CRISPR1上游侧翼序列用于大肠埃希菌和志贺菌鉴定的效果评价

目的 探讨基于成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列（CRISPR）1上游侧翼序列对大肠埃希菌和志贺菌鉴定和评价效果。方法 通过BLAST重复序列识别并获得全基因组测序大肠埃希菌和志贺菌的CRISPRs和CRISPR相关基因（CRISPR-associated,cas）,并分析其种系;选取CRISPRs上、下游各500 bp侧翼序列,使用Clustal X进行序列比对;采用PCR方法扩增CRISPR1上游侧翼序列,以确定其对大肠埃希菌和志贺菌鉴定和评价效果。结果 73.4%（149/203）的大肠埃希菌存在I-E型CRISPR/Cas系统,包含了A、B1、D种系;8.4%（17/203）的大肠埃希菌存在I-F型CRISPR/Cas、17.2%（35/203）的大肠埃希菌不存在CRISPR/Cas,这2种大肠埃希菌均属于B2种系;9株志贺菌均存在I-E型CRISPR/Cas。在大肠埃希菌（B2种系外）、志贺菌CRISPR1上游和大肠埃希菌（B2种系）各存在61 bp侧翼序列,序列一致性为99%,且有种属特异性,PCR扩增此区域鉴定大肠埃希菌和志贺菌的灵敏度和特异度均>91%。结论 基于CRISPR1上游序列可用来鉴定大肠埃希菌和志贺菌,且具有很好的效果。     

O26:H11及NM大肠埃希菌CRISPR的分子分布特征及其与stx噬菌体的关系

目的 探讨O26：H11及NM血清型大肠埃希菌中成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）的分子分布特征及其与stx噬菌体的关系。方法 135株O26：H11及NM血清型大肠埃希菌从NCBI数据库获取,利用CRT软件及CRISPR Finder提取CRISPR信息,并用Excel软件对间隔序列进行编号及分析CRISPR亚型,并分析CRISPR与stx噬菌体之间的关系。结果 135株O26：H11及NM血清型大肠埃希菌中均存在CRISPR结构,CRISPR1包括19个亚型,CRISPR 2.1包括22个亚型,CRISPR2.2包括1个亚型,CRISPR3-4包括1个亚型。stx噬菌体在CRISPR群组C中出现,stx⁺ 菌株比stx^-菌株拥有更多的间隔序列。结论 CRISPR位点在O26：H11或NM血清型大肠埃希菌中广泛存在,且存在着不同的亚型,stx噬菌体与CRISPR的分子分布特征有关,可能作为鉴定高毒菌株的分子靶标。     

基于CRISPR/Cas的大肠埃希菌分子标志物的监测研究

目的 探讨基于CRISPR/Cas的大肠埃希菌分子标志物的监测研究。方法 通过BLAST收集GenBank数据库中135株全基因组测序大肠埃希菌、203株鸟枪法测序大肠埃希菌的CRISPR/Cas和PCR扩增、测序获得本实验室保存361株大肠埃希菌（包括38株大肠埃希菌O157：H7）的CRISPR序列,应用CRISPR Finder在线软件分析CRISPR特征、DNAMAN软件进行间隔序列的比对,使用Clustal Ⅹ进行cas多序列比对和Mega 5.1软件构建系统进化树。结果 本研究以全新的视角对大肠埃希菌的CRISPR/Cas位置进行描述;结果显示,135株全基因组测序、203株鸟枪法测序和361株本实验室测序的大肠埃希菌中分别有77.04%、100.00%和75.62%的大肠埃希菌具有CRISPR1,分别有74.81%、100.00%和92.24%的大肠埃希菌具有CRISPR2,分别有11.85%、0和1.39%的大肠埃希菌具有CRISPR3和CRISPR4;GenBank数据库下载的全基因组测序的1株和本实验室测序的2株大肠埃希菌存在4个CRISPR位点;缺少cas的CRISPR1下游有插入序列存在。在699株大肠埃希菌中,8株O55：H7、180株O157：H7、8株O157：HNM、40株O104：H4、4株O145：H28有独特的CRISPR;间隔序列的缺失可发生在CRISPR中间;依据I-E和I-F的cas构建系统发育树,均可分为两类。结论 大肠埃希菌的CRISPR/Cas可能作为鉴定强毒株大肠埃希菌或者新型菌株的分子标志物。间隔序列的缺失或获得可能与噬菌体有关。     

浙江省腹泻患者致泻性大肠埃希菌血清型分布及其鉴定效率的评价

目的 了解浙江省致泻性大肠埃希菌（DEC）血清型分布并探讨其血清学鉴定分类方法的鉴定效率。方法 对2009年7月至2013年6月浙江省腹泻症候群病原谱监测网络菌株库中的696株DEC菌株（通过毒力基因鉴定）开展血清学凝集试验,比较毒力基因和血清学鉴定分类的结果。结果 696株DEC中288株（41.4%）能明确O抗原型别,分属于35种O血清群。171株（24.6%）H血清凝集,分属于21种H型。肠集聚性大肠埃希菌（EAEC）、产肠毒素性大肠埃希菌（ETEC）、肠致病性大肠埃希菌（EPEC）和肠出血性大肠埃希菌（EHEC）凝集率分别为31.9%（130/408）、70.6%（127/180）、31.5%（29/92）和14.3%（2/14）,分属于30、18和15种O血清群,1株EHEC为O157∶H7。EAEC和EPEC血清群相对较多样化,而ETEC则相对集中,不同类型DEC可具有同一血清群/型。根据血清学结果可分类的75株DEC中,42株毒力基因和血清学分类结果一致,33株不一致。结论 浙江省DEC血清群/型种类多样,单纯采用血清学筛查可造成极大的漏检或误分,建议采用毒力基因鉴定分类。     

山东省某地产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌耐药情况及多位点序列分型

目的 分析山东省某生猪养殖县农村居民粪便中分离的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌耐药情况和多位点序列分型。方法 采用琼脂稀释法对2016年7月收集的山东省某生猪养殖县农村居民新鲜粪便中分离的360株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行药物敏感性试验;对CTX-M、TEM、SHV等β-内酰胺酶基因进行PCR扩增,采用毛细管电泳筛选阳性菌株;采用多位点序列分型（MLST）方法进行分子分型,采用eBURST v3.0软件进行聚类分析。结果 360株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、四环素、复方新诺明及氟苯尼考的耐药率较高,分别为100.0%（360/360）、82.2%（296/360）、81.1%（292/360）、80.3%（289/360）。CTX-M基因检出率为99.2%（357/360）,以CTX-M-9组、CTX-M-1组为主,分别占35.6%（128/360）和24.4%（88/360）;TEM基因检出率为26.9%（97/360）。MLST共得到132个ST型别,相对优势ST型为ST10,占12.5%（45/360）;聚类分析显示CC10为最主要的克隆群,包括39个ST型,占41.1%（148/360）。结论 该农村地区产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、四环素、复方新诺明、氟苯尼考的耐药情况较严重,存在以CC10为主的小范围聚集性,可能存在动物与人类之间的传播。     

广东省2013-2014年食源性疾病主动监测的病原学特征分析

目的 了解广东省腹泻病例中沙门菌、志贺菌、副溶血弧菌和4种致泻性大肠埃希菌［肠产毒性大肠埃希菌（ETEC）、肠致病性大肠埃希菌（EPEC）、产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌（STEC）、肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌（EIEC）］的感染情况及其血清型别、耐药变化和分子特征。方法 对2013-2014年广东省食源性疾病主动监测检出的沙门菌、志贺菌、副溶血弧菌和4种致泻性大肠埃希菌菌株进行血清分型、药物敏感试验和PFGE分型。结果 2013-2014年检测粪便标本57 834份,分离到3 372株致病菌,检出率为5.83%;沙门菌的检出阳性率最高,其次是副溶血弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌、志贺菌。3 213株沙门菌分为143种血清型,最常见的血清型为鼠伤寒、4,5,12：i：-、肠炎、斯坦利和德尔卑沙门菌。沙门菌对头孢类和氟喹诺酮类药物均较敏感;不同血清型沙门菌对抗生素的耐药率有明显差异,10种最常见血清型中,肠炎沙门菌对头孢类药物的耐药率最高,德尔卑沙门菌对环丙沙星的耐药率最高。2 289株各血清型沙门菌的PFGE型别分布多样,表现出较大的指纹图谱多态性。85株副溶血弧菌分为10种血清型,最主要的血清型为O3：K6（61.18%）,其次是O4：K8（10.59%）;tdh携带率高（81.18%）,trh携带率较低（7.06%）,有10株菌（11.76%）不携带该两种毒力基因;副溶血弧菌对亚胺培南、萘啶酸、复方新诺明、氯霉素、四环素的敏感率均>95%。13株志贺菌分别为宋内志贺菌9株、福氏志贺菌3株、鲍氏志贺菌1株;对头孢他啶、环丙沙星、氯霉素较敏感（76.92%）。检出的86株致泻性大肠埃希菌中ETEC 29株（33.72%）,EPEC 27株（31.39%）,STEC 27株（31.39%）,EIEC 3株（3.48%）。结论 2013-2014年广东省食源性疾病主动监测中沙门菌检出率最高（5.57%）,其次是副溶血弧菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌、志贺菌;沙门菌、副溶血弧菌和志贺菌对头孢类和氟喹诺酮类药物敏感;沙门菌感染中仅发现聚集性病例,但未监测到暴发。     

上海地区分离的大肠埃希菌O157的分子分型研究

目的对2006年-2014年在上海地区分离的大肠埃希菌O157进行分子分型研究。方法通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)和多位点序列分型(MLST)技术的联合应用,对来自中国上海地区的16株大肠埃希菌O157分离株和4株标准株进行分子分型研究。结果 PFGE方法可将20株菌株分为12种型别,分辨力为0.921 1。其中14株O157:H7菌株处于同一聚类,其与6株O157:H?菌株为不相关菌株。MLST方法可将20株菌株分为6种ST型,分辨力为0.726 3。7个管家基因的核苷酸多态性范围为0.000 784~0.009 449。其中14株O157:H7菌株分为ST2966型和ST11型,属于同一克隆群。6株O157:H?分离株分为4种ST型,包括3种新的ST型,且与本研究中的O157:H7菌株间的管家基因型别相差至少6个。结论上海地区从动物和患者粪便中分离的大肠埃希菌O157:H7分离株间的遗传谱系接近,与本实验研究中的大肠埃希菌O157:H?菌株间亲缘关系较远。需加强对上海地区大肠埃希菌O157的病原学监测,并进一步比较2种分型技术对大肠埃希菌O157的分型效果。     

腹泻症候群致泻性大肠埃希氏菌血清型及毒力基因检测

目的：通过对腹泻症候群中致泻大肠埃希菌的血清型和多重PCR检测,了解本地区致泻大肠埃希菌的血清群、型分布规律,所携带毒力基因及相互之间的相关性,为腹泻症候群中致泻大肠埃希菌的检测、鉴定提供科学依据,以提高阳性株的检出率。方法：对本地区2012-2013年腹泻症候群监测医院门诊未使用过抗生素腹泻患者的稀便、水样便、黏脓便或脓血便标本通过増菌、各种选择性培养基筛选出病原菌,后经生化试验、多重PCR试验和血清型分型试验进行鉴定。结果：本次检测共检出65株血清凝集致泻大肠埃希菌,分属EPEC、EIEC、ETEC,以EPEC为主,占83.08%,共8个血清型,其中血清型O55：H59、O128：H67占58.47%;共检出4种相关毒力基因,其中escV 49株（75.38%）。未分血清型菌株27株,检出相关毒力基因共5种,分属EPEC、EIEC、ETEC、EAEC,其中escV 15株（55.56%）。结论：本地区腹泻症候群中血清学阳性致泻大肠埃希菌以EPEC为主,常见血清型为O55：H59、O128：H67,毒力基因为escV、escV＋bfpB、invE、elt。未分血清型致泻大肠埃希菌毒力基因为escV、escV＋bfpB、invE、elt、astA,与已分型菌株携带基因基本一致。腹泻患者的大肠埃希菌检测中,在传统的细菌分离培养、生化试验、血清学鉴定的基础上,有必要进行大肠埃希菌的毒力基因检测,以提高阳性检出率,避免漏检,提高致泻性大肠埃希菌的诊断。     

广东省2018-2022年侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌病原学特征分析

目的 了解2018-2022年广东省侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌（iNTS）的血清型分布、耐药性以及分子流行情况,为沙门菌侵袭性感染的防治提供科学依据。方法 对2018-2022年广东省分离自血液和粪便样本的沙门菌进行血清学鉴定、药敏试验、多位点序列分型（MLST）和全基因组测序。同时利用微生物基因注释系统对测序结果开展耐药基因与毒力因子注释。结果 136株iNTS分为25种血清型,肠炎沙门菌占38.24%（52/136）。以鼠伤寒变种沙门菌作为对照计算其余iNTS血清型的OR值,奥雷宁堡、里森和波摩那3种沙门菌血清型的OR值较高,分别为423.50、352.92和211.75。iNTS耐药率在0.74%~66.91%之间,普遍低于非iNTS株（3.90%~77.21%）。iNTS耐药以氨苄西林和四环素为主,耐药率分别为66.91%（91/136）和50.00%（68/136）,而对环丙沙星（5.88%,8/136）、头孢他啶（5.88%,8/136）、庆大霉素（5.13%,7/136）和头孢西丁（0.74%,1/136）耐药率较低。iNTS携带多种耐药基因与毒力因子,但尚未发现共同毒力因子分布特征。MLST聚类分析显示,iNTS分为26种序列型别,ST11型占38.24%（52/136）。结论 2018-2022年广东省iNTS以肠炎沙门菌为主,其中奥雷宁堡、里森和波摩那3种血清型可能与更高的侵袭性感染风险有关。iNTS对临床一线治疗药物（头孢类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素）敏感,序列呈现高度多样性且具有明确的系统发育分支,以ST11型为本地优势克隆群。     

一起聚集性腹泻事件致病菌分子特征分析

目的分析一起聚集性腹泻事件致病菌及其分子分型特征。方法现场采集学生和食堂员工肛拭子、饮用水和食物标本90份进行菌株培养,采用生化试验、血清学试验对致病菌进行鉴定,采用PCR法检测毒力基因和定植因子,采用多位点序列分型和脉冲场凝胶电泳进行分子分型分析。结果培养得到27株菌株,鉴定结果均为大肠埃希菌; 20株血清型为O153,肠毒力基因STh均为阳性,且全部携带CS8、 CS17、 CS20和CS21定植因子;其他7株血清型为O168、 O128或O20,基因检测结果均为阴性。20株肠产毒性大肠埃希菌O153均为ST155序列型,脉冲场凝胶电泳带型一致,聚成一簇。结论分子分型特征表明,该起事件是一起由肠产毒性大肠埃希菌O153引起的腹泻事件。     

Trends in predictors of death due to HIV-related causes among persons living with AIDS in New York City: 1993–2001

To examine trends in predictors of HIV-related mortality among cohorts of persons living with AIDS (PLWA) in New York City (NYC), nine calendar year-specific cohorts of PLWA were created from 1993 to 2001. Cohorts were defined as persons who had been alive at any time during that year and had been diagnosed with AIDS before the end of that year. Predictors of death because of HIV-related causes of death were assessed by examinnng year-specific, stratified death rates per 1,000 PLWA and adjusted relative risks (RRs) from proportional hazards models. We conducted an analysis of AIDS surveillance data PLWA in NYC between 1993 and 2001. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for each calendar year cohort to evaluate trends in the RR of HIV-related death over the subsequent 5 years, adjusting for sex, reace/ethnicity, age, transmission risk borough of residence, category of AIDS diagnosis [opportunistic illness (OI) or CD4 count <200 cells/μL], time since AIDS diagnosis, and CD4 count at time of AIDS diagnosis. Death rates due to all causes and HIV-related causes declined substantially during 1993–1997 and then stabilized in all subgroups of PLWA between 1998 and 2001. Beginning in 1995, differences in survival emerged in some subgroups, such that by 2001 (1) injecting drug users (IDUs) had poorer survival compared with men who have sex with men (MSM) [RR₂₀₀₁=2.1, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)=1.8–2.4]; (2) black and Hispanic PLWA had a significantly higher risk of death than white PLWA (RR₂₀₀₁=1.4, 95% CI=1.2–1.6, RR₂₀₀₁=1.2, 95% CI=1.1–1.4, respectively, and (3) PLWA aged 60 and above had poorer survival compared with younger persons (RR₂₀₀₁=2.4, 95% CI=1.9–3.0), after adjustment for other factors. The observed disparities that began to emerge in 1995 may be attributable to differential effects of, access to, or usage of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). More targeted studies are needed to determine why such disparities have emerged.     

A vulnerable population in a time of crisis: Drug users and the attacks on the World Trade Center

In this article, we present preliminary findings from a qualitative study focused on the impact of the World Trade Center attacks on New York City residents who are current or former users of heroin, crack, and other forms of cocaine. In it, we present data describing their responses to and feelings about the attacks, changes in drug use after the attacks, and factors affecting changes in use. Our analysis is based on 57 open-ended interviews conducted between October 2001 and February 2002. The majority of study participants reported that the attacks had a significant emotional impact on them, causing anxiety, sadness, and anger. Several described practical impacts as well, including significant reductions in income. On September 11th and the weeks and months that followed, several participants who had been actively using did increase their use of heroin, crack, and/or other forms of cocaine. Reductions in use were, however, as common over time as were increases. There was some relapse among former users, but this was limited to those who had stopped using drugs within the 6 months immediately preceding the attacks. A diverse set of factors interacted to control use. For some participants, these factors were internal, relating to their individual motivations and drug use experiences. Other participants were essentially forced to limit use by marked reductions in income. For others, access to health and social service professionals, as well as drug treatment, proved to be key. Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at Montefiore Medical Center     

Computer and internet use among urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes

Previous studies have identified a “digital divide” between African Americans and whites, with African Americans having substantially lower rates of Internet use. However, use of the Internet to access health information has not been sufficiently evaluated in this population. Therefore, we conducted a telephone survey to determine the prevalence of computer and Internet use among 457 African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants were 78% female, with a mean age of 57±11 years, and about one-third had a yearly income ≦$7,500. Forty percent of the participants reported having a computer at home and 46% reported knowing how to use a computer. Most participants (58%) reported that they had, at some point, used a computer, and of those, 40% reported that they used the computer to find health information. In a stratified analysis, participants with lower education levels (<high school) were less likely to have a computer; older participants, men, and individuals with lower education levels were less likely to know how to use a computer and to use it to search for health information (all P<.05). Nonetheless, of the participants who did not know how to use a computer, 66% reported that they would be willing to learn. In addition, 82% reported that they had friends or family in the neighborhood who would let them use a computer. Furthermore, 89% of participants reported that they would use a computer program to manage their diabetes if it were offered free of charge. These data show promise for the willingness of this under-served population to use computers and access health information using the Internet. New programs are needed to explore Internet-based interventions to improve self-management and diabetes care among African Americans.     

Antimicrobial antibodies in Danish slaughterhouse workers and greenhouse workers

Summary As a consequence of contact with animals and animal products slaughterhouse workers might be at risk of infection with pathogenic microorganisms. This hypothesis has been supported by some earlier studies. In this study 217 slaughtermen and a control group of 113 greenhouse workers were investigated for the prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Campylobacter jejuni (IgA and IgG), Yersinia enterocolitica types 3 and 9, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis types I, II, III, IV, and V, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Borrelia burgdorferi. No significant differences were found concerning either frequency of positive tests or magnitude of titers. The prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies was remarkably high in both groups.     

Clinical and laboratory evidence of the importance of the tick D. marginatus as a vector of B. burgdorferi in some areas of sporadic Lyme disease in Bulgaria

56 adult ticks D. marginatus and 38 adult ticks H. punctata were sampled by the flagging method, transferred to the laboratory, dissected and tested for infection with Lyme disease spirochetes. 3 (7.9%) of the adult H. punctata and 2 (3.57%) of the adult D. marginatus were infected with B. burgdorferi (Bb). This report also presents the case of a patient, who developed Lyme disease symptoms after he had been bitten by a D. marginatus tick. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by serological testing and by a biopsy, taken from the patient's skin lesion. The skin biopsy was examined under an electron microscope and Bb was found in the sections of the deeper strata of the dermis in two structural forms: (a) cylindrical bodies (protoplasm cylinder) with circular ends covered with a three-layered membrane; (b) granules, situated among the collagenous fibres either closely adhered to them or covered with a membrane. The result of the study demonstrates that in single cases in some ecosystems, ticks D. marginatus might be implicated in Bb transmission to humans as secondary vectors.     

Absorption,metabolism and elimination of N,N-dimethylformamide in humans

Summary Excretion of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF metabolites N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (MF), N-hydroxymethyl-formamide (F) and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) has been monitored in the urine of volunteers during and after their 8-h exposure to DMF vapour at a concentration of 10, 30 and 60 mg · m^–3. The pulmonary ventilation in these experiments was typically about 101 · min^–1 and the retention in the respiratory tract was 90%. After exposure to 30 mg DMF · m^–3, the yield of compound determined in the urine represented 0.3% (DMF), 22.3% (MF), 13.2% (F) and 13.4% (AMCC) of the dose absorbed via the respiratory tract. The excretion curves of the particular compounds attained their maximum 6–8h (DMF), 6–8h (MF), 8–14h (F) and 24–34h (AMCC) after the start of the exposure. The half-times of excretion were approximately 2, 4, 7 and 23 h respectively. In contrast to slow elimination of AMCC after exposure to DMF, AMCC was eliminated rapidly after AMCC intake. This discrepancy could be explained by rate-limiting reversible protein binding of a reactive metabolic intermediate of DMF, possibly methylisocyanate.     

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to<Emphasis Type="Italic"> N</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-dimethylformamide in synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea

Objectives To investigate the relationship between N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exposure and excretion of urinary N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) and N-methylformamide (NMF) in workers at synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea, for the first time.Methods One-hundred forty-four male workers at nine synthetic leather manufacturing factories were surveyed. Exposure to DMF was evaluated through breathing zone air sampling followed by analysis via a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The levels of NMF and AMCC were determined by a GC with a flame thermionic detector (GC-FTD). Urine samples were collected at the end of the workshift.Results and Conclusions Geometric mean of workplace air DMF and urinary NMF was 8.8 ppm and 47.5 mg/l, respectively, and the level of DMF and NMF was significantly correlated. The biological exposure limit for NMF (15 mg/ml) was exceeded in 89.5% of urine samples, and 37.9% of air samples exceeded the environmental DMF exposure limit (10 ppm), indicating a serious health risk to the employees of the synthetic leather industry in Korea. Exposure to 10 ppm DMF in the workplace air corresponded to a urinary NMF concentration of 53.4 mg/l. Alcohol intake the day before urine was sampled influenced NMF excretion into urine (40.5 mg/l NMF for the no-alcohol group and 94.6 mg/l for the group consuming more than 63.0 g alcohol/day). We could not find a significant relationship between air DMF and urinary AMCC concentration. Exposure to 10 ppm DMF corresponded to an AMCC concentration of 8.0 mg/l in the urine samples collected on the same day as the air was sampled.     

我国几种非嗜肺军团菌感染的血清流行病学研究

本文报告了1986年对我国五个地区994名健康成人、373名儿童和100例肺炎病人进行三种军团菌抗体检测的结果。健康成人抗体阳性率(≥1:16)Lm为9.26%,Ld为9.05%,Lg为3.32%。儿童Lm为5.36%,Ld为2.14%,Lg为3.75%。肺炎病人抗体阳性率以Ld最高(44%),Lm次之(23%),Lg均阴性。提示我国南方和北方地区人群中均存在这三种军团菌感染的可能性,应予以注意。     

Percutaneous absorption of N,N-dimethylformamide in humans

Summary Skin penetration fo N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) liquid or vapour was studied in volunteers. Exposure to liquid DMF was performed in two ways: in a dipping experiment, one hand was dipped up to the wrist in DMF for 2–20 min, while in a patch experiment, 2 mmol DMF was applied to the skin and allowed to be absorbed completely. The period of exposure to DMF vapour (50 mg · m^–3) was 4 h. The DMF metabolites N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (MF), N-hydroxymethylformamide (F), and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) were monitored in the urine. Liquid DMF was absorbed through the skin at a rate of 9.4 mg · cm^–2 · h^–1. Percutaneous absorption of DMF vapour depended strongly on ambient temperature and humidity and accounted for 13%–36% of totally excreted MF. The results suggest that skin absorption of liquid DMF is likely to contribute to occupational exposure substantially more than penetration of DMF vapour. The yield of metabolites after transdermal DMF absorption was only half of that seen after pulmonary absorption. Elimination of MF and F but not that of AMCC was delayed, which supports the contention that AMCC should be used instead of MF as the most suitable biomarker of DMF in cases where percutaneous intake can occur.     

Effects of increasing syringe availability on syringe-exchange use and HIV risk: Connecticut, 1990–2001

Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) in Connecticut operate with caps on the number of syringes exchanged per visit. We investigated the effects of legislation increasing the cap on drug injectors' access to clean syringes through the SEPs in New Haven and Hartford. The mixed design of this study included longitudinal and crosssectional data from individuals and ecological data from program operations. Five parameters—syringe return rate, syringes per visit to the SEP, syringe reuse rate, syringe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, and syringe sharing—were monitored through syringe tracking and testing of SEP syringes and by interviewing injectors. Two increases in the cap—from 5 to 10 and then from 10 to 30—had little effect on the five parameters that measured injectors' access to clean syringes. In contrast, access to clean syringes increased when the New Haven SEP first began operations, when syringes first became available at pharmacies in Hartford, and when the agency running the Hartford SEP changed. Legislation providing piecemeal increases in the cap may not, by themselves, be sufficient to increase injectors' access to clean syringes and decrease the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission in this population.