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1.
目的 探讨沈阳市学生HIV/AIDS患者抗病毒治疗(ART)的影响因素。方法 横断面调查获得2007-2015年沈阳市艾滋病治疗定点医院(中国医科大学附属第一医院)15~30岁学生HIV/AIDS患者ART相关信息,多因素logistic回归模型探讨ART的影响因素。结果 2007-2015年该医院共收治15~30岁学生HIV/AIDS患者146例,占累计治疗HIV/AIDS患者的6.1%(146/2 379)。患者均为男性,男男性行为传播途径占93.2%(136/146),HIV延迟诊断率[诊断时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)≤ 350个/μl]为52.7%(77/146),患者中ART的构成比为67.1%(98/146)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,HIV诊断年份(aOR=1.21,95%CI:1.02~1.44)、年龄24~30岁(aOR=8.15,95%CI:1.46~45.52)和延迟诊断(aOR=2.22,95%CI:1.05~4.71)是学生HIV/AIDS患者ART的独立影响因素。结论 HIV诊断时间越晚、年龄越大及延迟诊断可能增加学生HIV/AIDS患者的ART比例。。  相似文献   

2.
目的 了解2017-2019年北京市经报告机构转介的HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗(ART)情况,并探讨其影响因素。方法 利用我国艾滋病防治基本信息系统中2017-2019年北京市4 917例HIV/AIDS报告卡数据及ART机构数据,无ART记录者记为ART转介失败,确证报告至启动ART的日期间隔>15 d记为ART延迟,分析ART情况及其影响因素。结果 4 917例HIV/AIDS中,16.53%(813/4 917)未成功接受ART;接受ART的4 104例HIV/AIDS中,30.63%(1 257/4 104)发生ART延迟,启动时间中位数为27(P25~P75:19~42)d。多因素logistic回归分析显示,由综合性医院报告(相比于ART机构,OR=1.65,95% CI:1.30~2.08)、病程阶段为HIV(相比于AIDS,OR=1.68,95% CI:1.34~2.11)、初中及以下文化程度(相比于大专及以上,OR=1.42,95% CI:1.13~1.79)、无业(相比于干部职员,OR=1.32,95% CI:1.02~1.70)、异性性传播(相比于同性性传播,OR=1.40,95% CI:1.15~1.72)、来源于专题调查和无偿献血(相比于检测咨询,OR=1.87,95% CI:1.34~2.60;OR=3.52,95% CI:1.79~6.92)者ART转介失败比例较高;由CDC(相比于ART机构,OR=1.43,95% CI:1.07~1.92)或综合性医院报告(相比于ART机构,OR=1.62,95% CI:1.32~1.98)、报告机构在郊区(相比于城区,OR=1.24,95% CI:1.01~1.52)、病程阶段为HIV(相比于AIDS,OR=1.42,95% CI:1.19~1.70)、外省户籍(相比于北京市户籍,OR=1.26,95% CI:1.07~1.48)、来源于无偿献血(相比于性病门诊,OR=2.74,95% CI:1.21~6.22)者延迟比例较高。结论 不同特征HIV/AIDS的ART转介失败及延迟比例不同,需采取有效措施进一步推进ART工作,减少ART转介失败及延迟。  相似文献   

3.
目的 联合应用两种神经认知评价量表,探讨接受抗病毒治疗(ART)的HIV感染者神经认知损伤患病率、影响因素及其神经认知表现特征。方法 纳入浙江省台州市开展的HIV与衰老相关疾病前瞻性队列研究中2 250例接受ART的HIV感染者。使用中国版简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和国际HIV相关性痴呆量表(IHDS)评价其神经认知损伤情况,并对2个量表中的7个神经认知域进行聚类分析。结果 在接受ART的HIV感染者2 250例中,年龄集中在45~89岁(48.0%,1 080/2 250),男性占79.2%(1 782/2 250),小学及以下文化程度者占37.8%(852/2 250)。MMSE和IHDS判断的神经认知损伤的患病率分别为14.3%(321/2 250)和31.8%(716/2 250)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,HIV感染者MMSE判断的神经认知损伤危险因素包括60~89岁(aOR=2.63,95%CI:1.52~4.56)、抑郁症状(aOR=5.58,95%CI:4.20~7.40)和使用依非韦伦(EFV)治疗(aOR=2.86,95%CI:1.89~4.34);男性(aOR=0.71,95%CI:0.51~1.00)、偏胖(aOR=0.63,95%CI:0.44~0.89)和文化程度较高(aOR=0.11,95%CI:0.05~0.25)为保护因素。IHDS判断的神经认知损伤危险因素包括60~89岁(aOR=3.10,95%CI:2.09~4.59)、抑郁症状(aOR=1.78,95%CI:1.44~2.20)和使用EFV治疗(aOR=1.79,95%CI:1.41~2.29);男性(aOR=0.75,95%CI:0.58~0.97)、偏瘦(aOR=0.67,95%CI:0.47~0.96)、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数≥350个/μl(aOR=0.69,95%CI:0.53~0.91)和文化程度较高(aOR=0.23,95%CI:0.14~0.39)是保护因素。HIV感染者的神经认知表现分为4种主要类型,在年龄、性别、文化程度、饮酒、抑郁症状、腰臀比、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、基线CD4计数和使用EFV治疗的差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。结论 接受ART的HIV感染者神经认知表现分为4种类型,神经认知损伤患病率较高,需对不同类型者采取针对性的监测、预防与控制措施。  相似文献   

4.
目的 分析1991-2017年四川省HIV/AIDS生存时间及其影响因素。方法 运用回顾性队列研究方法,对全国艾滋病综合防治数据信息系统中1991-2017年四川省新报告的143 988例HIV/AIDS的资料,采用寿命表法计算生存概率,用Cox比例风险模型分析生存时间的影响因素。结果 143 988例HIV/AIDS中,30 420例死于艾滋病及相关疾病(21.1%),平均生存时间为11.51年(95% CI:11.39~11.64);多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示,HIV/AIDS生存的相关影响因素包括性别(男比女:HR=1.35,95% CI:1.32~1.40)、文化程度(小学及以下比初中及以上:HR=1.15,95% CI:1.12~1.18)、民族(汉族比其他:HR=1.46,95% CI:1.41~1.52)、职业(农民比其他:HR=1.26,95% CI:1.22~1.29)、诊断时年龄(≥ 55岁比15~24岁:HR=3.18,95% CI:3.02~3.36)、诊断时疾病状态(艾滋病比HIV感染:HR=1.44,95% CI:1.39~1.48)、抗病毒治疗(ART)(接受ART者比未接受ART者:HR=0.20,95% CI:0.19~0.20)、首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)(>500个/μl比<200个/μl:HR=0.42,95% CI:0.40~0.45)。结论 1991-2017年四川省HIV/AIDS诊断后平均生存时间为11.51年。男性、小学及以下文化程度、汉族、农民、诊断时较大年龄、诊断时为艾滋病状态是HIV/AIDS生存的危险因素,接受ART、首次CD4水平高是HIV/AIDS生存的保护因素。  相似文献   

5.
目的 了解贵州省注射吸毒人群中HIV/AIDS死亡情况及其影响因素,为降低HIV/AIDS死亡率提供参考依据。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法,以我国艾滋病防治基本信息系统中1996-2015年贵州省注射吸毒人群HIV/AIDS为研究对象,应用Cox比例风险回归模型分析其死亡的影响因素。结果 共有3 958例注射吸毒HIV/AIDS纳入分析,全死因的死亡比例为44.01%(1 742/3 958),总死亡率为7.80/100人年,生存时间M=8.08年;抗病毒治疗(ART)组死亡率为3.57/100人年,美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)组死亡率为4.08/100人年。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,研究对象的死亡与性别、民族、确认HIV阳性时年龄、确认HIV阳性后首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数(CD4)、ART和MMT有关;女性的死亡风险是男性的0.82倍(95% CI:0.69~0.98);少数民族的死亡风险是汉族的1.39倍(95% CI:1.21~1.60);确认HIV阳性时年龄≥50岁的死亡风险是<20岁的2.44倍(95% CI:1.07~5.56);确认HIV阳性后首次CD4≥500个/μl组的死亡风险是CD4<200个/μl组的0.27倍(95% CI:0.22~0.32);未参加ART的死亡风险是参加者的2.83倍(95% CI:2.45~3.26);未参加MMT的死亡风险是参加者的1.35倍(95% CI:1.15~1.59)。结论 1996-2015年贵州省注射吸毒人群HIV/AIDS中,男性、确认HIV阳性时年龄较大者、确认HIV阳性后首次CD4较低、未参加ART和MMT的病例,死亡风险较高。  相似文献   

6.
目的 了解台州市HIV感染者中糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤等慢性病合并症患病特征。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统和台州市慢性病信息管理系统,研究对象为台州市1998-2022年随访管理的5 126例HIV感染者,采用SAS 9.4软件进行χ2检验、趋势分析和logistic回归分析。结果 在5 126例HIV感染者中,糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤的报告患病率分别为10.28%(527/5 126)、3.98%(204/5 126)和6.01%(308/5 126),在HIV感染确证前与确证后被诊断为糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤的分别占37.00%(195/527)与48.58%(256/527)、40.20%(82/204)与48.53%(99/204)、37.66%(116/308)与48.38%(149/308)。2013-2022年HIV感染者在确证后分别被诊断为糖尿病、心血管病和恶性肿瘤的构成比均呈上升趋势(趋势χ2=79.98,P<0.001;趋势χ2=17.44,P<0.001;趋势χ2=32.06,P<0.001)。HIV感染者慢性病合并症的患病相关因素分析结果显示,<60岁女性(aOR=0.66,95%CI:0.50~0.86)、2016年以前抗病毒治疗时长>5年者(aOR=0.54,95%CI:0.37~0.78)的慢性病合并症的患病可能性较低;<60岁且首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<200个/µl者(aOR=1.32,95%CI:1.02~1.70)、40~49和50~59岁年龄组(aOR=2.88,95%CI:2.20~3.79;aOR=5.43,95%CI:4.10~7.21)、2016年及以后无用药记录者(aOR=1.95,95%CI:1.20~3.16)的慢性病患病可能性较高。随着HIV感染者确证年龄增长,其慢性病合并症的患病可能性随之增加。结论 1998-2022年台州市HIV感染者存在一定比例的慢性病合并症,且在HIV感染确证后诊断的构成比呈上升趋势,需要在HIV感染者管理中加强早期慢性病筛查、行为干预和规范管理等针对性措施。  相似文献   

7.
目的 分析抗病毒治疗HIV感染者血脂变化轨迹特征及其影响因素。方法 基于回顾性队列研究设计,以浙江省台州市2004年1月至2021年4月抗病毒治疗HIV感染者为研究对象,运用χ2检验分析研究对象社会人口学特征和基线指标情况,应用潜在类别混合模型描述研究对象接受抗病毒治疗后血脂变化轨迹,采用多因素logistic回归分析血脂变化轨迹的影响因素。采用R 3.5.0.软件LCMM软件包进行统计学分析。结果 2 079例HIV感染者中,年龄MQ1,Q3)为31(43,55)岁,以男性(78.1%,1 623/2 079)和已婚(58.7%,1 221/2 079)为主,BMI≥24.0 kg/m2占18.9%(393/2 079),异性性传播途径占67.7%(1 407/2 079)。血脂变化轨迹分为3种:倒U形(2.3%,48/2 079)、进展型(31.3%,650/2 079)和一般轨迹(U形)(66.4%,1 381/2 079),倒U形和进展型确定为危险轨迹(33.6%)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,相比于抗病毒治疗方案为齐多夫定-替诺福韦-依非韦伦(3TC- TDF-EFV)、基线TC水平<5.2 mmol/L、基线TG水平<1.7 mmol/L、BMI为18.5~23.9 kg/m2、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数<200个/μl和抗病毒治疗时间<5年者,抗病毒治疗方案一直使用齐多夫定-拉米夫定-依非韦伦(3TC-AZT-EFV)(aOR=1.99,95%CI:1.44~2.77)和更换为克力芝(LPV/r)(aOR=3.17,95%CI:2.00~5.01)、基线TC水平分别为5.2~6.1 mmol/L(aOR=2.55,95%CI:1.92~3.39)和≥6.2 mmol/L(aOR=5.89,95%CI:3.76~9.25)、基线TG水平分别为1.7~2.2 mmol/L(aOR=2.00,95%CI:1.53~2.62)和≥2.3 mmol/L(aOR=6.51,95%CI:4.97~8.54)、BMI为≥24.0 kg/m2(aOR=1.44,95%CI:1.11~1.88)的HIV感染者较容易出现血脂变化的危险轨迹。而BMI为<18.5 kg/m2(aOR=0.55,95%CI:0.35~0.86)、基线CD4计数为200~349个/μl(aOR=0.67,95%CI:0.52~0.87)和≥350个/μl(aOR=0.71,95%CI:0.54~0.94)、抗病毒治疗时长为5~9年(aOR=0.74,95%CI:0.56~0.99)和≥10年(aOR=0.53,95%CI:0.22~0.67)的HIV感染者较不容易出现血脂变化的危险轨迹。结论 部分HIV感染者抗病毒治疗后的血脂变化呈危险轨迹状态,与AZT和LPV/r等特定抗病毒药物使用、抗病毒治疗时长、基线CD4计数、TC、TG和BMI显著关联,建议HIV感染者开始抗病毒治疗阶段的同时,加强血脂监测并采取针对性干预措施。  相似文献   

8.
目的 分析2019年中国HIV感染孕产妇所生儿童(HIV暴露儿童)的失访状况及影响因素。方法 资料来源于我国预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统2019年全国医疗机构报告的HIV感染孕产妇和HIV暴露儿童的基本信息和随访记录,HIV暴露儿童失访的定义为出生后满18月龄无法随访到且21月龄时仍未随访到的存活儿童。采用回顾性资料分析方法,HIV暴露儿童的失访影响因素分别采用χ2检验和logistic回归模型进行单因素和多因素分析。采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 在5 039例HIV感染孕产妇中,分娩的HIV暴露儿童5 035例,HIV暴露儿童的失访率为5.62%(283/5 035)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,孕产妇职业为农(牧、渔)民(aOR=0.34,95%CI:0.22~0.53)、婚姻状况为未婚(aOR=0.47,95%CI:0.24~0.93)、初婚(aOR=0.38,95%CI:0.22~0.67)、再婚(aOR=0.36,95%CI:0.20~0.67)与同居(aOR=0.47,95%CI:0.23~0.97)和本次妊娠前知晓自己感染HIV(aOR=0.53,95%CI:0.40~0.70)的HIV暴露儿童失访率较低;孕产妇为汉族(aOR=1.52,95%CI:1.09~2.13)、小学(aOR=2.06,95%CI:1.10~3.89)和初中文化程度(aOR=1.81,95%CI:1.03~3.17)、未抗病毒治疗(aOR=6.21,95%CI:4.32~8.93)和在乡(街道)级助产机构分娩(aOR=5.72,95%CI:1.61~20.27)的HIV暴露儿童失访率较高。结论 2019年我国HIV暴露儿童存在一定的失访,为进一步降低其失访率,提高妇女孕前HIV检测率和HIV感染孕产妇的抗病毒治疗率,对有效实施预防艾滋病母婴传播综合干预措施有重要意义。  相似文献   

9.
目的 分析山东省2015年艾滋病防治策略"三个90%"(即90%诊断、90%治疗及90%有效)"目标的进展情况及相关影响因素。方法 收集山东省现存活HIV感染者/AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)检测发现、接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)服务的相关信息,分析进展情况。采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,多因素logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果 2015年12月31日,山东省估计现存活HIV/AIDS有11 700例,检测发现率61.2%,HAART率74.4%,病毒载量(VL)抑制率81.8%。经同性传播的HIV/AIDS检测发现比例较低(P<0.05)。青岛市(OR=1.30,95% CI:1.05~1.60)、烟台市(OR=1.53,95% CI:1.02~2.31)和威海市(OR=1.96,95% CI:1.07~3.58)的HIV/AIDS接受HAART的比例较高;同性传播(OR=0.12,95% CI:0.06~0.24)、异性传播(OR=0.13,95% CI:0.07~0.26)、注射吸毒传播(OR=0.08,95% CI:0.03~0.17),羁押场所检测发现(OR=0.29,95% CI:0.21~0.41)的HIV/AIDS接受HAART比例较低;医疗机构接受HAART服务的HIV/AIDS(OR=1.81,95% CI:1.05~3.47)的VL抑制比例较高;同性传播(OR=0.43,95% CI:0.25~0.75)、异性传播(OR=0.49,95% CI:0.28~0.81),羁押场所检测发现(OR=0.48,95% CI:0.28~0.80)的HIV/AIDS的VL抑制比例较低。结论 山东省2015年现存活HIV/AIDS的检测发现率、HAART率和VL抑制率与2020年实现的艾滋病防治策略"三个90%"目标仍有一定差距,尤其是检测发现目标。需加强检测和艾滋病综合关怀服务。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析宁波市HIV感染者抗病毒治疗(ART)医疗保险(医保)药物使用情况及影响因素。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统截至2023年2月宁波市所有在治HIV感染者与ART相关历史数据。采用logistic回归模型分析HIV感染者ART医保药物使用的相关因素。使用R 4.2.2软件进行统计学分析。结果 共收集有ART记录的HIV感染者6 433例,其中在治HIV感染者5 783例。在治HIV感染者中,医保药物使用比例为24.8%(1 435/5 783,95%CI:23.7%~25.9%)。ART医保药物使用比例最低的两个区(县)为北仑区(8.7%,43/497)和奉化区(5.7%,14/247)。在治HIV感染者中,ART医保或自费药物组最近1年病毒载量检测≥1次的比例(84.9%,1 352/1 593)显著低于免费药物组(91.4%,3 829/4 190)(χ2=52.50,P<0.001)。多因素分析结果显示,ART医保药物使用的相关因素包括文化程度低(初中及以下:aOR=0.24,95%CI:0.17~0.34),农民或工人(农民:aOR=0.60,95%CI:0.39~0.91;工人:aOR=0.42,95%CI:0.27~0.64),月均收入较低(<3 000元:aOR=0.29,95%CI:0.18~0.45),确诊与ART间隔时间较长(≥21 d:aOR=0.47,95%CI:0.30~0.74)。结论 宁波市HIV感染者ART医保药物使用比例的地区差异较明显,应尽快完善HIV感染者随访管理方案,提高HIV感染者随访依从性,调动各区(县)推广ART医保药物积极性。加强对文化程度较低者和延迟治疗者的ART医保药物的科普宣传。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.  相似文献   

13.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

14.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

15.
16.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

17.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

18.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

19.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

20.
Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.  相似文献   

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