1月经"颈、胸、腹"三切口手术治疗食管癌患者850例,按手术先后分成A、B两组。A组行管状胃代食管手术,共425例,男287例,女138例;年龄(58.2±11.5)岁,其中食管上段癌27例,食管中段癌346例,食管下段癌52例。B组行全胃代食管手术,共425例,男298例,女127例;年龄(58.5±12.8)岁,其中食管上段癌33例,食管中段癌338例,食管下段癌54例。观察两组患者手术时间、住院时间以及术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、胸胃综合征、反流性食管炎等术后并发症的发生情况。结果全组患者均顺利完成手术,无死亡患者,A、B两组手术时间[(175.0±12.8)min vs.(171.0±10.5)min,t=1.702,P>0.05]和术后住院时间[(16.0±8.5)dvs.(16.3±8.8)d,t=1.773,P>0.05]差异均无统计学意义。术后随访6个月,无失访,A组吻合口瘘(χ2=5.550,P<0.05),反流性食管炎(χ2=9.150,P<0.05),胸胃综合征(χ2=10.500,P<0.05)等并发症发生率比B组低,且差异有统计学意义。两组吻合口狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.120,P>0.05)。结论在经"颈、胸、腹"三切口治疗食管癌手术中,管状胃代食管更符合生理解剖要求,降低吻合口瘘、胸胃综合征及反流性食管炎等并发症发生率,改善患者术后生活质量。     

全胸腔镜联合非气腹腹腔镜辅助食管癌根治术与常规手术的对比研究

目的探讨全胸腔镜联合非气腹腹腔镜辅助食管癌根治术较常规开胸手术的优势。方法 2006年11月～2008年5月施行电视胸腔镜联合非气腹腹腔镜辅助食管癌根治术111例(研究组),同期施行常规开胸手术110例(对照组),比较2组患者临床疗效。结果研究组手术时间(272.3±57.9)min显著长于对照组(218.7±91.0)min(t=5.229,P=0.000);研究组术中出血量(219.7±194.4)ml显著少于对照组(590.0±324.4)ml(t=-10.304,P=0.000);研究组术后住院时间(9.6±1.7)d显著短于对照组(11.4±2.3)d(t=6.620,P=0.000)。研究组术后切口液化发生率为0,显著低于对照组6.3%(7/111)(P=0.007)。对照组清扫淋巴结(39.2±12.5)枚,显著少于研究组(44.3±21.0)枚(t=-2.191,P=0.029)。2组病人术后生存率无统计学差异(log-rank检验,χ2=0.348,P=0.555)。结论 全胸腔镜联合非气腹腹腔镜辅助食管癌根治术出血少、恢复快、并发症少、淋巴结清扫更彻底,尽管手术时间较常规手术长,但远期疗效与常规手术相同。     

Long-Term Quality of Life after Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

Background

Esophagectomy has a potentially high impact on physical, emotional, and social functions. The aim of this study was to assess long-term health-related quality of life (QOL) after esophageal cancer surgery.

Methods

We analyzed all patients who underwent an Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for resectable esophageal cancer in our hospital from 1999 to 2010. QOL was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer general questionnaire QLQ-C30 and esophagus-specific questionnaire QLQ-OES18.

Results

A total of 150 patients were operated in the surveyed 12-year period. At the time of analysis, 46 patients (31 %) were eligible for assessment, 97 patients (65 %) had died or experienced tumor recurrence, and seven patients (5 %) were lost to follow-up. Of the 46 eligible patients, 43 (94 %) returned the questionnaires. The median observation interval between the operation and QOL assessment was 40 (range 21–135) months. The QLQ-C30 mean score of global health status and general QOL was similar to that of a healthy reference population. Most of the QLQ-C30 mean scores of functional and symptom scales and QLQ-OES18 symptom scales showed a worse result than for a healthy reference population. The highest mean scores were reflux and eating problems.

Conclusions

In the long term, Ivor Lewis esophagectomy provides a generally good QOL for patients with esophageal cancer, which is comparable to a healthy reference population. However, some patients suffer from significant symptoms. Reflux and eating problems were the most relevant complaints. Dietary counseling is therefore important in the postoperative course.     

Surgical Apgar Score Predicted Postoperative Morbidity After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

Background

Recently, a simple and easy complication prediction system, the Surgical Apgar Sore (SAS) calculated by three intraoperative parameters (estimated blood loss, lowest mean arterial pressure, and lowest heart rate), has been proposed for general surgery. This study aimed to determine if the SAS could accurately predict perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Methods

We investigated 399 patients who underwent esophagectomy at the Kumamoto University Hospital between April 2007 and March 2015. Clinical data, including intraoperative parameters, were collected retrospectively. Patients had postoperative morbidities classified as Clavien–Dindo grade III or more. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to elucidate factors that affected the development of complications.

Results

The mean age of the study population was 65.7 years, 357 patients (89.5 %) were male. The frequency of any morbidity was 32.3 %. Univariate analyses showed that the SAS as well as preoperative chemotherapy, volume of bleeding, and reconstruction of organs were associated with morbidities. Multivariate analysis showed that a SAS < 5 was found to be an independent risk factor for morbidities.

Conclusion

The SAS is considered to be useful for predicting the development of postoperative morbidities after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

     

电视胸腔镜辅助食管癌切除术

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜辅助食管癌切除术的方法。方法 2000年12月-2001年5月我科用胸腔镜辅助施行食管癌切除术5例，均为食管中段癌，0期1例。Ⅰ期2例，Ⅱa期1例，Ⅱb期1例。结果 手术经过均顺利，无1例中转开胸手术，手术时间平均180min，术中出血量平均210ml，无严重术后并发症发生，无手术死亡，均治愈出院。结论 随着胸腔手术设备和器械的改进，手术操作技术的熟练，选择适当的患者采用电视胸腔镜辅助食管癌切除术是可行的，且手术效果良好。     

Prophylactic Thoracic Duct Mass Ligation Prevents Chylothorax After Transthoracic Esophagectomy for Cancer

Background  Chylothorax after transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening postoperative complication. It has been reported that preventive thoracic duct ligation can reduce the incidence of postoperative chylothorax after esophagectomy for cancer. In this prospective series, we evaluated the results of preventive intraoperative thoracic duct mass ligation in patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer. Methods  From 2001 to 2006, 323 patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer and duct ligation during the operation was routinely performed. Results  No intraoperative or postoperative complications directly related to the procedure were recorded. No postoperative chylothorax was observed. Conclusions  In this series, the technique of intraoperative thoracic duct mass ligation proved to be safe and effectively prevented postoperative chylothorax in patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer.     

Hybrid Trans-thoracic Esophagectomy with Side-to-Side Stapled Intra-thoracic Esophagogastric Anastomosis for Esophageal Cancer

Esophagectomy is the primary treatment modality for non-metastatic esophageal cancer. A trans-thoracic approach is used in most centers in the United States. Anastomotic complications, such as leakage and stricture, are associated with worse short-term and long-term outcomes. Recent data suggest that a side-to-side mechanical intra-thoracic esophagogastric anastomosis is associated with a reduced rate of anastomotic leaks and strictures. This article describes the technique of trans-thoracic hybrid esophagectomy with side-to-side intra-thoracic esophagogastric anastomosis for esophageal cancer.