山东省居民24小时尿钠钾比与代谢综合征的关系

目的 分析山东省居民24 h尿钠钾比与MS的关系。方法 2011年在山东省采用四阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取18~69岁居民作为研究对象, 测量其血糖、血脂四项、尿钠、尿钾和尿肌酐等指标。依据24 h尿钠钾比值将研究对象按照四分位数法分组, 采用二分类logistic分析钠钾比与MS的关系。结果 1 906名研究对象纳入分析, 其中男性1 003人, 女性903人。MS患病率为24.7%。经多因素logistic模型分析, 与24 h尿钠钾比值<4.3组相比, 4.3~5.6、5.7~8.1和≥8.1组MS患病风险OR值(95%CI)分别为1.27(0.93~1.71)、1.06(0.78~1.46)和1.45(1.06~1.97), 趋势检验显示, P<0.05。在MS各组分中, 中心性肥胖和血压升高风险与24 h尿钠钾比之间存在线性趋势(线性趋势检验P<0.05)。结论 随着24 h尿钠钾比增加, MS患病风险呈上升趋势。     

2019年安徽省成年居民膳食中盐摄入量估计

目的 利用2019年安徽省高血压和钠盐摄入监测基线调查数据,估算盐摄入量。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,选取18~69岁居民进行问卷调查和相关指标检测。通过问卷询问获得调查对象的人口学特征、吸烟、饮酒和身体活动等信息;通过身体测量获取BMI、腰围和血压值。采集24 h尿液,检测尿钠、尿钾、尿肌酐和尿微量白蛋白。使用复杂样本基于设计的泰勒级数线性化法估算不同特征居民的盐摄入量,分析盐摄入量与血压值、腰围和BMI的相关性。结果 共纳入1 500人,成年居民盐摄入量为9.14 g/d,男性盐摄入量（9.84 g/d）高于女性（8.47 g/d）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同亚组居民的盐摄入量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单因素线性回归分析结果显示,平均盐摄入量与SBP、DBP、腰围和BMI均呈正相关（P<0.05）。调整后的多因素线性回归分析结果显示,平均盐摄入量仅与BMI呈正相关（β=0.053,95%CI：0.028~0.078,P<0.05）。结论 安徽省成年居民膳食的盐摄入量高于WHO的建议,需采取公共卫生措施减少盐的摄入。     

24h尿钠法评估汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入情况

目的了解汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入情况及钠钾比,为高血压防控措施的制定提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样方法抽取汕头市澄海区、龙湖区和金平区164名18~90岁居民,进行现场问卷调查和体格检查,并收集24 h尿液,记录尿量后检测尿液中尿钠、尿钾以及尿肌酐的含量。用SPSS 19.0进行t检验、χ~2检验和Pearson相关分析。结果平均每人每天尿量为(1 692.0±607.1)ml,平均24 h尿钠含量为(130.95±54.99)mmol,尿钾含量为(46.98±24.00)mmol,尿肌酐为(7.47±2.41)mmol,钠钾比为3.32±2.02(男性为3.58±1.96,女性为3.25±2.04),转换为钠盐摄入量为(7.65±3.21)g/d[男性为(7.49±3.12)g/d,女性为(7.70±3.25)g/d]。24 h钠肌酐比值及钾肌酐比值女性均明显高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同性别间24 h尿钠、尿钾含量及钠钾比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。24 h尿钠含量随着体质指数(BMI)的增高而上升(r=0.296,P<0.01)。钠盐摄入量与收缩压和舒张压间均呈明显的正相关(r值分别为0.224、0.275,P<0.01)。结论汕头市社区居民钠盐摄入量高于中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量,且钠盐摄入水平与血压水平间呈正相关,仍需进一步控制钠盐摄入达标及适当增加钾盐的摄入量。     

上海市成年人群尿碘相关因素分析

目的 探索影响尿碘水平的相关因素及造成尿碘异常的高危因素。方法在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院体检中心随机抽取12家单位994名正常成年人,平均年龄(41.8±10.5)岁。收集晨尿,并进行性别、年龄、甲状腺疾病史、24h饮食回顾等问卷调查,采用EmPower@软件进行logistic分析。结果人群尿碘中位数为193.0“班;调整混杂因素后发现性别(P=0.000)、家庭人均月收入(P=O.000)、使用含碘盐(P=O.041)、食用海带(P=O.000)与尿碘水平相关;每月碘盐摄入量多和进食海带致使碘过量(尿碘>300 ug/L)发生的危险度明显增高：每月(每人)食用含碘盐量≥165 g,OR=24.3(95%CI：1.1-523.8,P<0.05);前一天进食海带者,OR=9.6(95%CI：2.6～35.1,P结论性别、家庭人均月收入、摄入含碘盐、食用海带是尿碘水平的独立影响因素;部分人群碘过量可能与进食碘盐及海带量多相关。     

中段尿培养检出B群链球菌的临床意义

目的 探讨中段尿培养中分离出B群链球菌（GBS）的临床意义和耐药性,旨在为临床尿路感染诊治提供依据。 方法 通过实验室信息系统搜索2020年2月-2022年12月南京某医院住院和门诊患者中段尿培养分离出GBS的菌株信息,筛选资料完整者,查阅病例资料、尿常规及药敏试验结果。 结果 中段尿培养标本共检出非重复细菌9 081株,其中GBS 425株,占比4.7%,位列第6。剔除资料不完整者,共纳入365例患者进行研究。其中男性169例（46.3%）,女性196例（53.7%）,平均年龄（55.4±15.2）岁。365例检出GBS的患者来源于17个科室,泌尿外科（237例,64.9%）占比最高。患者基础疾病主要包括高血压病136例,糖尿病95例,泌尿系统结石120例,泌尿系统肿瘤98例;211例患者接受了泌尿系统手术,术前均使用了抗菌药物,205例在术后留置导尿管;9例在妊娠中晚期尿液中检出GBS。GBS菌落计数≤ 10⁴ CFU/mL占36.4%（133例）,10⁴~10⁵ CFU/mL占38.9%（142例）,≥ 10⁵ CFU/mL占24.7%（90例）。有尿路感染症状的患者占24.9%（91例）,无症状性菌尿患者占75.1%（274例）。男性中有尿路感染症状者低于女性（19.5% VS 29.6%,P < 0.05）。随着尿培养GBS菌落计数增加,有尿路感染症状的患者比例呈升高趋势（P < 0.05）。尿培养送检当日尿常规白细胞、白细胞酯酶、亚硝酸盐阳性比率分别为53.2%、50.1%、3.8%。有症状尿路感染患者中尿潜血、白细胞酯酶、白细胞、尿蛋白的阳性率均高于无症状性菌尿患者（均P < 0.05）。未发现GBS对青霉素、氨苄西林、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药,对左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星耐药率在40%左右,对四环素、克林霉素耐药率>60%。 结论 尿液中分离出GBS在非妊娠成人中比较常见,有尿路感染症状者仅占少数。尿培养、尿常规结果应结合患者临床症状、体征综合判断。尿液中GBS对多种抗菌药物敏感,临床应根据药敏结果合理用药。     

昆明某高校学生尿液钠钾水平与膳食摄入相关性分析

探讨昆明某高校在校生膳食钠钾摄入比值与随机尿钠钾排泄比值和24h尿钠钾排泄比值之间的相关性,为学生的膳食营养指导提供参考.方法 选取符合纳入标准的12名昆明某高校在校大学生(男、女各半)作为受试者,将其随机平均分入4 g/d、8 g/d、12 g/d等3个不同摄盐组(每组2男2女);为其统一提供4d膳食,称重计算其每日膳食钠、钾摄入总量,收集并测定研究对象3d内随机尿钠、尿钾含量和24 h尿钠、尿钾排泄总量.结果 对3个不同摄盐组的膳食钠钾比值作秩和检验,3组间差异有统计学意义(F=7.731,P=0.021).对3个不同摄盐组的24h尿钠钾比值做方差分析,3个组间差异有统计学意义(F=7.982,P=0.01),符合分组要求.膳食钠钾比值与3d上午随机尿钠钾比值之间有正相关关系(r值分别为0.625,0.635,0.608,P值均<0.05);膳食钠钾比值与24 h尿钠钾比值之间呈正相关(r=0.642,P=0.024).结论 通过测定在校大学生上午的随机尿钠钾排泄比值或者24 h尿钠钾排泄比值对判定膳食钠钾摄入比值有一定参考价值.     

24 h尿钠、尿钾及钠钾比与微量白蛋白尿的关联分析

  目的  分析我国普通人群24 h尿钠、尿钾以及钠钾比与微量白蛋白尿(microalbuminuria, MAU)的关系。  方法  2018年在黑龙江省、河北省、四川省、湖南省、江西省、青海省的12个区县开展基线调查,采用问卷调查、体格测量以及24 h尿液收集的方法对抽取的18~75岁对象进行调查。采用多因素logistic回归分析模型分析24 h尿钠、尿钾以及钠钾比和MAU的相关性。  结果  最后纳入分析的研究对象共2 604名,年龄为(47.32±12.78)岁,男性有1 287人(49.42%),MAU者共231人(8.87%)。24h尿量为(1 614.80±645.16)mL/d,尿钠为(193.07±78.87)mmol/d,尿钾为(40.18±16.59)mmol/d,钠钾比为(5.18±2.19)。随着24 h尿钠和钠钾比的增长,MAU的检出率均呈上升趋势(P_趋势 < 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,较高的24 h尿钠排泄量(Q5)与最低五分位数组(Q1)相比,MAU发生的风险增加(OR=2.211, 95% CI: 1.359~3.597)。较高的尿钠钾比水平(Q5)与最低五分位数组(Q1)相比,MAU发生的风险增加(OR=2.498,95% CI: 1.546~4.038)。  结论  24 h尿钠、钠钾比与MAU的发生呈正向关联,而24 h尿钾与MAU的发生无关。     

三种表面活性剂对表皮葡萄球菌生物膜渗透性及成膜关键基因agr表达的影响

目的 通过探究三种类型表面活性剂（十二烷基羟丙基磺基甜菜碱、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、溴化十六烷基吡啶）分别对表皮葡萄球菌（Se）生物膜渗透性及成膜关键基因——附属基因调节子（agr）表达的影响,为临床利用表面活性剂控制由Se生物膜引起的相关感染提供依据。 方法 建立Se生物膜渗透模型,检测经表面活性剂处理后对生物膜渗透性的影响;选择在不同时间段,观察三种表面活性剂对悬浮状态下产膜Se的agr转录水平的影响,从分子水平评估表面活性剂对产膜Se黏附及毒力等可能的作用。 结果 三种类型表面活性剂在最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为2、1、1/2浓度时,均明显影响Se生物膜的渗透性（P < 0.001）,增强药物对生物膜的渗透作用。与阴性对照组比较,十二烷基羟丙基磺基甜菜碱在0.5、4、12 h时间段,对agr表达有显著上调作用（P < 0.001）;十二烷基苯磺酸钠在0.5、4、24 h时间段,对agr表达有显著下调作用（P < 0.001）,在12 h时间段对agr表达有显著上调作用（P < 0.001）;溴化十六烷基吡啶在0.5 h时间段对agr表达有显著上调作用（P < 0.01）,在12、24 h时间段,对agr表达有显著下调作用（P < 0.001）。 结论 三种不同类型的表面活性剂对Se生物膜渗透作用均有较强的影响,在不同时间段对agr表达有显著调节作用,因而可能在Se生物膜的形成、防止感染的扩散并导致细菌毒力减弱等方面发挥作用。     

老年居民抑郁与情绪调节策略的相关性研究

目的 探讨银川市老年居民抑郁与情绪调节策略的现况及两者的关系。方法 2016年3-5月选择银川市5所养老机构505名老年人及5个社区的538名老年人,共1 043名。抑郁调查采用老年抑郁量表（GDS）,情绪调节策略调查采用Gross情绪调节问卷和反刍思维量表。结果 银川市老年居民抑郁发生率为32.0%,其中社区老年人为35.5%,养老机构老年人为28.3%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.187,P<0.05）。经倾向值匹配分析法分析,社区老年人和养老机构老年人抑郁发生率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.066,P=0.798）。1 043名老年居民GDS得分为（9.1±5.7）分,老年人认知重评得分为（26.7±8.0）分,表达抑制得分为（16.3±6.6）分,反刍思维得分为（34.5±11.7）分。不同性别、兴趣爱好、体育锻炼的老年人认知重评得分差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;不同文化程度、经济收入的老年人表达抑制得分差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;不同年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、兴趣爱好的老年人反刍思维得分差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。抑郁得分与认知重评负相关（r=-0.400,P<0.01）、与反刍思维呈正相关（r=0.652,P<0.01）。结论 银川市老年居民抑郁发生率较高,老年人抑郁与情绪调节策略有关。     

布鲁氏菌104M液体气溶胶免疫BALB/c小鼠的有效性评价和安全性研究

目的 评价布鲁氏菌104M液体气溶胶肺递送途径免疫BALB/c小鼠有效性和安全性。方法 随机选取6～8周龄BALB/c雌鼠,分别经肺递送、滴鼻和皮下注射3种途径免疫接种布鲁氏菌104M,于免疫后第4、8、16、24周观察并记录小鼠的症状、检测小鼠体重、脾重、脾脏载菌量及肺匀浆、血清的抗体和细胞因子。待鼠脾脏载菌完全清除,用布鲁氏菌A19液体气溶胶肺递送途径攻毒。结果 各组实验小鼠均未见异常症状;体重无显著下降;攻毒前,脾重没有明显变化;攻毒后,免疫组小鼠脾重显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05）：液体气溶胶肺递送：实验组（0.26±0.16）g<空白对照组（0.40±0.19）g,滴鼻：实验组（0.21±0.11）g<空白对照组（0.28±0.19）g,皮下注射：实验组（0.14±0.02）g<空白对照组（0.30±0.18）g。随着免疫时间的增长,免疫组小鼠脾脏载菌量呈下降趋势,第20周完全清除。攻毒后2周（免疫24周）,所有小鼠脾脏载菌均显著增加,各免疫组脾载菌量均显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05）：脾载菌量以log₁₀菌落形成单位（colony-forming units,CFU）/g计数并统计分析,液体气溶胶肺递送：实验组（4.49±0.13）<空白对照组（6.90±0.46）;滴鼻：实验组（3.59±1.06）<空白对照组（7.08±0.14）;皮下注射：实验组（3.00±2.03）<空白对照组（6.81±0.34）。布鲁氏菌104M激发了BALB/c小鼠细胞免疫和体液免疫反应。在免疫后第4周,检测到104M特异性抗体IgG、IgM、IgA,第8周达到高峰,攻毒后再次显著上升。各免疫组血清和肺匀浆中IFN-γ和IL-18浓度在攻毒前,均显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）,攻毒后,各免疫组血清IFN-γ和IL-18浓度均低于空白对照组（P<0.05）,而肺匀浆细胞因子浓度在攻毒前后均持续高于空白对照组（P<0.05）。结论 液体气溶胶肺递送途径是一种有效的免疫途径,表现出有效的保护作用;104M未引起小鼠体重减轻,相对安全,但在小鼠体内存活时间较长,引起小鼠轻度脾脏肿大,有一定的残余毒力。     

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage Is Associated with Higher Ratio of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium to Potassium in Young Japanese Women

Information on the relationship of neighborhood characteristics to objective indicators of dietary intake is extremely limited. The aim of this observational cross-sectional study was to examine the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium in a population with a high ratio of urinary sodium to potassium. Subjects were 1,032 female Japanese dietetics students aged 18 to 22 years, residing in 293 municipalities in Japan. Neighborhood SES index was defined by seven municipal-level variables, namely unemployment, household overcrowding, poverty, education, income, home ownership, and vulnerable groups, with an increasing index signifying increasing neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage. Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was estimated from a single 24-hour urine sample. Neighborhood SES index was not significantly associated with 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium (mean value for each quartile of neighborhood SES: 133.5, 135.2, 126.5, and 141.7 mmol/day, respectively; P for trend 0.10) or potassium (mean value for each quartile: 43.5, 42.2, 38.4, and 42.5 mmol/day, respectively; P for trend 0.44). However, neighborhood SES index was significantly positively associated with the ratio of 24-hour urinary sodium to potassium (mean value for each quartile: 3.14, 3.28, 3.37, and 3.41, respectively; P for trend 0.03). This significant association remained after adjustment for household SES variables (mean value for each quartile: 3.15, 3.35, 3.29, and 3.41, respectively; P for trend 0.04). Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with higher ratio of 24-hour urinary sodium to potassium in young Japanese women.     

Effects of cooking using multi-ply cookware on absorption of potassium and vitamins: a randomized double-blind placebo control study

This 2-week interventional study involved a randomized allocation of subjects into three groups: Group A (daily ingestion of 350 g vegetables cooked without water using multi-ply [multilayer-structured] cookware), Group B (daily ingestion of 350 g vegetables; ordinary cookware) and Group C (routine living). Before and after intervention, each subject underwent health examination with 24-h urine sampling. Blood vitamin C significantly increased after intervention from the baseline in Group A (P < 0.01) and Group B (P < 0.05). β-Carotene levels also increased significantly after intervention in Group A (P < 0.01) and Group B (P < 0.01). Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreased significantly after intervention in Group A (P < 0.01). In Group A, 24-h urinary potassium excretion increased significantly (P < 0.01) and 24-h urinary sodium (Na)/K ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) after intervention. In conclusion, a cooking method modification with multi-ply cookware improved absorption of nutrients from vegetables and enhanced effective utilization of the antioxidant potentials of vegetable nutrients.     

Dietary Polyamine Intake and Polyamines Measured in Urine

Dietary polyamines have recently been associated with increased risk of pre-malignant colorectal lesions. Because polyamines are synthesized in cells and taken up from dietary sources, development of a biomarker of exposure is challenging. Excess polyamines are primarily excreted in the urine. This pilot study seeks to identify dietary correlates of excreted urinary polyamines as putative biomarkers of exposure. Dietary polyamines/other nutrients were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and correlated with urinary levels of acetylated polyamines in 36 men using 24-h urine samples. Polyamines, abundant in cheese and citrus, were highly positively correlated with urinary N⁸-acetylspermidine (correlation coefficient; r = 0.37, P = 0.03), but this correlation was attenuated after adjustment for total energy intake (r = 0.07, P = 0.68). Dietary energy intake itself was positively correlated with urinary total acetylated polyamine output (r = .40, P = 0.02). In energy-adjusted analyses, folic acid and folate from food were associated with urinary N¹,N¹²-diacetylspermine (r = 0.34, P = 0.05 and r = ?0.39, P = 0.02, respectively). Red meat negatively correlated with total urinary acetylated polyamines (r = ?0.42, P = 0.01). Our findings suggest that energy, folate, folic acid, saturated fat, and red meat intake, as opposed to FFQ-estimated dietary polyamines, are correlated with urinary polyamines.     

Salty taste thresholds and preference in patients with chronic kidney disease according to disease stage: A cross‐sectional study

Aim

The present study was performed to evaluate the differences in salty taste thresholds among normal controls and non‐dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients according to disease stage and to evaluate the relationship between salty taste thresholds or preferences and mean spot urine sodium concentrations.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study enrolled 436 patients with non‐dialysis CKD and 74 normal controls. We evaluated detection and recognition thresholds, salty taste preferences and salt usage behaviours (through a questionnaire) in CKD patients and normal controls. We averaged the three most recent spot urine sodium concentrations and used this ‘mean spot urine sodium’ value to estimate sodium intake in CKD patients.

Results

Detection thresholds of stages 3 and 5 and recognition thresholds of stage 3 CKD patients were higher than those of normal controls. Salty taste preferences of stage 5 and salt usage behaviour scores of stages 4 and 5 CKD patients were lower than those of normal controls. Univariate analysis showed that estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), salt usage behaviour score, salty taste preference, smoking, gender and zinc level were significantly associated with mean spot urine sodium in CKD patients. Multiple regression analysis showed that the eGFR and salty taste preference were independently correlated with mean spot urine sodium.

Conclusions

Education to change salty taste preferences and regular follow up are necessary to decrease salt intake in CKD patients.     

Salt Intake of Lactating Women as Assessed by Modified Food Weighted Records

Objective: High salt intake among lactating women can increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in infants/offspring. However, considering the limited salt intake data in lactating women, the aims of this study were to compare the salt intake assessed by modified food weighted records (FWR) with that estimated by 24-h urinary sodium excretion and to investigate the salt intake of lactating women.

Methods: In total, 30 lactating women aged 20–39 years who were 2 to 4 months postpartum were recruited from the cities of Tianjin and Luoyang in China. The household salt intakes of the lactating women were collected by modified FWR for 3 days. Information on the gender, age, eating behaviours and labour intensity of the family members and guests dining at home during the 3 days was recorded. Meanwhile, 24-h urine samples of lactating women were collected.

Results: The salt intakes of the lactating women estimated by modified FWR and 24-h urinary sodium excretion were 8.50 ± 5.32 g/d and 9.34±3.74 g/d (t=?1.29, P=0.207), respectively, which exceeded the WHO recommendation of 5 g/d. There was a significant correlation (r=0.628, P < 0.001) between the salt intakes assessed by the two methods. A Bland-Altman plot showed no significant mean difference between the two methods (salt intake measured by 24-h urinary sodium excretion-salt intake assessed by modified FWR=0.46 g/d, P=0.207).

Conclusions: The modified FWR is a reliable tool to assess the salt intake of lactating women. The salt intake of lactating women in China remains higher than the WHO recommendation and should be restricted through further efforts.     

妊娠期高血压疾病患者尿脂联素、内皮素-1和一氧化氮水平变化及意义

目的:探讨尿脂联素、内皮素-1和一氧化氮与妊娠期高血压疾病发病的关系。方法:分别采用酶联免疫吸附法、硝酸还原法测定457例妊娠期高血压疾病患者及148例正常晚期妊娠孕妇尿脂联素、内皮素-1和NO水平。结果:与对照组相比,GH组、MP组、SP组、子痫组尿脂联素、NO逐渐降低,ET-1逐渐升高且各组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GH组、MP组、SP组、子痫组尿脂联素水平与ET-1、收缩压、舒张压成负相关(r=-0.42,P<0.05;r=-0.571,P<0.05;r=-0.64,P<0.05),而与NO成正相关(r=0.413,P<0.01)。尿脂联素与HDCP的发病成负相关(r=0.37,P<0.05;β=0.127,P<0.05)。校正年龄、孕次、BMI这些混淆因素后,尿脂联素水平仍与HDCP的发生显著负相关(r=0.33,P<0.05;β=0.129,P<0.05)结论:尿脂联素可预测妊娠期高血压疾病的发生。     

Sodium and Potassium Excretion of Schoolchildren and Relationship with Their Family Excretion in China

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion in children and the relationships with their family excretion. Using the baseline data of a randomized trial conducted in three cities of China in 2018, a total of 590 children (mean age 8.6 ± 0.4 years) and 1180 adults (mean age 45.8 ± 12.9 years) from 592 families had one or two complete 24-h urine collections. The average sodium, potassium excretion and sodium-to-potassium molar ratio of children were 2180.9 ± 787.1 mg/d (equivalent to 5.5 ± 2.0 g/d of salt), 955.6 ± 310.1 mg/d and 4.2 ± 1.7 respectively, with 77.1% of the participants exceeding the sodium recommendation and 100% below the proposed potassium intake. In mixed models adjusting for confounders, every 1 mg/d increase in sodium excretion of adult family members was associated with a 0.11 mg/d (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.16, p < 0.0001) increase in sodium excretion of children. The family-child regression coefficient corresponds to 0.20 mg/d (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.26, p < 0.0001) per 1 mg/d in potassium and to 0.36 (95% CI: 0.26 to 0.45, p < 0.0001) in sodium-to-potassium molar ratio. Children in China are consuming too much sodium and significantly inadequate potassium. The sodium, potassium excretion and sodium-to-potassium ratio of children are associated with their family excretions in small to moderate extent. Efforts are warranted to support salt reduction and potassium enhancement in children through comprehensive strategies engaging with families, schools and food environments.     

The relationship of dietary sodium,potassium, fruits,and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The inverse relationships of combined fruits and vegetables intake with blood pressure have been reported. However, whether there are such relationships with salty vegetables has rarely been investigated in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the relation of combined and separate intake of fruits, vegetable intakes, and salty vegetables, as well as sodium and potassium, with blood pressure among the middle-aged and elderly populations.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The present cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort baseline survey was performed with 6,283 subjects (2,443 men and 3,840 women) and free of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS

The significantly inverse linear trend of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in fruits and non-pickled vegetables (81.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.0 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0040) and fruits only (80.9 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.4 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0430) among men. In contrast, sodium and sodium to potassium ratio were positively related with blood pressure among men (DBP, 78.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.6 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0079 for sodium; DBP, 79.0 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.7 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0199 and SBP, 123.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 125.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for sodium/potassium). Kimchies consumption was positively related to DBP for men (78.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for DBP, P for trend = 0.0003). Among women, these relations were not found.

CONCLUSION

Fruits and/or non-pickled vegetables may be inversely, but sodium, sodium to potassium, and Kimchies may be positively related to blood pressure among men.     

Measurement of sodium intake and its relationship to blood pressure and salivary sodium concentration

The mean daily sodium intake was determined for 33 normotensive subjects by analysis of a 7 day 24 h urine collection. The intake range was 1.75–5.77 g Na/day with an intra-individual standard deviation of 1.08 g Na and an inter-individual standard deviation of 0.80 g Na giving a ratio of intra-to inter-individual variance of 1.82, 79% of the subjects were correctly classified into the approapriate tertile for sodium intake after the 7 day collection. The intake range for potassium was 1.54 to 4.2 g/day.No relationship was observed between blood pressure and sodium or potassium intake. Salivary sodium levels (both stimulated and unstimulated) were positiviely correlated with sodium excretion of the day preceding saliva collection.