23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的免疫原性和效果

肺炎球菌是导致慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者感染性急性加重的主要病原体之一.世界卫生组织等权威机构均推荐COPD患者接种肺炎球菌疫苗,但肺炎球菌疫苗对COPD患者的保护作用尚存在争议.本文通过检索国内外截止到2020年7月发表的最新文献资料,梳理和综述COPD患者接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(PPSV23)的免疫原性和...     

23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病影响的meta分析

目的系统评价23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗应用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的效果,为开展COPD患者干预提供依据。方法检索Pubmed、EBSCO host、EM base、SpringerLink、Science Direct数据库、万方学术会议论文全文数据库、维普中文期刊数据库、中国知网CNKI数据库中,关于23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗应用于COPD患者的随机对照试验(RCT)研究,检索时间为1995年1月—2017年12月,按照纳入与排除标准选择文献、评价文献质量和提取资料,之后应用RevMan 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果共纳入10个RCT。其中有4个RCT研究表明23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗可以降低COPD患者的肺炎感染率(RR=0.68,95%CI=0.48～0.95,P<0.05),经敏感性分析,23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗对肺炎感染率的meta分析结果不稳定;有3个研究表明23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗可以缩短COPD患者的两次感染相距时间(WMD=87.68,95%CI=74.69～100.67,P<0.01);有6个研究表明23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗可以缩短COPD患者住院天数(W...     

COPD患者联合接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗和流感病毒裂解疫苗不良反应分析

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者联合接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(PPV23)和流感病毒裂解疫苗(流感疫苗)安全性.方法 选择近一年在东阳市人民医院住院过的COPD患者,经预检无接种禁忌症者同时在左、右臂分别接种PPV23和流感疫苗,于接种后30 min、3d、30 d进行主动观察不良反应发生率、不良反应类型和严重程度.结果 共观察644例,发生不良反应174例,不良反应发生率为27.02％,其中一般反应172例,偶合反应2例.172例一般反应中局部反应132例,全身反应37例,局部反应和全身反应同时发生3例;PPV23和流感疫苗的局部反应发生率分别为16.46％(106/644)和13.51％(87/644),差异无统计学意义(x2=2.200,P=0.140),局部反应主要为接种部位的疼痛和红肿,全身反应以发热、疲倦乏力和食欲下降为主,所有患者均在一周内恢复.结论 COPD患者联合接种PPV23和流感疫苗具有较高的安全性.     

台州市实施免费政策后≥60岁老年人流感疫苗和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗接种率北大核心CSCD

目的评估台州市实施免费政策后老年人流感疫苗(Influenza vaccine,InfV)和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine,PPV23)接种率。方法通过浙江省免疫规划信息平台获取台州市所有≥60岁老年人2018-2020年InfV和2020年PPV23接种信息,分析InfV和PPV23接种率。结果台州市≥60岁老年人2018年、2019年、2020年InfV接种率分别为42.36%、44.21%和43.15%(趋势Z=146.51,P<0.001),年均增长率为0.62%;2020年PPV23接种率为26.28%。女性两种疫苗接种率均高于男性(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.11-1.12;OR=1.04,95%CI:1.03-1.05);70-79岁两种疫苗接种率均高于60-69岁(OR=1.51,95%CI:1.50-1.52;OR=1.13,95%CI:1.12-1.15),而≥80岁InfV接种率低(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.81-0.82)、PPV23接种率高(OR=0.47,95%CI:0.46-0.48)。结论台州市实施免费政策后老年人InfV和PPV23接种率仍处于低水平;需加强老年人InfV和PPV23免费接种政策宣传并提高接种可及性。     

流行性感冒病毒裂解疫苗和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗改善老年人慢性阻塞性肺疾病的社区干预试验

目的 探索流行性感冒病毒裂解疫苗（流感疫苗）和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（肺炎疫苗）接种对老年COPD患者症状改善效果。方法 2013年11月至2014年10月,分别在重庆市和宁波市的各3个国家级慢性病综合防控示范区各选择4个社区组,整群抽样分为流感疫苗接种组、肺炎疫苗接种组、流感疫苗与肺炎疫苗联合接种组和对照组,以COPD患者自我评估测试（COPD assessment test,CAT）结果为主要评估指标,观察并比较社区内60~75岁COPD患者疫苗接种1年后症状改善程度。采用SAS 9.4软件分析,比较COPD患者疫苗接种前后的CAT评分及其症状改善的情况。结果 对4个社区组COPD患者使用倾向评分方法进行匹配后,共纳入研究对象1 244人。基线CAT评分M=21（IQR：17~26）分。接种疫苗1年后,CAT评分M=18（IQR：14~24）分,3个疫苗接种组的CAT评分均有明显降低,差异有统计学意义（流感疫苗接种组,配对t=-6.531,P=0.403;肺炎疫苗接种组,Wilcoxon配对检验H=-9 623,P<0.001;流感及肺炎疫苗联合接种组,配对t=-10.803,P<0.001）,而对照组患者CAT评分无明显改善,差异无统计学意义（Wilcoxon配对检验M=1 167,P=0.403）。CAT分级为"严重影响"及"非常严重影响"者比例在3个疫苗接种组明显降低,对照组变化不明显。析因分析发现流感疫苗对COPD患者整体症状、以及咳嗽、胸闷、气喘、活动、外出、精力6项指标均有改善作用;肺炎疫苗对整体症状及全部8项单独指标均有改善作用。结论 对COPD患者给予流感疫苗和肺炎疫苗接种可有效改善其疾病症状。     

广州市老年人23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗接种意愿及影响因素分析

目的 了解广州市老年人23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine,PPV23）的接种意愿、接种率及其影响因素,为广州市制定老年人肺炎疫苗接种策略提供依据。方法 于2022年7月10—31日在广州市11个区采取方便抽样开展调查,以≥60岁老年人作为调查对象,采用多因素logistic回归分析老年人PPV23的接种意愿和接种率的影响因素。结果共调查1316人,其中1 157人（87.92%）表示愿意接种PPV23,186人（14.13%）接种了PPV23。老年人愿意接种PPV23的原因主要为可有效减少患肺炎的可能性（82.80%）、肺炎疫苗安全可靠（60.67%）和临床医生推荐接种（47.28%）;老年人更关注肺炎疫苗是否有效（77.81%）、是否安全（76.44%）和自身能否接种（68.62%）,更希望通过接种门诊工作人员（64.06%）、电视或广播（54.18%）和临床医生（51.22%）获得肺炎疫苗的信息。多因素分析结果显示,过去一年出现发热伴咳嗽、咳痰情况（OR=1.68,95%CI:1.09～2.59）、既往...     

国产23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗上市后安全性评价

目的评价23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗大面积使用的临床安全性。方法对接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的受种者发放监测卡,30 d以后回收监测卡,统计局部及全身反应情况,收集罕见不良反应。结果观察共接种6 550人,回收有效监测卡4 361张,局部反应发生率0.71%,全身反应发生率1.56%,未见罕见和极罕见不良反应。结论国产23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗上市后大面积使用是安全的。     

23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗对成人肺炎球菌性疾病的预防效果

  目的  了解云南省玉溪市 ≥ 60岁老年人免费接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（PPV23）的安全性,为当地开展肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的接种工作提供参考依据。  方法  收集云南省疑似预防接种异常反应（AEFI）监测信息管理系统中2018年1月1日 — 2020年12月31日玉溪市老年人免费接种PPV23的AEFI数据,对AEFI的发生情况、发生时间、发生程度和病例转归情况进行了描述性分析。  结果  玉溪市2018年1月1日 — 2020年12月31日免费接种PPV23的 ≥ 60岁老年人共243670人,累计报告AEFI者40例,AEFI发生率为16.42/10万;其中一般反应占77.5 %,异常反应占12.5 %,心因性反应和偶合反应分别占5 %,上述病例均好转与痊愈。  结论  玉溪市老年人免费接种PPV23的安全性良好。     

常熟市≥65岁老年人23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗接种现状及影响因素

目的 了解常熟市≥65岁老年人23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗（PPV23）接种现状及主要影响因素,为政府制定更优的老年人肺炎疾病免疫预防策略提供科学依据。方法 于2021年10月—2022年11月,采用多级抽样的方法,随机抽取常熟市4个乡镇（街道）,再从每个乡镇（街道）中随机抽取1个乡镇卫生院（社区卫生服务中心）中65～84岁本地户籍老年人进行面对面的问卷调查,获取其PPV23接种相关信息,并从江苏省预防接种综合服务管理信息系统中获取PPV23的接种情况,采用二元logistic回归模型分析常熟市老年人接种PPV23的主要影响因素。结果 共收回2 402份调查问卷,有效问卷2 310份,问卷有效率为96.17%。40.39%(933/2 310)的老年人接种了PPV23,肺炎疫苗的接种意愿率为47.14%(1 089/2 310)。logistic回归分析显示,远离市中心、70～79岁、无糖尿病、居住或工作学习场所未使用空气净化器或新风系统的老年人更愿意接种PPV23(P <0.05);平均月收入为3 000～4 999元、总体健康状况差、没有听说过肺炎疫苗、不愿意和不清楚是否要接种肺炎...     

Evaluation of impact of 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine following 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Australian Indigenous children

BackgroundHigh incidence and serotype diversity of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Indigenous children in remote Australia led to rapid introduction of 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (7vPCV) at 2, 4 and 6 months in 2001, followed by 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23vPPV) in the second year of life. All other Australian children were offered 3 doses of 7vPCV without a booster from 2005. This study evaluated the impact of the unique pneumococcal vaccine schedule of 7vPCV followed by the 23vPPV booster among Indigenous Australian children.MethodsChanges in IPD incidence derived from population-based passive laboratory surveillance in Indigenous children <5 years eligible for 23vPPV were compared to non-Indigenous eligible for 7vPCV only from the pre-vaccine introduction period (Indigenous 1994–2000; non-Indigenous 2002–2004) to the post-vaccine period (2008–2010 in both groups) using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) stratified by age into serotype groupings of vaccine (7v and 13vPCV and 23vPPV) and non-vaccine types. Vaccine coverage was assessed from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register.ResultsAt baseline, total IPD incidence per 100,000 was 216 (n = 230) in Indigenous versus 55 (n = 1993) in non-Indigenous children. In 2008–2010, IRRs for 7vPCV type IPD were 0.03 in both groups, but for 23v-non7v type IPD 1.2 (95% CI 0.8–1.8) in Indigenous versus 3.1 (95% CI 2.5–3.7) in non-Indigenous, difference driven primarily by serotype 19A IPD (IRR 0.6 in Indigenous versus 4.3 in non-Indigenous). For non-7vPCV type IPD overall, IRR was significantly higher in those age-eligible for 23vPPV booster compared to those younger, but in both age groups was lower than for non-Indigenous children.ConclusionThese ecologic data suggest a possible “serotype replacement sparing” effect of 23vPPV following 7vPCV priming, especially for serotype 19A with supportive evidence from other immunogenicity and carriage studies. Applicability post 10vPCV or 13v PCV priming in similar settings would depend on local serotype distribution of IPD.     

上海市金山区农村老年人肺炎疫苗免费接种知识、态度和行为调查

目的评价60岁以上老年人接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(PPV23)的效果。方法在上海市宝山区17个社区中抽取6个社区的13个村/里委,共抽取2014年4—6月的接种对象950名及未接种对象1 000名。通过队列研究,调查接种PPV23后1年中肺炎、其他呼吸道感染的患病及抗生素使用情况。结果利用倾向评分匹配法将调查对象进行匹配,最终保留接种组和未接种组各875例。随访满1年,两组人群肺炎患病率分别为0.91%和3.43%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=13.020,P＜0.01),接种疫苗对人群患肺炎的保护率为73.47%;两组人群支气管炎患病率分别为2.40%和7.89%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=26.988,P＜0.01),疫苗的保护率为69.71%;慢性支气管炎急性发作的患病率分别为0.11%和1.60%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=11.364,P＜0.01),疫苗的保护率为93.13%;上呼吸道感染患病率分别为18.63%和27.43%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=19.114,P＜0.01)。两组人群抗生素使用率分别为4.46%和10.29%, 差异有统计学意义(χ²=21.767,P＜0.01)。结论老年人接种PPV23后可以降低发生呼吸道感染和患肺炎的风险,并减少抗生素的使用。     

23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine improves survival in dialysis patients by preventing cardiac events

BackgroundImmunodeficient patients are recommended to receive pneumococcal vaccination. However, there is limited evidence showing effectiveness of the polysaccharide vaccine. Polysaccharide vaccination has shown an association with cardiovascular event risk reduction. We assessed the efficacy of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) in relation to the risk of hospitalization and death due to pneumonia and acute cardiac events.MethodsThe medical records of all dialysis patients attending our 8 study centers in 2010 were studied, and we selected 1038 consecutive patients. One-to-one propensity score matching was used to correct for potential selection bias in a PPSV23-vaccinated group versus a non-vaccinated group, and a total of 510 patients were identified for outcome analysis. Time to first admission, or deaths due to all-cause pneumonia or cardiac events until 2015 were compared between both groups.ResultsThe all-cause death rate was significantly decreased in the PPSV23-vaccinated group, (hazard ratio [HR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.46–0.83, P = 0.002). All-cause death was considered to be a competing risk for the other outcomes. Further outcomes were evaluated by competing risk analysis adjusting for mortality. There was no statistically significant difference in the hospitalization rate for pneumonia; however, the hospitalization rate due to cardiac events was significantly lower in the PPSV23-vaccinated group than in the non-vaccinated group (HR 0.44, 95% CI; 0.20–0.96, P = 0.040). There was no statistically significant difference in the death rate due to pneumonia; however, the rate of cardiac death was significantly lower in the PPSV23-vaccinated group than in the non-vaccinated group (HR 0.36, 95% CI; 0.18–0.71, P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe PPSV23 vaccination is associated with a good prognosis and a low-risk of cardiac events in dialysis patients; however, there was no evidence indicating enhanced protective efficacy against pneumonia, suggesting the PPSV23 vaccination might improve the prognosis by directly preventing cardiovascular events.     

Impact and effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in the elderly in England and Wales

In 2003 the existing 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) programme for high risk groups was extended to include all ≥65 year olds in England and Wales, starting with ≥80 year olds and moving to 75–79 and 65–74 year olds by 2005. We conducted an ecological study to assess the impact of the extended PPV23 programme on serotype-specific incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and a case–control study to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) using the national IPD surveillance dataset. Between 1998 and 2006 IPD incidence caused by PPV23 serotypes in the targeted age-groups was unchanged. IPD caused by the serotypes covered by the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) introduced for children in 2006 declined in ≥65 year olds after 2006 but was offset by an increase in non-PCV7 serotypes. This increase was similar for the additional 16 serotypes covered by PPV23 and the non-PPV23 serotypes. For the VE study, vaccine history was obtained for controls (n = 1270) with non-PPV23 IPD diagnosed between November 2003 and December 2010 and a subset of cases (n = 1272) matched for age and time period. VE declined from 48% (95% confidence interval; 32–60%) within two years of vaccination to 15% (−3% to 30%) after five years. Although differences in VE by age and having risk conditions were not statistically significant the highest estimates were in the youngest age group (65–74 years) and in those without risk conditions with a VE estimate of 65% (23–84%) within 2 years of vaccination for non-risk 65–74 year olds. VE differed by serotype (p = 0.005), from −23% (−85% to 19%) for serotype 3 to 63% (29–81%) for 12F. In conclusion PPV23 was effective, particularly in healthy under 75 year olds, but protection waned after 5 years. There was no discernible impact of PPV23 on IPD incidence or PCV7-induced serotype replacement, consistent with the modest overall effectiveness, the 45% increased coverage over the former risk-based programme and lack of herd immunity from the PPV23 programme. Based on the VE estimates PPV23 was still considered a cost-effective intervention for the low risk elderly.     

老年人接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗保护效果的Meta分析

目的 评价60岁以上老年人接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(PPV23)对侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病(IPD)和肺炎球菌肺炎(PP)的保护效果.方法 电子检索National Center for Biotechnology Information、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库和万方全文数据库等数据库,将60岁以上老年人接种PPV23流行病学保护效果的随机对照试验、队列研究、病例对照研究纳入研究.合并各项研究中关于接种组和对照组间发生IPD、PP的相对危险度(RR)或比值比(OR).在合并RR或OR有统计学意义的情况下,计算疫苗效力.使用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计分析.结果 共纳入4篇随机对照研究、5篇队列研究和8篇病例对照研究.随机对照研究合并后显示接种PPV23后对IPD和PP的疫苗效力分别是73％(95％CI:10％～92％),64％ (95％ CI:35％ ～80％);队列研究合并后显示对IPD和PP的疫苗效力分别为45％ (95％CI:15％～65％),48％ (95％CI:25％～63％);病例对照研究合并显示对IPD和PP的疫苗效力分别是59％ (95％ CI:35％～74％),45％(95％CI:27％～59％).结论 60岁以上老年人接种PPV23后对IPD和PP均有良好的保护效果,而且由于PPV23覆盖肺炎球菌血清型别较广,可以有效减少IPD、PP发病,值得在60岁以上老年人中推广使用.     

HIV-1感染者接种23价肺炎疫苗的效果观察研究

目的 观察HIV-1感染者接种23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine,PPV23)的效果,评价疫苗接种的安全性、保护效果以及成本效益,为相关政策的制定提供参考。方法 用自行设计的调查问卷,通过电话或者面对面访谈对蓝山县2017—2019年接种过PPV23的145名HIV-1感染者进行调查,收集接种PPV23前后一年内接种者肺炎相关疾病的发生情况、接种疫苗后不良反应、相关疾病诊疗信息及费用情况等。结果 145名HIV-1感染者接种PPV23后,患呼吸道疾病和肺炎的发病率等都低于接种疫苗前(P<0.05),但是CD4⁺T细胞计数没有改变。结论 HIV-1感染者接种PPV23有助于降低HIV-1感染者发生肺部机会性感染,有良好的安全性和经济效益,值得在HIV-1感染人群中推广。     

北京市老年人肺炎多糖疫苗接种成本效益分析

目的 评价23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗在北京市老年人群中接种的效果和成本效益。方法 采用历史性队列研究,选择2005-2008年接种过23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗的老年人116人作为接种组,选择同期未接种疫苗的老年人116人为未接种组,进行1:1配对,通过问卷调查回顾性收集2组基本情况和相关疾病患病及其医疗花费情况,采用卫生经济学方法进行成本效益分析。结果 接种组和未接种组老年人群2005-2008年肺炎及其相关疾病发病密度分别为9.17/百人年和48.42/百人年,疫苗保护率为81.10%,接种与未接种疫苗发生肺炎及其相关疾病的相对危险度(RR)为0.19,95%CI=0.10～0.34;接种总成本24 418元,通过接种疫苗减少的医疗支出及相关总费用为458435.32元,效益成本比值(BCR)为6.49;效益成本比值随疫苗价格和发病情况改变而波动。结论 北京市老年人群接种肺炎球菌多糖疫苗具有较好的成本效益,可有效预防老年人群肺炎及其相关疾病的发生。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病及相关危险因素研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种常见的、可预防和治疗的慢性气道疾病,其特征是持续存在的气流受限和相应的呼吸系统症状。COPD是全球慢性疾病发病率和死亡率的主要原因,是世界三大死因之一,且全球COPD患病率整体呈现上升趋势。我国各省份间COPD患病率一直处于较高水平。COPD的患病率在不同国家、不同地区和不同人群之间均存在差异,并受多种危险因素影响。个体方面的遗传因素、年龄、性别、BMI、腹部肥胖和身体活动会对COPD的发生和发展产生影响;环境方面,吸烟、室内和室外空气污染以及职业中的暴露均会导致COPD的发生。