起始年龄对结直肠癌高危人群进展期病变检出的影响研究

目的 比较不同筛查起始年龄对结直肠癌高危人群的进展期病变检出的影响。方法 基于浙江省嘉善县结直肠癌早诊早治筛查项目,以2007年1月至2020年12月两轮筛查中初筛阳性的结直肠癌高危人群为研究对象,剔除信息不全者后,最终分别纳入27 130例和31 205例。采用基于广义加性模型的样条分析拟合高危人群进展期病变检出率的年龄变化趋势。进一步计算50、45和40岁3种不同起始年龄的进展期病变检出率和需镜检人数,并采用χ²拟合优度检验比较检出率差异。结果 两轮筛查分别有21 077例（77.69%）和25 249例（80.91%）参与了肠镜检查,分别检出结直肠进展期病变（癌与进展期腺瘤）1 097例（52.05‰）和1 151例（45.59‰）。结直肠癌和进展期腺瘤的检出率均随年龄增长而显著增加（趋势检验P<0.05）,且第一轮检出率显著高于第二轮（P<0.05）。分别以50、45和40岁为起始年龄的结直肠进展期病变检出率在第一轮筛查中依次为61.11‰、56.14‰和52.05‰,在第二轮中依次为49.10‰、46.75‰和45.59‰。χ²拟合优度检验表明,以40岁为起始年龄的进展期病变检出率显著低于以50岁为起始年龄的进展期病变检出率（P<0.05）。相应地,50、45和40岁3种起始年龄每检出1例进展期病变的需镜检人数在第一和第二轮筛查中分别为17、18、20人和21、22、22人。结论 结直肠进展期病变检出率随年龄增长而增大。因此,筛查起始年龄提前会使进展期病变检出率减小,但实际差异有限。     

定量免疫粪便隐血试验对进展期结直肠肿瘤筛检效能的评价

目的 评价定量免疫粪便隐血试验（FIT）对进展期结直肠肿瘤（结直肠癌和进展期腺瘤）的筛检效能,为进一步优化中国人群结直肠癌筛查策略提供理论参考。方法 基于1项正在开展的人群结直肠癌筛查随机对照试验,选取3 407例已完成结肠镜检查的50~74岁受试者作为研究对象。所有受试者在结肠镜检查前均提供粪便标本。采用定量FIT通过标准化操作流程对所有粪便标本进行检测。以结肠镜和病理结果作为金标准,计算定量FIT对进展期结直肠肿瘤的筛检效能指标。结果 3 407例受试者中男性占51.5%（n=1 753）,年龄为（60.5±6.3）岁,共包括结直肠癌28例（0.8%）、进展期腺瘤255例（7.5%）、非进展期腺瘤677例（19.9%）、良性病变和正常者2 447例（71.8%）。当采用厂家推荐阳性截断值（20 μg Hb/g）时,总体FIT阳性率为2.8%（96/3 407）,对于结直肠癌和进展期腺瘤的灵敏度分别为57.1%（95% CI：37.2%~75.5%）和11.0%（95% CI：7.4%~15.5%）,特异度为98.4%（95% CI：97.8%~98.8%）。当阳性截断值调整至5 μg Hb/g时,定量FIT对于结直肠癌和进展期腺瘤的灵敏度分别增加至64.3%（95% CI：44.1%~81.4%）和16.5%（95% CI：12.1%~21.6%）,特异度降低至95.2%（95% CI：94.4%~95.9%）。受试者工作曲线分析结果显示,FIT对于结直肠癌和进展期腺瘤的曲线下面积分别为0.908（95% CI：0.842~0.973）、0.657（95% CI：0.621~0.692）,且在不同性别、年龄组人群中筛检效能较为一致。结论 在本研究中,定量FIT对结直肠癌诊断灵敏度尚可,但对进展期腺瘤的诊断灵敏度较低。在人群结直肠癌筛查中,定量FIT的阳性截断值可以根据预设检出率及结肠镜检查负荷灵活调整,具有一定优势。     

人群结直肠癌筛检项目成本效果分析与评价

目的 以卫生经济学角度，探讨各年龄组人群结直肠癌筛检项目成本效果差异。方法 利用浙江省嘉善县结直肠癌筛检项目资料，计算各年龄组人群的筛检依从率和病例检出率，利用χ²检验及趋势χ²检验判断年龄组间的差别。通过对筛检项目成本进行统计，计算各年龄组的成本/效果比。结果 免疫化学粪便潜血试验阳性率及进展期腺瘤、结直肠癌和早期癌的检出率随年龄增长有上升趋势，早诊率随年龄增长有下降趋势。40～49岁组人群筛检成本/效果比最高，敏感性分析发现剔除该组后筛检成本/效果比将降低15%～30%。结论 从卫生经济学角度，结直肠癌筛检起始年龄推迟至50岁更有利于提高筛检效率。     

基于人群筛查的生活方式相关因素与结直肠腺瘤的关系研究

目的 探讨生活方式相关因素与结直肠腺瘤之间的关系。方法 基于浙江省嘉善县结直肠癌早诊早治筛查项目,收集2012年8月至2018年3月初筛阳性的结直肠癌高危人群的问卷信息和结直肠镜检查结果。根据肠镜检查结果,纳入11 232例无病变健康对照和3 895例结直肠腺瘤患者,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析各生活方式相关因素与结直肠腺瘤之间的联系。结果 调整潜在的混杂因素后,吸烟、饮酒、肥胖与结直肠腺瘤患病风险呈正相关,OR值（95% CI）分别为1.38（1.24~1.54）、1.37（1.24~1.51）和1.38（1.20~1.59）;规律服用阿司匹林与结直肠腺瘤患病风险呈负相关,OR值（95% CI）为0.65（0.53~0.80）。以性别和年龄为分层因素的分析发现,吸烟、饮酒与结直肠腺瘤的关联效应仅在男性中具有统计学意义,规律服用阿司匹林与结直肠腺瘤的关联效应则在老年人（≥60岁）中更强。结论 吸烟、饮酒、规律服用阿司匹林、肥胖等生活方式相关因素与结直肠腺瘤患病风险相关。     

肠镜检查对结直肠癌发病风险影响的前瞻性评价研究

目的 评价肠镜检查对人群结直肠癌发病风险的影响。方法 基于浙江省嘉善县结直肠癌早诊早治筛查项目,以2007年1月至2015年12月初筛阳性需要进一步接受肠镜检查的人群为研究对象,分析中剔除基线信息不完整者、参加筛查前已患结直肠癌者和基线时发现的结直肠癌、肠炎或肠道溃疡患者,最终纳入25 894例。使用Cox比例风险回归模型分析肠镜检查与结直肠癌发病风险的关联。结果 研究累计随访160 113人年,中位随访期为5.67年,期间观察到结直肠癌新发病例127例。未接受检查组、未发现病变组和发现病变组的结直肠癌发病密度分别为202.35/10万人年、40.93/10万人年和63.62/10万人年,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。调整潜在的混杂因素后,与未接受肠镜检查者相比,接受肠镜检查未发现病变者和发现病变者发生结直肠癌的HR值（95% CI）分别为0.24（0.16~0.36）和0.29（0.17~0.49）。对病理部位开展的亚组分析和以年龄、性别为分层因素的分析结果均显示肠镜检查与结直肠癌发病呈负关联。结论 肠镜检查能有效降低高危人群结直肠癌的发病风险。     

广州市2015-2016年50~74岁社区人群大肠癌筛查结果分析

目的 分析广州市开展现行大肠癌筛查策略的效果。方法 收集、整理2015－2016年广州市大肠癌筛查数据，评价问卷调查、便隐血检查和全结肠镜检查的筛查效果。结果 2015－2016年广州市50～74岁重点人群完成初筛220 834人，初筛阳性37 040例（16.77%）。全结肠镜检7 821人，肠镜检查顺应率为21.12%（7 821/37 040）。发现各类肠道病变4 126例（52.76%），其中进展性腺瘤614例（7.85%）、伴中/重度异型增生的其他病变73例（0.93%），大肠癌230例（2.94%）；各类病变中男性检出率均高于女性（P<0.01）。病变早诊率为87.24%；筛查发现早期癌99例，占总大肠癌的46.26%。大肠癌筛查发现率为104.15/10万，明显高于相应年龄段（50～74岁）大肠癌监测发病率81.18/10万（P<0.001），表现为≤69岁年龄段大肠癌发现率明显高于相应发病率，≥70岁年龄段则相反。结论 广州市大肠癌筛查策略可以发现大肠癌高危人群，提高全结肠镜病变检出率、癌前病变早诊率和早期大肠癌的诊断比例，≤69岁人群受益高于70～74岁人群，是大肠癌筛查重点关注人群，应需进一步促进高危人群肠镜检查顺应性。     

深圳市城市结直肠癌高危人群2017—2019年肠镜筛查结果分析

目的 了解广东省深圳市城市结直肠癌高危人群2017—2019年的结直肠病变情况，为优化结直肠癌筛查策略提供参考依据。方法 收集深圳市城市重点癌症早诊早治项目2017年5月—2019年8月通过结直肠癌危险因素调查和风险评估系统评估出的40～74岁城市结直肠癌高危人群，对进行问卷调查和肠镜筛查结果分析。结果 深圳市2017—2019年共评估出城市结直肠癌高危人群6 260人，其中完成肠镜检查者2 622人，肠镜检查依从率为41.88%；参与肠镜检查且问卷信息填写完整者1 371人，检出结直肠癌3例、癌前病变152例、良性息肉473例、炎性肠病86例、良性息肉合并炎性病变38例、其他大肠疾病148例，检出率分别为0.22%、11.09%、34.50%、6.27%、2.77%、10.80%；深圳市不同特征高危人群比较，不同性别高危人群癌前病变、良性息肉和其他大肠疾病检出率不同，不同年龄、体质指数高危人群癌前病变和良性息肉检出率不同，不同新鲜水果、畜肉食用频率高危人群良性息肉合并炎性病变检出率不同，不同口味高危人群癌前病变、良性息肉和其他大肠疾病检出率不同，不同饮茶频率高危人群炎性肠病检出率不同...     

我国结直肠癌筛查卫生经济学证据系统更新：2009－2018

目的 系统更新中国大陆结直肠癌筛查的卫生经济学评价证据。方法 基于2015年发表的系统综述（2004-2014年），扩大检索数据库范围（PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文科技期刊数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库），延展时间至2018年12月，重点呈现近10年证据（2009-2018年）。系统摘录研究基本特征及主要结果。成本数据采用医疗保健类居民消费价格指数均贴现至2017年，计算增量成本效果比（ICER）与对应年份全国人均GDP的比值。结果 最终纳入12篇文献（新增8篇），其中9篇基于人群（均为横断面研究），3篇基于模型。起始年龄多为40岁（7篇），筛查频率多为终生1次（11篇）。筛查技术涉及问卷评估、免疫法粪便隐血试验和结肠镜。经济学评价指标以每检出1例结直肠癌的成本最为常见，中位数（范围，筛查方案数）为52 307元（12 967~3 769 801，n=20）；每检出1例腺瘤的成本为9 220元（1 859~40 535，n=10）。3篇文献报告了与不筛查相比，每挽救1个生命年的成本，其ICER与GDP比值为0.673（-0.013~2.459，n=11），是WHO认为的非常经济有效；不同筛查技术间及不同频率间该比值的范围重叠较大，但起始年龄50岁（0.002，-0.013~0.015，n=3）比40岁（0.781，0.321~2.459，n=8）筛查方案更经济有效。结论 人群研究提示腺瘤检出成本仅为癌症检出成本的1/6，有限的ICER证据提示在我国人群开展结直肠癌筛查经济有效；尽管最优初筛技术无法定论，但初步提示筛查起始年龄50岁优于40岁。未见随机对照试验评价等高级别证据。     

基于多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测技术的结直肠癌早期筛查的阳性检测率研究

目的 探讨将多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测技术应用到体检人群的结直肠癌早期筛查中的效果。方法 回顾性选择2019年1月～2022年5月在北京航天总医院接受多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测的体检人群2 600例。同时利用已经明确诊断结直肠癌的患者55例以及腺瘤55例的数据进行分析。描述多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测体检人群的阳性率、肠镜检查依从性、肠镜检查阳性率情况。多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测对确诊结直肠癌患者、确诊腺瘤患者的筛查效能分析。结果 2 600名体检人群中,多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测结果呈阳性的共267例（10.27%）,不同性别以及年龄段的阳性率差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。267例中共有140例接受肠镜检查（52.43%）,不同性别以及年龄段的肠镜检查依从率差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。接受肠镜检查的140例中,共有95例出现异常（67.86%）,不同性别以及年龄段的肠镜检查异常率差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。研究所纳入的55例确诊为结直肠癌患者接受多靶点粪便FIT-DNA联合检测,有51例结果为阳性（92.73%）,...     

以医院为基础的结直肠癌筛查策略卫生经济学评价研究

目的:从卫生经济学角度探索结直肠癌筛查的成本-效果和成本-效益,为卫生健康行政部门决策提供科学依据。方法:随机选取样本医院975名年龄在40～75岁的医院就诊人群,开展结直肠癌风险评估问卷初筛后序贯便潜血+肠镜检测、肠镜检测和多靶点粪便DNA联合检测等3种复筛策略,评价筛查的成本-效果和成本-效益。结果:多靶点DNA联合检测总体阳性率为26.32%,肠镜依从率为48.00%;便潜血检测总体阳性率为29.25%,肠镜依从率为67.74%。男性多靶点粪便DNA检测阳性率高于女性（P=0.017）;随年龄增长,DNA检测阳性率呈上升趋势（P=0.004）。平均每发现1例腺瘤性病变和大肠癌的成本分别为7 482.27元和30 652.18元。采用MT-sDNA、结肠镜、便潜血+肠镜检测复筛方法的效益成本比分别为9.20、9.62和9.61。结论:多靶点粪便DNA检测可用于具有较高支付意愿的人群开展机会性筛查。结直肠癌风险评估问卷初筛序贯便潜血检测复筛方法具有较高的成本-效益。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.