贫困农村地区婴幼儿社交情绪发育与监护人抑郁症状及教养行为的关系

目的:探究贫困农村地区婴幼儿社交情绪障碍与监护人抑郁症状、积极教养行为的关系。方法:使用已在秦巴山区开展过的儿童早期发展项目数据,选取5～24月龄婴幼儿及其监护人1753名,使用年龄与发育进程问卷:社交情绪中文版(ASQ:SE-C)、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表(DASS-21)的抑郁分量表、教养方式和家庭适应性量表(PAFAS)的积极教养行为分量表调查婴幼儿社交情绪障碍、监护人抑郁症状、监护人积极教养行为。结果:社交情绪障碍的婴幼儿有705人(占40.2%),存在抑郁症状的监护人有398人(占22.7%)。Logistic回归分析表明,积极教养行为得分高是婴幼儿社交情绪障碍的保护因素(OR=0.92),监护人抑郁症状严重是危险因素(OR=1.83),监护人类型与监护人抑郁症状对婴幼儿社交情绪障碍存在交互效应(OR=0.64),母亲抑郁症状严重是主要危险因素。结论:在贫困农村地区,监护人抑郁症状越严重,教养行为越消极,婴幼儿存在社交情绪障碍的风险越高。     

2型糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁情绪与社会心理因素的关系

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者焦虑、抑郁情绪与心理压力、应对方式和社会支持的关系。方法：采用自填式问卷，对172名2型糖尿病患者进行调查，了解患者的一般情况、心理压力来源、病人应对措施、社会支持等社会心理因素，同时用医院焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）测量其焦虑与抑郁情况。结果：焦虑得分≥9分者35人，占20．3％；抑郁得分≥9分者33人，占19．2％。控制性别、年龄、婚姻状况、学历、经济收入等潜在的混杂因素后的多因素logistic回归分析表明，感受“担心疾病可能造成的伤害”（OR=1．76，95％CI=1．12-2．77）、“疾病造成的社会／家庭危机感”（OR=1．85，95％CI=1．18-2．92）、“担心身体／生理功能下降”（OR=2．16，95％CI=1．28～3．67）和“担心经济条件降低”（OR=2．03，95％CI=1．27～3．26）的压力越大，对疾病越多采取“消极应对”的措施（OR=1．94，95％CI=1．26-2．97），越容易出现焦虑情绪：感受“疾病造成的社会／家庭危机感”（OR=1．79，95％CI=1．09～2．96）、“担心身体／生理功能下降”（OR=2．89，95％CI=1．59-5．24）的压力越大，对疾病越多采取“消极应对”的措施（OR=1．95，95％CI=1．23～3．11），越容易出现抑郁情绪，较多采取“逃避”的应对措施者较少出现抑郁情绪（OR=0．52，95％CI=0．30-0．90）。结论：2型糖尿病人的焦虑、抑郁情绪与疾病引起的心理紧张和病人采取的应对方式有关。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控常态化背景下女大学生的压力感知对焦虑水平的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

目的:探究新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控常态化背景下女大学生的压力感知对焦虑水平的影响,以及负性情绪中介作用与社会支持的调节作用.方法:使用人口学基本信息调查问卷、压力感知量表、焦虑自评量表、正性负性情绪量表和领悟社会支持量表对1919名女大学生进行调查.结果:路径分析发现,压力感知正向预测焦虑水平(β=0.23,95％CI=[0.19,0.27]),压力感知正向预测负性情绪(β=0.41,95％CI=[0.38,0.45]),负性情绪正向预测焦虑水平(β=0.50,95％CI=[0.45,0.55]),即负性情绪在压力感知与焦虑水平之间起部分中介作用.此外,领悟社会支持与压力感知的交互项对焦虑水平有显著预测作用(β=-0.003,95％CI=[-0.01,0.00]),领悟社会支持与压力感知的交互项对负性情绪有显著预测作用(β=-0.006,95％CI=[-0.01,0.00]),即社会支持既调节压力感知对焦虑的影响,也调节压力感知对负性情绪的影响.结论:疫情防控常态化背景下,压力感知能够直接或间接通过负性情绪影响女大学生的焦虑水平,社会支持则能够起到调节作用.     

体外受精-胚胎移植妇女的焦虑、抑郁情绪

目的:了解体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)妇女的焦虑、抑郁情绪及相关因素。方法:2009年4月-2010年3月,在湖南省妇幼保健院生殖中心选取来自全国各地符合本研究筛选标准的妇女连续入组,共入组IVF-ET妇女538例,采取现场询问的方式,在胚胎移植术后2小时内进行问卷调查,内容包括社会人口学特征、生育情况、治疗情况、社会心理因素及情绪症状的评定。结果:焦虑评分(39.6±3.1)分,焦虑症状检出率38.5%;抑郁评分(35.8±4.5)分,抑郁症状检出率12.3%。居住在城市(OR=1.66)、不孕年限长(OR=1.34)、夫妻交流少(OR=2.25)、积极应对评分低(OR=4.30)、生理健康(OR=3.24)评分低、心理健康(OR=5.36)评分低的IVF-ET妇女焦虑倾向危险比高;既往治疗费用多(OR=3.02),取卵个数少(OR=2.24)及性生活(OR=1.13)、积极应对(OR=6.08)评分低,应激性生活事件评分高(OR=1.83)的IVF-ET妇女抑郁倾向危险比高。结论:体外受精-胚胎移植妇女存在不同程度的焦虑、抑郁情绪,社会心理变量是其主要相关因素。     

多维度系统化健康教育配合心理干预对初产妇母乳喂养、角色适应及心理状态的影响

目的:探究多维度系统化健康教育配合心理干预应用于初产妇的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析256例初产妇临床资料,仅接受常规心理干预者纳入对照组(n=144),在其基础上采取多维度系统化健康教育者纳入观察组(n=112)。分析两组产后母乳喂养意识[母乳喂养自我效能量表简表(BSES-SF)、母乳喂养家庭支持问卷]、母乳喂养行为(泌乳情况、喂养情况)、角色适应情况[母亲角色适应调查问卷、医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)]、心理状态[爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)]。结果:产后2个月时,观察组BSES-SF、母乳喂养家庭支持问卷、母乳喂养率、母亲角色适应调查问卷、MCMQ及PSSS评分均明显高于对照组(t=5.749,5.415,4.717,4.331,3.247;χ~2=13.243;P0.05),而泌乳延迟率、泌乳不足率及EPDS评分均明显低于对照组(χ~2=5.320,8.207,t=-4.276;P0.05)。结论:多维度系统化健康教育配合心理干预能诱导初产妇进行母乳喂养,并改善其心理状态,有利于促进产妇尽快适应母亲角色。     

杭州市艾滋病患者的抑郁和焦虑情绪

目的:了解杭州市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(PLWH)的抑郁和焦虑情绪现状及其相关因素。方法:收集2017年1月1日至2019年12月31日在杭州市西溪医院就诊并自愿参加的PLWH951例，采用病人健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)、广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)评估抑郁和焦虑情绪，采用logistic回归分析探讨抑郁和焦虑情绪的相关因素。结果:存在抑郁情绪192例，存在焦虑情绪104例。Logistic回归分析结果显示，少数民族、无业状态是PLWH抑郁情绪(OR=2.27、1.45)和焦虑情绪(OR=2.45、1.47)的危险因素，大学(含大专)及以上受教育程度是PLWH抑郁情绪(OR=0.78)和焦虑情绪(OR=0.78)的保护因素。结论:杭州市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(PLWH)的抑郁和焦虑情绪问题需要重视，特别关注无业、少数民族、中学及以下程度PLWH的情绪问题。     

六安市某乡村留守初中生自杀意念现状及相关因素的研究

目的:探讨六安市乡村留守初中生自杀意念的现状及自杀意念与负性生活事件、家庭环境特征及焦虑抑郁情绪的关系。方法:采用自杀意念自评量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、家庭环境量表、青少年生活事件量表调查六安市乡村留守初中生共255人。结果:初中生年自杀意念检出率为36.5%,且随着年级的增加呈上升趋势。大家庭或核心家庭的初中生自杀意念检出率显著低于寄养家庭和单亲家庭的初中生(χ~2=12.174,P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,自杀意念与负性生活事件各因子相关呈显著性(r=0.205~0.386,P0.05)。自杀意念与家庭环境量表中的亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、知识性、娱乐性和组织性等因子相关呈显著性(|r|=0.091~0.328,P0.05)。自杀意念与焦虑抑郁情绪相关呈显著性(r=0.527,0.536;P0.05)。自杀意念的影响因素包括:人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、其它因子、亲密性因子、矛盾因子、知识性因子、娱乐性因子、组织性因子、焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪。结论:初中生自杀意念的发生与不良的家庭环境、负性生活事件、焦虑抑郁情绪有密切的关系。     

城镇化进程中农村老年人的抑郁情绪及相关因素

目的:调查城镇化进程中,"城乡结合部"和"传统农村"两类农村老年人的抑郁情绪,并分析主要的相关因素。方法:在福建省福鼎市的山前街道和点头镇所辖行政村选取老年受访者1135人,采用CES-D的10题简版评估抑郁情绪(得分≥10分有抑郁情绪问题),自编问卷调查相关基本情况。结果:传统农村老年人中有抑郁情绪问题的比例高于城乡结合部老年人(49.6%vs.30.3%,P0.001)。Logistic回归分析的结果显示,在控制其他因素的影响后,传统农村老年人出现抑郁情绪问题的危险性是城乡结合部老年人的1.40倍;进一步的分析表明,与农村老年人抑郁情绪最重要的相关因素(P0.001),城乡结合部是健康自评差(OR=7.52)、经济紧张(OR=4.41)、负性生活事件(OR=2.91)、独居(OR=2.72),而传统农村地区则主要是经济紧张(OR=8.52)。结论:城乡结合部老年人中抑郁情绪问题相对更少;在城镇化过程中,建议从改善经济、保障医疗、提升社会支持等方面提升农村老年人的情绪幸福感。     

新入职护士负性情绪与心理弹性的相关性

目的:调查新入职护士负性情绪与心理弹性现状,并探讨两者之间的相关关系。方法:采用抑郁-焦虑-压力自评量表及中文版Connor-Davidson心理弹性量表对入选新护士进行调查,利用Pearson相关分析对其负性情绪与心理弹性的相关性进行分析。结果:不同性别、受教育程度、聘用形式、所在科室新护士负性情绪存在差异(t=2.08,2.41,-2.77,F=7.20;P0.05);不同科室新护士心理弹性存在差异(F=7.82;P0.05);心理弹性高分组负性情绪及各维度得分显著低于心理弹性低分组(t=-7.22,P0.01);负性情绪与心理弹性呈显著负相关(r=-520,P0.01)。其中,心理弹性及坚韧维度与负性情绪及焦虑维度呈中度负相关。结论 :心理弹性水平是负性情绪的调节因素,坚韧等性格能更好地降低焦虑不良影响。     

学龄前先天性心脏病患儿负性情绪的现状及影响因素

目的 探讨学龄前先天性心脏病患儿负性情绪的现状，并分析其影响因素。方法 便利抽样法选取2019年1月至2023年1月南京医科大学附属儿童医院收治的286例学龄前先天性心脏病患儿及主要照顾者为研究对象，采用一般资料调查表、负性情绪、心理弹性、生活质量及焦虑、抑郁自评量表对学龄前先天性心脏病患儿及主要照顾者进行调查，采用多因素分析探究学龄前先天性心脏病患儿负性情绪的影响因素。结果 学龄前先天性心脏病患儿负性情绪发生率为33.92%，单因素分析显示：负面情绪患儿心理弹性总分、生活质量总分、NYHA心功能分级、患儿主要照顾者焦虑情况、抑郁情况、文化程度、家庭人均月收入与无负面情绪患儿存在统计学差异（P<0.05），而多因素分析结果显示低心理弹性、低生活质量、主要照顾者文化程度低、焦虑、抑郁均是学龄前先天性心脏病患儿负性情绪发生的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 学龄前先天性心脏病患儿负性情绪发生率为33.92%，低心理弹性、低生活质量、主要照顾者文化程度低、焦虑、抑郁均是学龄前先天性心脏病患儿发生负性情绪的危险因素。     

产妇及家属参与母乳喂养知识竞赛对产妇和婴儿的影响

目的 探讨产妇及家属参与母乳喂养知识竞赛对产妇和婴儿的影响,以提高产妇对母乳喂养的依从性。方法 选择2015年1月~12月我院产7病区收治的产妇200例作为研究对象,根据住院号尾数单双数分别实验组和对照组,每组100例。实验组产妇及其家属参与母乳喂养知识竞赛,对照组产妇及其家属不参加竞赛,按常规护理。比较两组产妇母乳喂养理论知识与哺乳技巧掌握程度,参赛后乳头皲裂发生率、乳汁淤积的发生率、新生儿黄疸的发生率、住院期间及出院后6个月内婴儿的纯母乳喂养率。结果 两组产妇参赛前母乳喂养理论知识与哺乳技巧比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;参赛后观察组母乳喂养理论知识与哺乳技巧掌握程度、乳头皲裂发生率、乳汁淤积的发生率、住院期间及出院后6个月内婴儿的纯母乳喂养率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组新生儿黄疸的发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 产妇及家属参与母乳喂养知识竞赛可提高产妇母乳喂养理论知识与哺乳技巧、住院期间及出院后6个月内婴儿的纯母乳喂养率,可减少乳头皲裂、乳汁淤积的发生,可提高产妇的自信心,延长了产妇喂婴儿母乳的时间。     

Factors associated with the pattern of breastfeeding in the north of Iran

BACKGROUND: The health benefits of breastfeeding to infants and mothers have been well established. Its pattern varies between populations and the differences may originate from varying social and cultural factors. AIMS: The aims of this study were to determine the pattern of breastfeeding and to assess its determinants in a population-based study in Babol, in the north of Iran. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 600 randomly selected mothers with infants 12-24 months old was conducted in the north of Iran in 1998. Data concerning breastfeeding status, breastfeeding duration and social and demographic factors were collected through interviews with the mothers. The probability of continuation of breastfeeding (i.e. survival probability) was estimated by using the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier method of survival analysis. The Cox regression analysis was applied to determine the factors associated with duration of breastfeeding. RESULTS: The results showed that the incidence of breastfeeding was 87 and 89% at 12 months in urban and rural areas and 18 and 53% at 24 months, respectively. The difference in the pattern of breastfeeding between urban and rural areas was significant after 12 months (p=0.04). The Cox regression model analysis showed that living in a rural area, increment of birth order, higher education level of mothers, and being housewife mothers were associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. Although, in the univariate analysis, women with high education appeared to have shorter duration of breastfeeding in comparison with illiterate mothers, after controlling the effect of mother's working status and other variables using the Cox regression model, high level of education had a positive association with longer duration of breastfeeding, i.e. the risk of weaning was decreased in comparison with illiterate women. Also, the risk of shorter duration of breastfeeding was increased significantly among mothers with a high level of stress. The results did not show a significant difference in pattern of breastfeeding in relation to age of mothers and sex of infants. CONCLUSION: Although the rate of breastfeeding among mothers in Babol was increasing, greater health education efforts are needed to support and promote the healthy practice of breastfeeding, especially among the young, less educated, nullipara, in urban areas and among women who are employees.     

Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding is associated with increased atopic dermatitis: a prospective follow-up study of unselected healthy newborns from birth to age 20 years

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months is recommended by the World Health Organization and considered allergy preventive. However, it is not known whether prolonging exclusive breastfeeding for over 6 months provides further benefit in allergy prevention. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective 20-year follow-up study was to find out whether the allergy protective effect can be enhanced by prolonging strictly exclusive breastfeeding for > or =9 months of age. A total of 200 unselected healthy newborns were enrolled in the study. Their mothers were encouraged to maintain exclusive breastfeeding for as long as possible. The number of infants on strictly exclusive breastfeeding was 167 at 2, 116 at 6, 36 at 9 and 7 at 12 months of age. Of the 200 infants, 42% had a family history of allergy. The children were re-assessed at ages 5 (n=163), 11 (n=150) and 20 years (n=164) with clinical examination, skin prick testing, and parental and personal structured interviews. RESULTS: Exclusive breastfeeding prolonged for > or =9 months was associated with atopic dermatitis (P=0.002) and symptoms of food hypersensitivity (P=0.02) at age 5 years, and with symptoms of food hypersensitivity at age 11 years (P=0.01), in children with a family history of allergy. CONCLUSION: Prolonging strictly exclusive breastfeeding for > or =9 months was not helpful in atopy prevention, instead, it was associated with increased atopic dermatitis and food hypersensitivity symptoms in childhood.     

Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: a double-blind placebo-controlled study

Background The effects of breastfeeding and probiotics on infant sensitization still remain discrepant.
Objective To explore probable explanatory factors in infant sensitization and the protective effect of probiotics.
Methods Altogether 171 mother–infant pairs from an ongoing placebo-controlled double-blind study with nutrition modulation by dietary counselling and probiotic supplementation were studied. Skin prick testing was done in infants at 6 and 12 months and in mothers at third trimester of pregnancy. The breast milk concentrations of cytokines TGF-β2, soluble CD14, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-2 were measured.
Results The risk of sensitization increased in infants with allergic mothers breastfeeding over 6 months [odds ratio (OR=4.83, P =0.005)], or exclusively breastfeeding over 2.5 months (OR=3.4, P =0.018). Probiotic supplementation had a protective effect against sensitization in infants with a high hereditary risk due to maternal sensitization (OR=0.3, P =0.023). The concentration of TGF-β2 tended to be higher in the colostrum of the mothers in the probiotic group as compared with those on placebo (probiotic/placebo ratio=1.50, P =0.073). A similar result was obtained in the subgroup of allergic mothers (probiotic/placebo ratio=1.56, P =0.094).
Conclusion Infants of atopic mothers, specifically when breastfed exclusively over 2.5 months or totally over 6 months, had a higher risk of sensitization at the age of 12 months. This risk could be reduced by the use of probiotics during pregnancy and lactation, partly by resulting in a beneficial composition of the breast milk.     

Primary prevention of food allergy in infants who are at risk

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Allergic diseases represent a major burden of health problems in industrialized countries. Though several studies have focused on possible preventive measure and strategies much controversy still exists on this topic. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent literature on primary prevention of food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS: In prospective observational controlled studies of high quality of birth cohorts, exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months combined with introduction of solid foods after 4 months of age is associated with a reduced risk of food allergy and atopic dermatitis, particularly in high-risk infants. When breastfeeding for 4-6 months is not possible or insufficient, randomized controlled trials have shown a significant reduction in food allergy and atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants fed a documented hypoallergenic hydrolysed formula. SUMMARY: Breastfeeding should be encouraged for 4-6 months. In high-risk infants a documented hypoallergenic hydrolysed formula is recommended if exclusively breastfeeding is not possible for the first 4 months. As regards primary prevention of food allergy there is no evidence for preventive dietary intervention during neither pregnancy nor lactation. Likewise, preventive dietary restrictions after the age of 4-6 months are not scientifically documented.     

Does previous infection protect against atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze ininfancy?

BACKGROUND: Frequent infection in infancy and early childhood has been hypothesized to explain the low prevalence of asthma and other atopic disease among children in developing countries (the so-called 'hygiene hypothesis'), but the low prevalence in Eastern Europe remains unexplained. OBJECTIVE: To test the hygiene hypothesis in the Republic of Belarus by examining the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) and respiratory infection and two potentially atopic outcomes in the first 12 months of life: atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze. METHODS; We carried out two case-control studies nested within a large (n=17 046) randomized trial in Belarus, with cases defined as (1) first occurrence of atopic eczema (n=819) and (2) second episode of wheezing (n=112). Incidence density sampling was used to select four matched controls born within 1 month at the same hospital as the case. Exposure was defined as one or more episodes of GI or respiratory infection (examined separately) with onset >7 days before onset of the case's atopic outcome. Analyses controlled for family atopic history, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, sex, birth weight, maternal education, and (for recurrent wheeze) maternal smoking. RESULTS: For atopic eczema, prior GI infection occurred in 7.4% of cases vs. 6.0% of controls [adjusted OR=1.27 (0.94-1.72)] and prior respiratory infection in 35.2% vs. 32.6% [adjusted OR=1.14 (95% CI=0.94-1.37)]. For recurrent wheeze, prior GI infection occurred in 9.8% of cases vs. 7.4% of controls [adjusted OR=1.30 (0.60-2.82)]. CONCLUSION: Our results do not support the hypothesis that infection protects against atopic eczema or recurrent wheezing in the first 12 months of life.     

Fast food consumption counters the protective effect of breastfeeding on asthma in children?

Background Fast food consumption and childhood asthma have rapidly increased in recent decades. During the same period there has been an increased rate of prolonged breastfeeding. Objective To evaluate if fast food consumption was associated with asthma in children, and if the proposed protective effect of breastfeeding on asthma was altered by fast food consumption. Methods This case–control study included 246 children with allergist‐diagnosed asthma and 477 non‐asthmatic controls at age 8–10 years. Information on fast food consumption and exclusive breastfeeding was obtained from questionnaire data. The association between asthma and fast food consumption was evaluated. Asthma in relation to exclusive breastfeeding was also evaluated, taking into account fast food consumption as a modifying factor. Results Children with asthma were more likely to consume fast food than children without asthma [crude odds ratio (OR) 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–2.34]. In comparison to prolonged exclusive breastfeeding (12 weeks), asthma was positively associated with short‐term exclusive breastfeeding (<12 weeks) in children who never or occasionally consumed fast food (crude OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.09–3.11), but not in children who frequently consumed fast food (crude OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.72–1.61). The P‐value for this interaction (0.109) was borderline. Children with high fast food consumption who were exclusively breastfed <12 weeks as infants, had greater than a twofold risk of asthma compared with infants who had been exclusively breastfed for a longer time period and who did not become high consumers of fast food in later childhood. These findings were not affected after final adjustment of confounders and covariates. Conclusion Fast food consumption is associated with asthma in children and potentially counteracts the protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on asthma. This may explain the paradoxical phenomenon of parallel increased rates of prolonged breastfeeding and asthma in children.     

Longitudinal investigation of pathogenic bacterial colonization in early childhood: Emphasis on the determinants of Moraxella catarrhalis colonization

BackgroundMoraxella catarrhalis is a common, potential pathogen colonizing the respiratory tract in children. However, there is little information regarding the determinants of M. catarrhalis colonization and disease development.MethodsA population-based cohort study was conducted to collect nasopharyngeal swabs from children aged 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 60 months for the detection of four common respiratory tract pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, M. catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Questionnaires on breastfeeding status were administered during each visit.ResultsA total of 921 children were enrolled between 2012 and 2018. S. aureus was the most common pathogen, although the rates declined during the initial 18 months of life; in contrast, the other three pathogens increased during the first 5 years of life. M. catarrhalis was the second most common colonizing pathogen in all age groups, with prevalence ranging from 0.8% (7/842) at one month to 20.4% (33/162) at 60 months of age. Breastfed children (odds ratio [OR]: 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35–0.92; P = 0.02) had a lower potential for M. catarrhalis carriage; however, infants with a longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01–1.25; P = 0.04), especially >12 months of age, had a higher rate of M. catarrhalis carriage.ConclusionBreastfeeding should be promoted because it may be correlated with a lower risk of M. catarrhalis carriage. However, an extended period of exclusive breastfeeding may be positively associated with M. catarrhalis colonization.     

Exploring the influence of psychosocial factors on exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh

Exclusive breastfeeding is a proven benefit for both mothers and infants and is, therefore, an important public health priority. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is regarded as one of the potential psychosocial risk factors that may negatively affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). This study aimed to explore the influence of psychosocial factors including IPV on EBF. Cross-sectional survey data was collected from October 2015 to January 2016 in Chandpur District of Bangladesh from 426 married women, aged 15–49 years, who had at least one child 6 months of age or younger. Multivariate logistic regression models were used in order to investigate whether women who experienced IPV after childbirth, as well as other risk factors such as postpartum depression (PPD) and childhood sexual abuse, were more likely to face difficulties with EBF compared with women who had not experienced these same risk factors. Whilst the initiation rate of breastfeeding was 99.3%, at the time of the woman’s interview, the overall EBF rate had fallen to 43.7%. Based on the adjusted model, women who experienced physical IPV (AOR 0.17, 95% CI [0.07, 0.40]) and psychological IPV (AOR 0.51, 95% CI [0.26, 1.00]) after childbirth and women who reported childhood sexual abuse (AOR 0.32, 95% CI [0.13, 0.80]) and PPD (AOR 0.20, 95% CI [0.09, 0.44]) were significantly less likely to exclusively breastfeed their infants than those who had not reported these experiences. Moreover, women with an intended pregnancy and high social support exhibited a higher likelihood of EBF. Our results suggest that preventing or reducing the occurrence of physical IPV, PPD and childhood sexual abuse may improve the EBF duration. Support from family members can assist in this process.