20世纪广西主要传染病的防制研究概况

广西壮族自治区卫生防疫站（简称本站）流行病学学科负责制定常见传染病、地方病及慢性非传染性疾病的预防与控制措施 ,进行流行病学监测 ,并负责具体组织和实施。广西主要传染病的防治研究取得了较大进展 ,一些研究项目已达到国内先进水平 ,有的居国内领先地位。本文就广西主要传染病的流行病学研究概况综述如下。１细菌性疾病１．１霍乱的监测和预测霍乱是迄今仍在我国流行的甲类传染病 ,广西曾是（主要在沿海）霍乱发病重点省（市、自治区）之一 ,累计发病率居全国第１０位。１９８２～１９８５年广西卫生防疫站受卫生部委托 ,牵头负责我…     

分子流行病学概况

流行病学是研究疾病和健康在人群中的分布 ,探索影响分布的因素和病因 ,提出预防策略和措施 ,并对此进行评价的一门科学。流行病学为传染病的控制和消灭 ,为非传染病的危险因素研究和控制已做出了不可磨灭的贡献。如Ｓｎｏｗ在 19世纪中叶对霍乱的流行病学研究和 2 0世纪中叶Ｄｏｌｌ和Ｈｉｌｌ关于吸烟与肺癌的研究就是两个典型的例子 ,被载入了流行病学的发展史 ,居有重要的地位。但是传统流行病学只观察和研究暴露因素 (危险因素 )与疾病及转归这种粗线条的观察或试验 ,已远远不能适应现代防病灭病的需要。近年来兴起的分子流行病学则弥…     

预防伤害保护生产力保障人民健康

跨入21世纪,我国社会和经济继续稳步、快速地发展.为了满足新形势下广大人民群众不断增长的卫生需求,卫生体制改革正在全面、深入地推进,并取得了良好的成效.在疾病预防和控制方面,我们一方面毫不松懈地抓好对鼠疫、霍乱、性病、艾滋病、病毒性肝炎、腹泻病和结核病等急慢性传染病的预防,密切监视和严防新发现传染病传入我国;另一方面广泛开展对高血压、心脏病、脑卒中、糖尿病和慢性阻塞肺部疾患等慢性非传染病的控制.与此同时,伤害的预防也正逐步纳入疾病预防控制工作中.自从1999年12月<第一届全国伤害预防与控制学术会议>至今不到两年的时间,我国伤害的研究和预防工作进展迅速,鼓舞人心,我们要认清形势,采取有效措施,推动这项工作不断向纵深发展.     

霍乱流行及防治史研究概况

霍乱是《国际卫生检疫条例》中规定的国际检疫传染病,在我国《传染病防治法》中被列为甲类传染病进行管理。近200年来,全球先后发生过7次霍乱大流行。霍乱,这个在19世纪曾被形容为“曾摧毁地球的最可怕的瘟疫之一”的疾病,给人类历史带来了巨大的灾难。随着第7次大流行向西半球的扩展和新的霍乱弧菌O139的出现,其流行特点发生了变化,也给防治工作提出了许多新的问题。现将给人类带来沉重灾难的霍乱流行与防治的历史概况综述如下。     

调整功能以适应卫生防疫改革新形势

<正> 随着改革的不断深入,市场经济走向成熟,旧的防疫模式已成为防疫站发展完善的桎梏,卫生防疫事业必须打破被动服务的僵化模式,注入新鲜活力,主动适应社会发展的需要。1 面临的挑战1.1 疾病谱的改变,卫生防病工作更加繁重 目前我国正处于“再次卫生革命”的交叉期,预防和控制传染病、慢性非传染性疾病的双重任务并存,需要在两条战线作战,任务十分艰巨。近年来,由于受市场经济的冲击,人口流动加剧,生存环境恶化,加上基层单位卫生防病工作明显削弱,经费投入严重不足,使预防和控制传染病的形势变得异常严峻,性病、霍乱、结核等曾被控制的传染病出现回升势头;艾滋病、新菌型霍乱、     

具有古典医学思想的现代流行病学家:威廉·巴德

威廉·巴德（William Budd,1811-1880）是19世纪英国著名的流行病学家之一,撰写了很多关于传染病防治的文章。他的主要贡献是阐明了部分流行病具有传染性,如伤寒、霍乱、牛瘟、猩红热、肺结核等,并提出了这些流行病的传播途径以及预防策略,尤其是伤寒和霍乱。这些贡献使他成为流行病学的先驱人物之一,为现代流行病学的微生物理论的发展奠定了基础。     

浅议流行病学在传染病防治监督中的应用

流行病学是研究人群中疾病或健康状态的分布及其决定因素和预防疾病及保健对策的科学。作为一种方法学 ,已广泛应用于基础医学、临床医学和预防医学各学科 ,这些学科与流行病学互相渗透 ,形成了许多学科分枝。本文就传染病防治监督领域是否可以应用这个研究工具 ,在哪些方面应用等问题作一初步探讨。1　传染病卫生监督可以运用流行病学的研究方法卫生监督本身就是一门交叉学科 ,是预防医学和行政法学的相互结合 ,有很强的专业技术性 ,在执法过程中广泛运用到传染病学、劳动卫生学、食品卫生学、环境卫生学、儿少卫生学等学科知识。流行病学…     

赴苏丹维和部队卫生防疫的做法与体会

目的：探索赴苏丹维和部队卫生防疫工作的规律,确保维和官兵生命健康。方法：分析维和任务区卫生防病工作特点,明确卫生防疫工作思路,形成疾病预防控制网络。结果：任务期内无流脑、霍乱、黄热病等传染病发生,疟疾感染率较前批维和部队明显下降：结论：形成良好的疾病预防控制网络是卫生防疫工作的重点。     

绵阳市疾控系统科技成果及论文资料分析

目的了解绵阳市疾病预防控制的工作重点,存在的薄弱环节和问题,分析出现问题的原因,为今后的工作提供科学的数据。方法收集绵阳市2市6县2区疾病预防控制系统1978-2005年的科研成果和1990-2005年在公开刊物上发表的论文,分9类进行统计,排名。结果科研成果排名为：检验、职业卫生、公共卫生、寄生虫、卫生管理及其他、计划免疫、地方病、慢性非传染病。论文排名为：流行病学、检验、公共卫生、职业卫生、免疫规划、卫生管理及其他、寄生虫、地方病、慢性非传染病。结论绵阳市疾病预防控制系统的疾病预防控制工作发展不平衡,寄生虫病、地方病、慢性非传染病属薄弱环节。     

天热了 预防肠道传染病

正春夏交替季节,随着气温升高,加上空气湿度较大,肠道传染病病原处于活跃期,浙江省疾控中心专家提醒您:天热了,注意预防肠道传染病。同时关注全国碘缺乏防治日和世界无烟日。肠道传染病凡是通过粪——口进行传播的疾病都叫肠道传染疾病。肠道传染病主要有霍乱、伤寒、痢疾、感染性腹泻及甲型肝炎等疾病。其中,霍乱是国家法定实施强制管理的甲类传染病。肠道传染病经过水、食     

一起刚果（金）维和分队霍乱暴发的流行病学调查

目的总结霍乱暴发疫情的处置经验,为今后非洲维和部队制定防治霍乱等肠道传染病提供科学依据。方法 采取现场流行病学调查及病例个案调查相结合,用描述流行病学的方法进行分析。结果该起疫情显示累计发病70例,罹患率为53.85%。所有病例均有在士兵食堂就餐史,未能采集到可疑食物。本起疫情经采取隔离治疗患者、疫点消毒、加强饮食饮水卫生管理及健康教育等综合防治措施后,疫情得到有效控制。结论根据流行病学调查、病例临床表现和实验室检测结果分析,该起疫情为食物污染引起的。加强维和分队饮食饮水卫生监督和维和医疗机构腹泻症状的监测工作是预防霍乱等肠道传染病的重要措施。     

Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a raster GIS approach

The bacteria that cause cholera are known to be normal inhabitants of surface water, however, the environmental risk factors for different biotypes of cholera are not well understood. This study identifies environmental risk factors for cholera in an endemic area of Bangladesh using a geographic information systems (GIS) approach. The study data were collected from a longitudinal health and demographic surveillance system and the data were integrated within a geographic information system database of the research area. Two study periods were chosen because they had different dominant biotypes of the disease. From 1992 to 1996 El Tor cholera was dominant and from 1983 to 1987 classical cholera was dominant. The study found the same three risk factors for the two biotypes of cholera including proximity to surface water, high population density, and poor educational level. The GIS database was used to measure the risk factors and spatial filtering techniques were employed. These robust spatial methods are offered as an example for future epidemiological research efforts that define environmental risk factors for infectious diseases.     

《学校卫生学》与《学校卫生概要》比较

三岛通良、李廷安分别是近代日本、中国较早关注、全面研究、积极推进学校卫生的重要先驱者。《学校卫生学》和《学校卫生概要》是三岛通良、李廷安学校卫生思想的集中体现与经验总结,是西方公共卫生理论与近代日本、中国的学校卫生实际相结合的产物。他们都强调学校卫生关系到国家与民族的未来,这也是办理学校卫生的共同出发点,开展学校卫生工作特别重视校舍卫生、体育训练、传染病预防、近视预防,只是前者侧重学校环境卫生,后者侧重学生疾病预防。     

Vulnerability to coastal cholera ecology

The battle to completely control cholera continues. Multiple strains, high levels of morbidity in some regions of the world, and a complex of influences on its distribution in people and the environment are accompanied by only rough resolution prediction of outbreaks. Uncertainty as to the most effective array of interventions for one of the most researched infectious diseases thwarts further progress in providing cost-effective solutions. Progress on the research front consistently points towards the importance of disease ecology, coastal environments, and the sea. However, evaluation of the link between cholera in people and environment can only be effective with analysis of human vulnerability to variable coastal cholera ecologies. As there are some clear links between the organism, cholera incidence and the sea, it is appropriate that cholera research should examine the nature of coastal population vulnerability to the disease. The paper reviews the cholera risks of human-environment interactions in coastal areas as one component of the evaluation of cholera management. This points to effective intervention through integrative knowledge of changing human and environmental ecologies, requiring improved detection, but also an acceptance of complex causality. The challenge is to identify indicators and interventions for case specific ecologies in variable locales of human vulnerability and disease hazard. Further work will therefore aim to explore improved surveillance and intervention across the socio-behavioural and ecological spectrum. Furthermore, the story of cholera continues to inform us about how we should more effectively view emergent and resurgent infectious disease hazards more generally.     

Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) as a pioneer of modern hygiene and preventive medicine

Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) belonged to the scientific elite of the 19th century. With his stringent search for the laws of nature and his fight for scientific truth, Pettenkofer was the prototype of a modern researcher. In the field of hygiene, he sought ways and means of preserving health and preventing sickness. With his consistent application of the experimental method to the field of public health, Pettenkofer helped the discipline of hygiene to provide precise and reliable answers to sanitary questions. In his experimental work on hygiene, Pettenkofer sought an answer to every imaginable question concerning the connection between the human organism and its environment. To proceed in this direction, Pettenkofer combined medical expertise with physics, chemistry, technique and statistics. This even today modern “crossover-thinking” made hygiene to the first interdisciplinary medical field. With his Institute of Hygiene, Pettenkofer established 1879 the first centre of competence for hygiene and environment in the world, opening a new era of environmental observation. In the framework of hygiene, Pettenkofer turned also to questions of nutrition and the quality of foodstuff. The science of hygiene owes to Max von Pettenkofer not only its development and cartography, but also its introduction as an academic discipline. Finally he regarded hygiene also as an economic and cultural feature. His idea about a clean soil in the cities and his promotion of adequate water supply and sufficient sewage networks are linked to his theory of the cholera. Pettenkofer believed that a battle against this epidemic could be won.     

Hygiene theory and allergy and asthma prevention

Epidemiological trends of allergic diseases and asthma in children reveal a global rise in their prevalence over the past 50 years. Their rapid rise, especially in metropolitan locales, suggests that recent changes in modern environments and/or life styles underlie these trends. One environmental/life style factor that may be contributing to this trend is called the hygiene hypothesis: that naturally occurring microbial exposures in early life may have prompted early immune maturation and prevented allergic diseases and asthma from developing. Subsequently, children raised in modern metropolitan life styles, relatively devoid of this natural microbial burden, may have under-stimulated immune systems in infancy, thereby allowing for the 'allergic march'– a pattern of pro-allergic immune development and disorders that occurs in early life. Over the past 15 years, hygiene theorising has evolved in shape and substance, in part due to a growing and strengthening burden of evidence from epidemiological, translational and basic research. What was speculation may be key clues to allergy and asthma prevention. The objectives of this article are to summarise the epidemiological trends and allergic march of childhood that may be explained by hygiene theory, to overview current hygiene theory paradigms and to exemplify the strengthening epidemiological evidence in support of the hygiene theory, using bacterial endotoxin exposure as a prototypical example.     

An assistant ship surgeon's account of cholera at sea

The diary of Thomas Graham, a naval ship surgeon, brings the voyage of HMS troopship Apollo in 1849 to life. A year after England's second great cholera outbreak, the pervasive fear of the disease became a reality onboard when cholera broke out. The intended voyage from England to China was diverted to South America where the ship was put into quarantine. So bad were the conditions onboard that the Times correspondent wrote: 'I have never seen a convict-ship in which the convicts were not more comfortably lodged'. Graham's writing provides an insightful record of life at sea in the mid-nineteenth century and the circumstances that led to this cholera outbreak, namely the overcrowding and poor hygiene. He wrote about the current beliefs and assumptions surrounding the disease; that the foul air was to blame. He also noted the varied methods taken to confine patients and treat the disease. The diary is supported by evidence from naval records and newspaper articles. Graham's writing gives us a glimpse into the life of a man who saw the world from a perspective inaccessible to us and the experience of observing newly discovered continents, cultures and wildlife, which he meticulously recorded. This was Graham's last piece of writing as he died unexpectedly of malaria shortly after the journey's end. The diary encapsulates the struggle to overcome disease and the tragic plight a humble ship surgeon shared with the crew.     

空军某部1980-2001年卫生突发事件流行病学分析

目的 了解卫生突发事件在军队中发生发展规律，以便指导今后的防治工作。方法 采用描述流行病学的方法对1980-2001年某部发生的卫生突发事件资料进行统计分析。结果 22年间共发生卫生突发事件40次，累计受害1347人，死亡3人，共涉及25个团以上单位，肠道传染病和食物中毒发生的次数和受害的人数分别占总次数的35.0%和30%，占受害总人数的50.5%和34.2%。每年的7月份是卫生突发事件的高发季节，结论 目前在空军部队中发生多，危害大的卫生突发事件是肠道传染病和食物中毒的暴发和流行，90年代以来疾病谱发生了变化，一些以前没有发生过或少见的疾病在部队中开始出现。     

The infection potential in the home and the role of hygiene: historical and current perspectives

The control of infection through hygiene has a long erratic history. Personal hygiene and handwashing was less appreciated in the past, since it was not known that invisible organisms could spread from apparently clean hands and surfaces. The role of a hygienic home environment received little attention until the 19th century. Since then, the modern tradition of hygiene has served us well, with improved water and drainage developing alongside vaccination, antibiotics, water purification, improved food production and hygienic food preparation and storage. Two major epidemiological trends are relevant to hygiene perspectives: the decline in the morbidity and mortality from infection, and the transition towards higher levels of chronic or debilitating disease. While mortality from some infections has decreased, communicable disease is no less prevalent. Infectious intestinal disease is still unacceptably high in both developed and developing countries. The control of infection within the home needs to take account of changing epidemiological trends, emphasis on evidence-based approaches and loss of public awareness of the role of hygiene. In earlier eras lack of research on the home environment prevented sufficient attention to infection transmission in the domestic setting. Recent research has demonstrated how microbial contamination can be transmitted by activities in the home. Application of this knowledge could significantly reduce the continuing impact of infectious diseases in our communities.