老年颈动脉狭窄患者轻度认知功能障碍的影响因素

目的 了解老年颈动脉狭窄患者蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA)异常检出情况,并探讨该人群轻度认知功能障碍（Mild cognitive impairment, MCI）的危险因素。 方法 选取2021年3月-2022年3月苏州大学附属第一医院健康管理中心337例颈动脉斑块伴狭窄的患者为研究对象,采用个人信息问卷、MoCA量表、简易精神状态量表( Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)进行调查和收集患者的实验室及影像学指标,从而分析老年颈动脉斑块伴狭窄患者的MoCA量表评分异常情况;将患者分为认知功能正常组173例和MCI组164例,采用SPSS 24.0软件对两组患者的资料采用单因素分析和二项Logistic回归法筛选出MCI的危险因素。 结果 老年颈动脉斑块伴狭窄患者MCI的检出率为48.66%,左侧颈动脉狭窄组患者MCI（56.38%）检出率要高于右侧颈动脉狭窄组（39.17%）,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）;基于Logistic回归分析最终近一月平均睡眠＜8h（OR=2.973）、高血压病程（OR=1.304）、体重指数（OR=1.260）、血小板计数（OR=1.033）、糖化血红蛋白（OR=1.205）是其危险因素,且具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。 结论 左侧颈动脉斑块伴狭窄的患者罹患MCI的风险较右侧颈动脉斑块伴狭窄的患者高;近一月平均睡眠＜8h、高血压病程、体重指数、血小板计数、糖化血红蛋白是老年颈动脉狭窄患者伴发MCI的危险因素。     

老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者脑卒中前认知功能的临床特点分析

目的探讨合并非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)的老年脑卒中患者首发脑卒中前认知功能的临床特点。方法选取老年急性脑卒中患者540例,伴有非瓣膜性房颤患者87例(房颤组),无房颤患者453例(对照组)。收集患者人口学资料,并于入院或就诊后2d内完成神经心理学量表,简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)及简化版老年认知功能减退知情者问卷IQCODE)测评,比较2组资料并做统计学分析。结果540例老年急性脑卒中患者中,77例(14.3%))脑卒中前有认知功能障碍,9例(1.7%)达到痴呆。房颤组年龄、糖尿病、血管疾病,抗凝药、NIHSS评分、IQCODE评分、IQCODE≥3.44分、IQCODE≥4分比例明显高于对照组,抗血小板药、MMSE评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,急性脑卒中患者年龄、房颤和糖尿病为脑卒中前认知功能障碍的危险因素(P0.05,P0.01),房颤组患者年龄和持续性房颤为脑卒中前认知功能障碍的危险因素(OR=1.144,95%CI:1.039~1.259,P=0.006;OR=6.843,95%CI:1.936~24.195,P=0.003)。结论房颤患者脑卒中前认知功能已有损害,并随着年龄的增大而增加,房颤是老年脑卒中患者认知功能减退的独立危险因素,要重视对房颤患者的认知功能评估。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表用于轻度认知功能障碍患者评估的初步研究

目的探讨中文版蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA)用于轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)评估的可行性。方法选择MCI患者128例(MCI组),另选同期健康体检者101例(对照组)。分别给予MoCA和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评估,并分析评估结果。结果对照组和MCI组MoCA总分与MMSE总分呈正相关(r=0.352,P<0.05;r=0.765,P<0.01);MoCA评分明显低于MMSE评分(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,MCI组MoCA总分及各亚项得分明显降低(P<0.01)。MoCA筛查MCI敏感性为97.66%,特异性为95.05%,MMSE筛查MCI敏感性为32.03%,特异性为100%。结论 MCI患者及健康体检人群MoCA总分与MMSE总分相关;MoCA用于MCI筛查时敏感性优于MMSE。     

认知障碍患者认知功能与泪液分泌的相关性

目的 探讨认知障碍患者认知功能与泪液分泌的相关性。方法 选择2021年6月至2022年6月解放军总医院第六医学中心神经内科收治的213例患者为研究对象,其中阿尔茨海默病(AD)组71例、轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)组75例、对照组67例。应用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)与蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估认知功能,Schirmer试验检测泪液分泌情况。采用 SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,分别采用单因素方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis 秩和检验或χ²检验进行组间比较。应用Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关分析Schirmer试验结果与MMSE和MoCA评分的相关性。构建受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评价Schirmer试验结果对认知障碍的预测价值。结果 AD组与MCI组患者泪液分泌水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);AD组与MCI组泪液分泌差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。相关分析显示,Schirmer试验结果与MMSE评分、MoCA评分呈正相关(r=0.304,0.391;P＜0.001),并与MoCA的各分项得分呈正相关(P＜0.05)。Schirmer试验诊断AD及MCI的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.818(P＜0.001)和0.753(P＜0.001)。结论 认知障碍患者泪液分泌减少,其认知功能与泪液分泌具有相关性。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在帕金森病认知功能损害筛查中的应用

目的探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)在帕金森病(PD)患者认知功能损害筛查中的应用。方法选取1 29例年龄≥60岁的PD患者,根据认知功能将其分为正常组(60例)、轻度认知功能障碍(MCI,37例)组和PD痴呆(PDD,32例)组,采用MoCA和MMSE对患者进行评估和分析。结果 3组MoCA得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与正常组比较,MCI组和PDD组患者在画立方体、复述、1 mm动物数、抽象能力、延迟回忆得分较低(P<0.01);与PDD组比较,正常组和MCI组患者在命名、数字广度和定向力得分较高(P<0.05)。此外,受试者ROC曲线结果显示,MMSE诊断MCI的曲线下面积为0.803;MoCA诊断MCI的曲线下面积为0.947。MMSE诊断PDD的曲线下面积为0.952;MoCA诊断PDD的曲线下面积为0.990。结论 MoCA可作为有效的PD患者认知功能损害的筛查工具,且随着PD患者病情的进展,MoCA得分逐渐降低。MoCA筛查MCI的最佳界值为≤23分,且MoCA在筛查PD患者MCI方面的敏感性较MMSE高。     

MoCA和MMSE量表串联用于轻度认知障碍患者的筛查

目的探讨蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)和简易精神状态评估(MMSE)量表串联使用对60~80岁居民轻度认知障碍(MCI)的筛查价值。方法定义量表得分MoCA≤16分且MMSE≤23分为MCI筛查的"金标准",分析MoCA和MMSE单独使用筛查不同人口学情况MCI患者时疾病阳性检出率、灵敏度、特异度和约登指数的统计学差异。结果 MoCA和MMSE单独用于MCI筛查时,男性、70~80岁、初中级及以下、不注重饮食的老年人阳性检出率有显著差异(P0. 05),两量表联用筛查MCI患者灵敏度普遍降低,特异度普遍增加。结论两量表联用转单独使用筛查MCI时可达到互补作用。     

北京版蒙特利尔认知评估量表在白银市地区筛查轻度认知功能障碍的分界值

目的北京版蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表在白银市地区筛查轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的应用。方法以在白银市居住3年以上既往无器质性脑病史的患者为研究对象,以简易精神状态检查(MMSE)的评分作为标准分为认知功能正常组(A组),MCI组(B组),用北京版MoCA量表进行验证。结果 MoCA评分A组与B组比较差异有显著统计学意义;B组中MMSE总分和MoCA总分及视空间执行功能、延迟记忆、定向力、命名、抽象思维呈显著正相关(P0.05,P0.001);注意力和语言流畅性与MMSE总分无相关性;年龄和受教育年限为MoCA初分的影响因素;MoCA量表在白银市地区以24分为MCI筛查的最佳分界值。结论北京版MoCA量表能有效应用于白银市地区MCI的筛查。     

老年2型糖尿病患者血清外泌体中神经元特异性烯醇化酶和磷酸化tau的表达及其与继发轻度认知功能障碍的相关性

目的 检测老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清外泌体神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和磷酸化tau(P-tau)的表达,并探讨其与患者发生轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的相关性。方法 选取2019年1月至2020年12月于联勤保障部队第921医院就诊的114例老年T2DM患者为研究对象(研究组),另选取同期健康体检者100名为对照组。采用ExoQuick-TC提取研究对象血清源性外泌体。采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测研究对象血清源性外泌体中NSE和P-tau的表达。使用简易认知状态评价量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对研究对象进行认知评估。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,分别采用t检验或χ²检验进行组间比较。应用Spearman秩相关分析血清外泌体中NSE及P-tau表达水平与认知受损严重程度的相关性。应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清源性外泌体中NSE和P-tau表达水平对MCI的预测价值。结果 研究组老年T2DM患者出现认知受损的比例高于对照组;MMSE和MoCA分值明显低于对照组;发生MCI的比例高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据MoCA分值将研究组患者分为MCI组(n=71)和非MCI组(n=43),MCI组血清外泌体中NSE和P-tau表达分别为(13.27±1.61)μg/L和(17.14±2.45)pg/ml,明显高于非MCI组的(10.86±1.43)μg/L和(14.49±2.25)pg/ml(t=5.728,6.154;P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,老年T2DM患者血清外泌体中NSE和P-tau表达水平与MMSE(r=-0.547,-0.562;P<0.05)和MoCA分值(r=-0.583,-0.597;P<0.05)存在负相关。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清外泌体中NSE表达预测老年T2DM患者发生MCI的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.729,血清外泌体中P-tau表达预测老年T2DM患者发生MCI的AUC为0.741,而两者联合预测老年T2DM患者发生MCI的AUC为0.827,高于NSE和P-tau单个指标的预测价值(t=3.836,3.478;P<0.05)。结论 血清外泌体中高表达的NSE和P-tau与老年T2DM患者MCI的发生密切相关,二者联合的预测价值更高。     

2型糖尿病与轻度认知功能损害的相关性

目的对2型糖尿病患者进行认知功能评价,确定轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的发生率及特点,为进一步防治MCI提供理论依据。方法采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对90例2型糖尿病患者(观察组)、及128例健康体检老年人(对照组)进行认知功能评定,对结果进行统计学分析。结果①观察组患者MCI的发病率为36.7%(33/90)明显高于对照组的6.25%(12/192),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②观察组的MoCA评分及MMSE评分较对照组显著降低(P<0.05);观察组中的MCI患者在MoCA总分较对照组中MCI患者的水平低(P<0.05),而在MMSE评分两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MoCA分项比较两组间的视空间与执行功能、注意、抽象、延迟回忆,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),尤其延迟回忆损害最为明显(P<0.01)。结论 2型糖尿病患者中MCI发生率较高,且MCI以延迟回忆损害最为明显。MoCA量表在评价MCI较MMSE量表敏感。     

蒙特利尔量表对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者认知功能的评估

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者认知功能的改变,并探讨蒙特利尔（MoCA）量表和简明智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）在评估认知功能方面的差异。方法分别采用MoCA、MMSE量表评估41例COPD患者和47例对照者认知功能的改变,并对2组MoCA、MMSE量表测量结果的特异度、灵敏度及一致性进行分析,进一步比较2种量表评估COPD伴轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）患者认知能力的差异。结果 COPD组MoCA总评分、MMSE总评分分别为（19.2±8.1）分及（22.6±8.4）分,低于对照组的（23.5±4.8）分及（26.9±5.0）分,在COPD人群中,MoCA量表诊断MCI的灵敏度为100%,特异度为76.9%,Kappa值为0.769;MMSE量表诊断MCI的灵敏度为53.8%,特异度为100%,Kappa值为0.538,MoCA量表对MCI的诊断效力明显高于MMSE。结论COPD患者存在认知功能损害,表现在记忆、注意力、计算、定向、语言等多个领域的认知障碍,MoCA和MMSE联合应用有利于早期发现COPD患者的认知功能障碍,对于MCI患者,MoCA较MMSE量表更为灵敏。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.