上海市浦东新区15岁及以上居民体质指数、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的关系

目的 分析浦东新区≥ 15岁社区居民BMI、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的关系,为糖尿病防治策略的制定提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2016年对7 194名≥ 15岁社区居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,采用χ²检验、单因素线性相关、logistic回归分析BMI、腰围、腰臀比与糖尿病患病的相关性。结果 2016年浦东新区糖尿病粗患病率为27.37%,标化后为12.75%,男、女性之间患病率存在差异,男性略高于女性,糖尿病患病率随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势。FPG、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平与BMI、腰围、腰臀比呈正相关。在调整混杂因素后,多元logistic回归分析结果显示,肥胖（OR=1.351,P<0.01）、腰围过大（OR=1.255,P<0.01）、腰臀比过高（OR=1.291,P<0.01）是糖尿病的危险因素。结论 肥胖、腰围、腰臀比的升高会增加糖尿病的患病风险,保持健康体重,尤其要防止腰围、腰臀比的升高,减少腹部脂肪的堆积,有利于降低糖尿病的患病风险。     

2018年中国成年居民血糖检测情况分析

目的 分析中国≥18岁居民的血糖检测情况,为健康中国行动评估提供科学依据。方法 2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测在全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的298个县（区）,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取≥18岁常住居民。通过问卷调查获取人口学特征、血糖检测情况、主要慢性病患病情况等信息;通过身体测量获取个体的身高、体重及腰围等信息;采集所有个体的空腹静脉血测定FPG,自报无糖尿病病史者测定服糖后2 h血糖。完成调查且相关信息完整的177 904人作为研究对象。对结果进行复杂加权后,比较不同特征成年人的血糖检测率。结果 未诊断糖尿病的成年居民中,血糖正常、糖尿病前期、新检出血糖升高的居民12个月内血糖检测率分别为32.0%（95%CI：30.5%~33.5%）、39.5%（95%CI：37.4%~41.6%）、43.8%（95%CI：41.0%~46.4%）,均为女性高于男性,城市高于农村,随着年龄、文化程度及BMI的增长呈上升趋势,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;已诊断糖尿病的成年居民中,6个月内血糖检测率为89.6%（95%CI：88.4%~90.8%）,女性高于男性,西部高于东部和中部地区,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在调查人群中未患、患1、2、≥3种主要慢性病的成年人中,6个月内血糖检测率分别为19.6%（95%CI：18.4%~20.7%）、41.8%（95%CI：40.1%~43.5%）、58.9%（95%CI：57.0%~60.7%）、71.9%（95%CI：69.0%~74.9%）,血糖检测率随共病数量的增加呈上升趋势（P<0.001）;未患、患1、2种主要慢性病的成年居民中,血糖检测率城市高于农村,随着年龄、文化程度及BMI的增长呈上升趋势,组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;患≥3种主要慢性病的居民血糖检测率女性高于男性（P<0.001）,其他分组血糖检测率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 我国成年居民检测血糖的行为有待提高,相关部门应加强宣传教育工作,促进高危人群定期检测血糖,提高糖尿病及其并发症的防治效率。     

心血管病高危人群腰围和体重变化与血压水平变化关系的随访研究

目的 探讨心血管病高危人群中腰围和体重变化与血压水平变化的关系,为高血压及心血管病防治提供理论依据和参考。方法 选取2016年纳入随访调查的12 931名心血管病高危人群作为研究对象,将其2017-2019年长期随访数据纳入分析。统计学分析采用t检验、χ²检验和广义估计方程。结果 在心血管病高危人群中,腰围、体重和BMI增加,血压水平升高的风险高;腰围、体重和BMI减少,血压水平升高的风险低。腰围每增加1 cm,SBP增加0.200（95%CI：0.164~0.236） mmHg,DBP增加0.085（95%CI：0.066~0.105） mmHg;体重每增加1 kg,SBP增加0.355（95%CI：0.289~0.421） mmHg,DBP增加0.182（95%CI：0.144~0.220）mmHg;BMI每增加1 kg/m²,SBP增加1.100（95%CI：1.194~1.258） mmHg,DBP增加0.365（95%CI：0.273~0.456） mmHg。心血管病高危人群中农村居民相对于城市居民,SBP随腰围和体重变化更大,DBP随腰围变化更大（交互作用P<0.05）;随访高血压不患病相对于随访高血压患病人群,SBP随腰围和BMI变化更大,DBP随BMI变化更大（交互作用P<0.05）。结论 在心血管病高危人群中,腰围、体重和BMI的变化与血压水平的变化均存在正向线性相关。     

我国成年人体质指数和腰围与缺血性卒中发病风险的前瞻性研究

目的 分析我国成年人BMI和腰围与缺血性卒中发病风险的关联。方法 从2010年中国慢性病监测项目选取60个监测点人群（城市监测点25个、农村监测点35个）作为本次研究对象,共计36 632人。将2010年中国慢性病监测项目数据作为基线数据。2016-2017年对该60个监测点人群进行随访,实际完成者27 762人。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析不同人群BMI和腰围与缺血性卒中发病风险比,敏感性分析将死亡者和高胆固醇血症者剔除。结果 共纳入26 907人进入分析,随访期间观察到缺血性卒中事件1 128例（男性491例,女性637例）。调整相关混杂因素后,以BMI正常/腰围正常者为参照,全人群和男性具有CVD危险因素人群,BMI正常/腹型肥胖组、超重/腹型肥胖组和肥胖/腹型肥胖组缺血性卒中发病风险分别增加50%（HR=1.50,95% CI：1.07~2.08）、51%（HR=1.51,95% CI：1.20~1.91）、46%（HR=1.46,95% CI：1.09~1.96）和63%（HR=1.63,95% CI：1.12~2.38）、56%（HR=1.56,95% CI：1.20~2.03）、45%（HR=1.45,95% CI：1.05~2.01）,超重/腰围正常组未见发病风险增加;女性全人群和女性CVD危险因素人群,超重/腹型肥胖组和肥胖/腹型肥胖组发病风险分别增加40%（HR=1.40,95% CI：1.15~1.72）、46%（HR=1.46,95% CI：1.16~1.83）和35%（HR=1.35,95% CI：1.08~1.69）、30%（HR=1.30,95% CI：1.01~1.67）,超重/腰围正常组和BMI正常/腹型肥胖组未见发病风险增加。敏感性分析结果未见变化。结论 在男性人群中,超重/肥胖且腹型肥胖或单纯腹型肥胖缺血性卒中发病风险增加;在女性人群中,超重/肥胖且腹型肥胖发病风险增加;提示在控制体重预防缺血性卒中,应将BMI和腰围进行结合来评价人群肥胖情况。     

辽宁省2017-2019年60岁及以上老年人群糖尿病患病情况及其与死亡风险的相关性分析

目的 了解辽宁省2017-2019年≥60岁老年人群糖尿病患病现状,分析糖尿病患者血糖控制情况对发生全因死亡和心血管疾病（CVD）死亡的影响。方法 对辽宁省2017-2019年≥60岁老年人群9 958人进行调查,收集糖尿病患病率以及患者慢性病共病情况。2023年9月调查入组对象的死亡情况,利用Cox比例风险回归模型估计糖尿病患者血糖控制情况与患者发生全因死亡和CVD死亡风险的关联强度。结果 辽宁省2017-2019年≥60岁老年人群糖尿病粗患病率为20.2%（2 014/9 958）,标化患病率为19.9%。糖尿病患者高血压、血脂异常和超重肥胖率分别为77.0%、51.7%和67.5%。中位随访时间为5.5年,糖尿病患者的全因死亡和CVD死亡率分别为244.3/万人年和142.9/万人年。Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者的全因死亡风险升高至1.68倍［风险比（HR）=1.68,95%CI：1.44~1.94］,CVD死亡风险升高至1.56倍（HR=1.56,95%CI：1.29~1.89）。FPG和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）均达标的糖尿病患者发生全因死亡和CVD死亡风险与非糖尿病者的差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;FPG或HbA1c任一指标不达标会导致全因死亡风险升高（均P<0.05）;HbA1c不达标者,CVD死亡风险升高（均P<0.05）。结论 辽宁省老年糖尿病患者慢性病共患率高于非糖尿病患者,老年糖尿病患者能够从良好的血糖控制中受益。     

浙江省台州市1998-2022年HIV感染者主要慢性病合并症患病率及流行病学特征分析

目的 了解台州市HIV感染者中糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤等慢性病合并症患病特征。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统和台州市慢性病信息管理系统,研究对象为台州市1998-2022年随访管理的5 126例HIV感染者,采用SAS 9.4软件进行χ²检验、趋势分析和logistic回归分析。结果 在5 126例HIV感染者中,糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤的报告患病率分别为10.28%（527/5 126）、3.98%（204/5 126）和6.01%（308/5 126）,在HIV感染确证前与确证后被诊断为糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤的分别占37.00%（195/527）与48.58%（256/527）、40.20%（82/204）与48.53%（99/204）、37.66%（116/308）与48.38%（149/308）。2013-2022年HIV感染者在确证后分别被诊断为糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤的构成比均呈上升趋势（趋势χ²=79.98,P<0.001;趋势χ²=17.44,P<0.001;趋势χ²=32.06,P<0.001）。HIV感染者慢性病合并症的患病相关因素分析结果显示,<60岁女性（aOR=0.66,95%CI：0.50~0.86）、2016年以前抗病毒治疗时长>5年者（aOR=0.54,95%CI：0.37~0.78）的慢性病合并症的患病可能性较低;<60岁且首次CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数<200个/µl者（aOR=1.32,95%CI：1.02~1.70）、40~49和50~59岁年龄组（aOR=2.88,95%CI：2.20~3.79;aOR=5.43,95%CI：4.10~7.21）、2016年及以后无用药记录者（aOR=1.95,95%CI：1.20~3.16）的慢性病患病可能性较高。随着HIV感染者确证年龄增长,其慢性病合并症的患病可能性随之增加。结论 1998-2022年台州市HIV感染者存在一定比例的慢性病合并症,且在HIV感染确证后诊断的构成比呈上升趋势,需要在HIV感染者管理中加强早期慢性病筛查、行为干预和规范管理等针对性措施。     

高血压人群体力活动在休闲静坐行为与肥胖指标间的中介效应

目的 探索高血压人群体力活动在休闲静坐行为与肥胖指标关联的中介效应。方法 基于中国慢性病前瞻性研究项目（CKB）苏州市吴中区基线数据,选择高血压人群并剔除自报患冠心病、脑卒中和肿瘤等慢性疾病的个体,最终纳入分析20 178人。采用中介效应模型分析静坐行为与肥胖指标关联中体力活动的中介效应。结果 调整年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、文化程度、肉类摄入、新鲜水果摄入等因素后,休闲静坐行为与体力活动呈负相关（β=-0.246,P<0.001）;与肥胖指标如体脂比（β=0.061,P<0.001）、腰围（β=0.087,P<0.001）和BMI（β=0.071,P<0.001）呈正相关。纳入中介变量体力活动后,休闲静坐行为对肥胖指标的直接作用仍有统计学意义;控制休闲静坐行为后,体力活动与体脂比、腰围和BMI呈负相关（β值分别为-0.052,-0.083和-0.028,均P<0.001）。中介效应分析显示,体力活动在休闲静坐行为对体脂比、腰围和BMI的影响中均存在部分中介效应,中介效应占其总效应的比例分别为20.820%,23.421%和9.915%。对性别分层分析后,体力活动的中介效应在男女性中不相同,女性体力活动在休闲静坐行为与各肥胖指标间存在中介效应,而男性体力活动在休闲静坐行为与体脂比和腰围的关联中存在中介效应。结论 体力活动在休闲静坐行为对肥胖指标的影响中均具有部分中介效应,高血压人群应增加体力活动水平,减少长时间休闲静坐以获得较好的健康效果。     

抗病毒治疗HIV感染者血脂变化轨迹特征及影响因素分析

目的 分析抗病毒治疗HIV感染者血脂变化轨迹特征及其影响因素。方法 基于回顾性队列研究设计,以浙江省台州市2004年1月至2021年4月抗病毒治疗HIV感染者为研究对象,运用χ²检验分析研究对象社会人口学特征和基线指标情况,应用潜在类别混合模型描述研究对象接受抗病毒治疗后血脂变化轨迹,采用多因素logistic回归分析血脂变化轨迹的影响因素。采用R 3.5.0.软件LCMM软件包进行统计学分析。结果 2 079例HIV感染者中,年龄M（Q₁,Q₃）为31（43,55）岁,以男性（78.1%,1 623/2 079）和已婚（58.7%,1 221/2 079）为主,BMI≥24.0 kg/m²占18.9%（393/2 079）,异性性传播途径占67.7%（1 407/2 079）。血脂变化轨迹分为3种：倒U形（2.3%,48/2 079）、进展型（31.3%,650/2 079）和一般轨迹（U形）（66.4%,1 381/2 079）,倒U形和进展型确定为危险轨迹（33.6%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,相比于抗病毒治疗方案为齐多夫定-替诺福韦-依非韦伦（3TC- TDF-EFV）、基线TC水平<5.2 mmol/L、基线TG水平<1.7 mmol/L、BMI为18.5~23.9 kg/m²、基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞（CD4）计数<200个/μl和抗病毒治疗时间<5年者,抗病毒治疗方案一直使用齐多夫定-拉米夫定-依非韦伦（3TC-AZT-EFV）（aOR=1.99,95%CI：1.44~2.77）和更换为克力芝（LPV/r）（aOR=3.17,95%CI：2.00~5.01）、基线TC水平分别为5.2~6.1 mmol/L（aOR=2.55,95%CI：1.92~3.39）和≥6.2 mmol/L（aOR=5.89,95%CI：3.76~9.25）、基线TG水平分别为1.7~2.2 mmol/L（aOR=2.00,95%CI：1.53~2.62）和≥2.3 mmol/L（aOR=6.51,95%CI：4.97~8.54）、BMI为≥24.0 kg/m²（aOR=1.44,95%CI：1.11~1.88）的HIV感染者较容易出现血脂变化的危险轨迹。而BMI为<18.5 kg/m²（aOR=0.55,95%CI：0.35~0.86）、基线CD4计数为200~349个/μl（aOR=0.67,95%CI：0.52~0.87）和≥350个/μl（aOR=0.71,95%CI：0.54~0.94）、抗病毒治疗时长为5~9年（aOR=0.74,95%CI：0.56~0.99）和≥10年（aOR=0.53,95%CI：0.22~0.67）的HIV感染者较不容易出现血脂变化的危险轨迹。结论 部分HIV感染者抗病毒治疗后的血脂变化呈危险轨迹状态,与AZT和LPV/r等特定抗病毒药物使用、抗病毒治疗时长、基线CD4计数、TC、TG和BMI显著关联,建议HIV感染者开始抗病毒治疗阶段的同时,加强血脂监测并采取针对性干预措施。     

血尿酸与糖尿病前期和新检出2型糖尿病的关系

目的 探讨成年人血尿酸与糖尿病前期、新检出2型糖尿病之间的相关性。方法 基于上海市“高峰计划”松江人群队列基线调查数据,根据基线FPG、糖化血红蛋白将符合条件的研究对象分为血糖正常组、糖尿病前期组、新检出2型糖尿病组,采用非条件logistic回归模型探索血尿酸水平对糖尿病前期和新检出2型糖尿病的影响,采用限制性立方样条（RCS）函数来探索血尿酸水平与新检出2型糖尿病、糖尿病前期之间的非线性剂量反应关系。结果 纳入研究对象30 375名,年龄（55.36±11.52）岁,女性占60.2%（18 299名）。基线调查发现糖尿病前期患病率为38.6%（11 739名）,新检出2型糖尿病检出率为6.6%（1 992名）。logistic回归分析结果显示,在女性中,血尿酸浓度每增加10 μmol/L,患糖尿病前期、2型糖尿病的风险分别增加2.4%（OR=1.024,95%CI：1.018~1.030）、1.5%（OR=1.015,95%CI：1.005~1.025）;在男性中,血尿酸浓度每增加10 μmol/L,患糖尿病前期、2型糖尿病的风险分别减少0.8%（OR=0.992,95%CI：0.987~0.998）和5.0%（OR=0.950,95%CI：0.939~0.960）;RCS函数显示,女性血尿酸水平与新检出2型糖尿病关联呈非线性剂量反应关系（P=0.017）,但与糖尿病前期不呈非线性剂量反应关系（P=0.670）,男性血尿酸水平与糖尿病前期、新检出2型糖尿病均呈非线性剂量反应关系（新检出2型糖尿病P < 0.001;糖尿病前期P=0.040）。结论 在女性中,随着血尿酸水平升高成年女性糖尿病前期、新检出2型糖尿病患病风险增加,在男性中,随着血尿酸水平升高成年男性新检出2型糖尿病患病风险降低,男性血尿酸水平与糖尿病前期关联无统计学意义。     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族糖尿病人群血脂异常及控制情况分析

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族糖尿病人群血脂异常及控制情况,为防治该地区糖尿病人群血脂紊乱提供依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对该地区5 078名18岁及以上的常住居民进行调查问卷、体格检查和实验室检测后,筛查糖尿病患者521例,描述其血脂异常以及各项血脂控制情况,分析造成血脂异常和影响血脂控制的因素。结果 糖尿病人群血脂代谢异常总患病率为59.50%（310/521）,标化率为49.39%。65岁以上、超重、肥胖和腹部肥胖者发生血脂异常的风险分别增高0.771倍（95% CI：1.015～3.088）、1.132倍（95% CI：1.290～3.523）、1.688倍（95% CI：1.573～4.592）和0.801倍（95% CI：1.028～3.155）。和男性相比,女性是血脂异常的保护性因素,OR=0.507（95% CI：0.334～0.769）。TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C的总体控制率为11.13%。女性、BMI超标和腹部肥胖不利于血脂的总体控制。LDL-C的控制率随年龄、BMI和腰围的增大而降低（趋势检验χ²_年龄=18.049,P<0.001;趋势检验χ²_BMI=10.582, P=0.001;χ²_腰围=19.081,P<0.001）,随学历增高而增高（趋势检验χ²=9.764,P=0.002）。结论 该地区糖尿病人群血脂异常率处于较高水平,血脂总控制率则处于较低水平。肥胖是造成该地区糖尿病人群发生血脂异常的主要危险因素;女性在糖尿病血脂异常的防治中应该得到更多的重视。     

The effect of education and mobile health management on improvement of blood glucose with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of education and mobile health management on improvement of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Subjects and methods

A total of 209 patients (91 women, 118 men) with type 2 diabetes mellitus using both basal insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents participated in the study from August to December 2015. They were followed up at week 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16, respectively. During follow-up, patients received education from professional diabetes educator nurses. Meanwhile, patients needed to upload their fasting plasma glucose levels three times or more and their postprandial plasma glucose level on a panel computer. The program duration was 16 weeks.

Results

Compared with baseline, fasting plasma glucose (9.7 mmol/l vs. 6.8 mmol/l, P?<?0.001) and postprandial plasma glucose (10.4 mmol/l vs. 9.5 mmol/l, P?<?0.001) levels had decreased significantly at week 16. The number of patients with hemoglobin A1c < 7% increased significantly from 33 at baseline to 115 at week 16 (P?<?0.001).

Conclusion

Our study indicated that education and the mobile health management can effectively improve blood glucose levels of patients with postprandial plasma glucose.

     

低血糖负荷食物交换份法结合移动饮食管理对2型糖尿病患者血糖改善的效果探索

目的 探索低血糖负荷（glycemic load,GL）食物交换份法结合移动饮食管理对2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响。方法 在医院招募2型糖尿病患者58例,随机分为参考主食（reference staple food,RF）组和自选食物（self-choice,SC）组,RF组26例,SC组32例。对两组研究对象进行统一的糖尿病医学营养教育,之后分别对两组对象进行连续42天的低GL食物交换份法干预, RF组由研究者提供低GL主食,SC组自选每日全部食物。全体研究对象每日在移动饮食管理平台记录食物摄入情况,研究者每日对其饮食GL和能量摄入进行计算、监测和核查分析比较两组对象平均每日饮食GL及能量摄入情况,在干预前和干预后的第14、28、42天检测并比较两组的体重、体脂率、身体质量指数（body mass index ,BMI）、腰围、空腹血糖（fasting blood glucose ,FBG）、2小时餐后血糖（postprandial 2h blood glucose ,2hPBG）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin ,Ins）、空腹C肽（fasting C-peptide ,C-P）和糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin ,HbA1c）。结果 干预期间,两组研究对象的平均每日饮食GL和能量摄入均低于干预前（P＜0.05）,且基本达到预期目标。与干预前相比,干预后两组FBG、HbA1c、体重、BMI和腰围均出现明显降低（P＜0.05）,其中RF组干预前FBG、HbA1c平均值分别为7.33 μmmol/L、7.02%,干预后分别为6.31 μmmol/L、6.33%（t=4.28,P＜0.001;t=5.43,P＜0.001）,SC组干预前FBG、HbA1c平均值分别为7.83 μmmol/L、7.27%,干预后分别为7.27 μmmol/L、6.81%（t=2.89,P=0.007;t=5.11,P＜0.001）。结论 低GL食物交换份法结合移动饮食管理对2型糖尿病患者的血糖、体重具有较好的改善效果,两种方法的结合可成为2型糖尿病防治更科学、可行、合理、精准的饮食管理方案。     

肥胖和代谢因子在高尿酸血症与高血压前期关联中的中介效应

目的评估肥胖和代谢因子在高尿酸血症(HUA)与高血压前期关联中的中介效应。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取福州市5个区(县)30个镇(街)90个村(居委会)共9 399人, 最终纳入研究4 754人。采用线性回归模型分析HUA与肥胖和代谢因子的关联, 单因素和多因素logistic回归模型分析HUA、肥胖和代谢因子与高血压前期的关联, 采用因果中介效应模型分析肥胖和代谢因子对HUA与高血压前期相关性的中介效应。结果在调整混杂因素后, HUA与TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、BMI、腰围、肌酐、尿素氮均显著相关(P<0.001);HUA、腰围、BMI和TG与高血压前期均显著相关(P<0.001);腰围、BMI和TG对HUA与高血压前期的关联均有中介效应, OR值(95%CI)分别为1.018(1.007～1.027)、1.010(1.002～1.018)、1.010(1.003～1.017)(P<0.001), 中介比例分别为7.76%、4.31%和4.31%;TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、肌酐和尿素氮对两者关联无中介效应(P>0.05)。结论腰围、BM...     

Larger thigh and hip circumferences are associated with better glucose tolerance: the Hoorn study

OBJECTIVE: A higher waist-to-hip ratio, which can be due to a higher waist circumference, a lower hip circumference, or both, is associated with higher glucose levels and incident diabetes. A lower hip circumference could reflect either lower fat mass or lower muscle mass. Muscle mass might be better reflected by thigh circumference. The aim of this study was to investigate the contributions of thigh and hip circumferences, independent of waist circumference, to measures of glucose metabolism. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: For this cross-sectional study we used baseline data from the Hoorn Study, a population-based cohort study of glucose tolerance among 2484 men and women aged 50 to 75. Glucose tolerance was assessed by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test; hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting insulin were also measured. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index (BMI) and waist, hip, and thigh circumferences. RESULTS: Stratified analyses and multiple linear regression showed that after adjustment for age, BMI, and waist circumference, thigh circumference was negatively associated with markers of glucose metabolism in women, but not in men. Standardized beta values in women were -0.164 for fasting, -0.206 for post-load glucose, -0.190 for hemoglobin A(1c) (all p < 0.001), and -0.065 for natural log insulin levels (p = 0.061). Hip circumference was negatively associated with markers of glucose metabolism in both sexes (standardized betas ranging from -0.093 to -0.296, p < 0.05) except for insulin in men. Waist circumference was positively associated with glucose metabolism. DISCUSSION: Thigh circumference in women and hip circumference in both sexes are negatively associated with markers of glucose metabolism independently of the waist circumference, BMI, and age. Both fat and muscle tissues may contribute to these associations.     

Effects of pistachio nuts on body composition,metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome: A 24-wk,randomized control trial

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pistachio nuts as an adjunct to diet and exercise on body composition, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn this 24-wk randomized control trial, 60 individuals with the metabolic syndrome were randomized to either pistachio (intervention group) or control group (diet as per weight and physical activity profile, modulated according to dietary guidelines for Asian Indians) after 3 wk of a diet and exercise run in. In the first group, unsalted pistachios (20% energy) were given daily. A standard diet and exercise protocol was followed for both groups. Body weight, waist circumference (WC), magnetic resonance imaging estimation of intraabdominal adipose tissue and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin, free fatty acids (FFAs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leptin, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed before and after the intervention.ResultsStatistically significant improvement in mean values for various parameters in the intervention group compared with control group were as follows: WC (P < 0.02), FBG (P < 0.04), total cholesterol (P < 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.006), hs-CRP (P < 0.05), TNF-α (P < 0.03), FFAs (P < 0.001), TBARS (P < 0.01), and adiponectin levels (P < 0.001).ConclusionA single food intervention with pistachios leads to beneficial effects on the cardiometabolic profile of Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome.     

Associations between concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults

Our objective was to study the cross-sectional associations between concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults. We used data for 1289 participants without self-reported diabetes who were aged > or =20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Alpha-tocopherol concentration was inversely associated with glucose concentration (beta per mmol/l=-0.01064, SE 0.00356, P=0.004) after adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, concentrations of total cholesterol and triacylglycerols, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, alcohol use, physical activity, time watching television or videos or using a computer, and use of vitamin/mineral/dietary supplements. Among 659 participants who did not report using supplements, this association was no longer significant whereas the concentration of alpha-tocopherol was inversely associated with concentration of C-peptide (beta per mmol/l=-0.01121, SE 0.00497, P=0.024). Gamma-tocopherol concentration was positively associated with concentration of glucose (beta per mmol/l=0.09169, SE 0.02711, P=0.001) and glycosylated haemoglobin (beta per mmol/l=0.04954, SE 0.01284, P<0.001), but not insulin or C-peptide. The relationships between physiologic concentrations of the various forms of vitamin E and measures of glucose intolerance deserve additional investigation.     

The Effect of Protein-Enriched Meal Replacement on Waist Circumference Reduction among Overweight and Obese Chinese with Hyperlipidemia

Objective: In China, high-fat diets and excessive energy intake have led to an increasing prevalence of obesity which was previously uncommon. The current study examined the effects of meal replacement (MR) on weight control in overweight or obese Chinese individuals with hyperlipidemia.

Methods: Patients, 18–65 years, with body mass index 25–35 kg/m² and triglycerides >1.7 and <5.4 mmol/L were enrolled. Major exclusion criteria were: type II diabetes, fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, glycosylated hemoglobin ≥6.5%; weight loss surgery or use of weight loss drugs; weight fluctuations >2%; use of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to a high-protein (HP) diet (2.2 g protein/kg/day) or a standard-protein (SP) diet (1.1 g protein/kg/ day) provided twice daily for 3 months. Assessments included body weight, waist-hip ratio, body fat percentage, blood lipids, blood glucose, insulin, liver and kidney function.

Results: Although mean weight loss and percent BMI reduction were greater with HP than SP at 12 weeks, the differences were not significant. There was, however, a significantly greater decrease in waist-hip ratio with HP versus SP (?0.03 ± 0.03 vs. ?0.01 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). Triglycerides decreased from baseline in both groups; however, the difference was not significant. Both HP and SP were well tolerated. This study demonstrated that in obese Chinese patients with hyperlipidemia, a protein-enriched MR diet resulted in significantly reduced waist circumference compared to a standard protein diet.

Conclusion: This first study of protein-enriched partial meal replacement in a free-living Chinese population suggests a new and promising strategy for reducing abdominal obesity in China.     

Anthropometric Characteristics,Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Vietnam

Objective: To determine the impact of anthropometric characteristics and dietary patterns on Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Vietnam.

Methods: Data from 144 subjects (9m/39f newly diagnosed diabetics; 18m/78f control subjects) were analyzed in this case-control study. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences and percent body fat were measured. Dietary intakes were assessed by 24-hour recall on three non-consecutive weekdays. Fasting blood samples were collected for the analysis of plasma glucose, fructosamine, protein and lipid concentrations.

Results: Although the body mass index (BMI, kg/m²) was similar between diabetic and control subjects, diabetic subjects had significantly greater percent body fat (31.1 ± 5.8% vs. 27.7 ± 6.2%) and waist-hip ratios (WHR, 0.91 ± 0.07 vs. 0.86 ± 0.08). Diabetic subjects had higher intakes of protein (p < 0.01), especially animal protein (p < 0.001), and consumed more meat (p < 0.01) than control subjects. Percent body fat and WHR were positively associated with diabetes (odds ratios [OR] 1.53 [95%CI 1.29–1.79] and 1.09 [95% CI 0.89–1.58], respectively) as were protein intake (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.12–1.31]) and animal protein intake (OR 1.18 [95% CI 1.10–1.26]).

Conclusions: This study indicates that percent body fat and WHR are risk factors associated with diabetes even when the BMI is normal. Evolving dietary patterns with increasingly more protein and meat consumption may also contribute to the deterioration of glucose metabolism among Vietnamese people.     

贵州地区汉族居民糖尿病患病情况及相关危险因素研究

目的 了解贵州地区汉族居民空腹血糖水平,分析糖尿病相关危险因素。方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法,选取20～80岁汉族居民进行调查。调查内容包括问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。比较城乡不同年龄、性别人群空腹血糖水平和糖尿病相关危险因素。结果 共纳入研究对象2 967人,城镇居民空腹血糖平均值高于农村(5.21 mmol/L vs. 5.03 mmol/L,P< 0.001),男性高于女性(5.23 mmol/L vs. 5.09 mmol/L,P=0.003),血糖水平有随年龄增长的趋势(P< 0.001)。城镇居民糖尿病标化患病率为6.01%(粗率7.45%),其中男性显著高于女性(P< 0.001),随年龄增长患病率升高。农村居民标化患病率为3.47%(粗率3.77%),性别差异无统计学意义,随年龄增长患病率升高。相同年龄性别下,≥40岁城镇居民患病率高于农村居民。糖尿病患者中知晓率为56.59%,治疗率为84.47%,控制率为41.38%。多因素分析显示,男性发病风险高于女性、年龄≥40岁发病风险升高、有糖尿病家族史、经常进行身体锻炼、高血压、高甘油三酯者糖尿病的发病风险增加。结论 贵州汉族居民糖尿病患病率较高,城乡患病率差异大,半数以上糖尿病患者治疗后血糖未达到控制水平,糖尿病知晓率、治疗率及控制率仍需进一步提高。     

Weight status,abdominal adiposity,diabetes, and early age-related lens opacities

BACKGROUND: The association between weight status and the risk of lens opacities has received little attention. OBJECTIVE: We examined the cross-sectional relations of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), waist circumference, and diabetes with the presence of age-related lens opacities. DESIGN: Eye examinations were conducted in 466 Boston-area women aged 53-73 y who were without previously diagnosed cataracts and were part of the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Weight, height, waist, and hip measurements were obtained by self-report. Lens status was evaluated by using the Lens Opacification Classification System III (LOCS III). BMI and waist circumference were used as measures of overweight and abdominal adiposity, respectively. Nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) opacities were defined as LOCS III scores > or = 2.5, > or = 1.0, and > or = 0.5, respectively. Diabetes was defined as a history of type 2 diabetes or as a fasting plasma glucose concentration > or = 7.0 mmol/L. RESULTS: Women with diabetes were significantly more likely to have PSC opacities [odds ratio (OR): 4.1; 95% CI: 1.8, 9.4] than were women with fasting plasma glucose concentrations < 6.1 mmol/L. Women with a BMI > or = 30 had a higher prevalence of PSC opacities than did women with a BMI < 25 (OR: 2.5; 1.2, 5.2), and women with a waist circumference > or = 89 cm had a higher prevalence of PSC opacities than did those with a waist circumference < 80 cm (OR: 2.3; 1.0, 5.2). Diabetes and measures of adiposity were unrelated to the prevalence of cortical and nuclear opacities. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is a strong risk factor for PSC opacities, and overweight and abdominal adiposity may be risk factors for PSC opacities.