去离子水制备工艺的改进

伊犁地区的各医院多年来一直采用二组8柱运行出水工艺制备去离子水，在生产中为了延长混合柱的使用时间，技术人员要经常不断地检验各柱出水质量，发现哪一柱水质量不合格，立刻更换再生那一柱树脂，其工艺流程设计不够合理，树脂活化量不能充分利用，浪费大量酸碱。为此本文对现行的制水工艺流程进行了改造，对于不能停水再生的单位可将原二组8柱改编成一组8柱即：3阳柱、3阴柱、2混合柱，运行出水为2阳柱、2阴柱、1混合柱共5柱串联组成，另3柱（1阳柱、1阴柱、1混合柱）再生后备用。     

色谱柱柱长的选用对一检品检验成本的影响

目的 探讨色谱柱柱长的选用对一检品——小儿豉翘清热颗粒检验成本的影响。方法 用HPLC法测定小儿豉翘清热颗粒中栀子苷含量，用不同型号色谱柱来测定，进行柱效、分离度、含量的对比，进行成本核算。结果 No．047401柱较No．213133柱每月(生产30批计)可节约检验成本2000元左右。结论 经过实践，在本制剂的含量测定中No．047401柱比No．213133柱更适用。     

色谱柱参数对盐酸四环素有关物质HPLC分析的影响研究

摘要：目的 分析色谱柱参数对盐酸四环素有关物质HPLC分析的影响，筛选影响关键杂质分离度以及理论塔板数的主要 柱参数。方法 针对《中国药典》2020版中盐酸四环素有关物质检查的色谱条件，使用多个品牌不同型号的色谱柱进行色谱分 析，使用SPSS软件进行模型回归，得到柱参数与目标因子分离度及理论塔板数的回归方程，并用实测值进行验证。结果 色谱 柱参数C是影响杂质4-差向四环素和土霉素分离度(R12)的重要参数，利用柱参数C可快速预测不同色谱柱的相似度，进而筛选 适宜四环素分析的色谱柱；探讨了金霉素理论塔板数(R5N)与柱参数之间的关系，其中参数B2对R5N影响较大。结论 建立柱参 数与色谱分析目标因子之间的联系，为盐酸四环素有关物质测定选择合适的色谱柱提供便利与指导。     

利巴韦林的强酸型阳离子交换高效液相色谱法的研究

目的：研究国产麦科菲高聚物型阳离子交换（磺酸型）高效液相色谱柱（MKF—CIS柱）对利巴韦林分离性能的影响。方法：考察了MKF—CIS柱的基本物理性能以及功能基担载量、填料粒径、柱尺寸、温度等对分析利巴韦林的影响，并将该色谱柱与高聚物型反相色谱柱和常用硅胶C18色谱柱的分析结果做了比较。结果：在各项因素优化的条件下样品分离柱效达到8000，大大超过药典的要求，且MKF—CIS柱在低于美国药典要求的65℃的条件下（室温条件）分析利巴韦林时仍符合药典要求，优于进口色谱柱。不同批次MKF—CIS柱之间重复性良好。结论：国产麦科菲磺酸型色谱柱可代替且优于C18硅胶柱和同类型进口柱用于高效液相色谱法分析利巴韦林。     

HPLC非手性柱—手性柱联用技术和直接进样法在体内手性药物分…

本文对体内手性药物分析中的ＨＰＬＣ非手性柱－手性联联用技术和直接样法两方面进行综述，主要报道了非手性柱－手性柱切换联用模式及其流动相匹配，峰展宽现象和非手性柱－手性直接相连模式，以及叙述了柱切换直接进样，特殊手性固定相直接进样，固相衍生化直接要进样。     

“中国药典2005年版抗生素品种色谱柱推荐系统”的建立与应用

目的：建立“中国药典2005年版抗生素品种色谱柱推荐系统”（简称“色谱柱推荐系统”）。方法：中国药品生物制品检定所（简称中检所）选择抗生素品种，色谱柱公司筛选色谱柱并优化色谱方法，中检所最终复核，对色谱柱的适用性进行了研究，并将相关实验结果以网络型数据库的方式公布。结果：在网址（http：／／www．antibiotic．cn／columnt．htm）建立了“中国药典2005年版抗生素品种色谱柱推荐系统”。结论：收载了多个色谱柱公司提供的色谱图，为使用单位选择色谱柱提供了方便，拓宽了应用范围。     

碳青霉烯类抗生素的高效液相色谱峰形研究Ⅱ.亚胺培南色谱峰的展宽和裂分

由于亚胺培南在水溶液中以一对构象异构体(约2：1)的形式存在，因此在某些色谱系统中，因构象异构体在色谱过程中相互间转化的速率较低，导致亚胺培南峰展宽甚至裂分并与有关物质的分离较差。本文定性地研究了柱温、pH、硅胶、固定相和对离子等对亚胺培南峰形和构象异构体分离的影响。结果显示，提高柱温或pH，选用硅胶柱或amideC16柱，均可改善亚胺培南峰形；反之，降低柱温或pH，选用C8柱或C18柱，流动相中添加对离子，均有利于构象异构体的分离。在此研究基础上初步提出了适用于注射用亚胺培南／西司他丁含量测定的HPLC系统。     

HPLC柱切换法血浆直接进样测定环丙氟哌酸

本文用ＨＰＬＣ柱切换技术，以Ｍｅｒｃｋ ｌｉｃｈｒｏｐｒｅｐ ＲＰ２（２５～４０μｍ）为预处理柱填料，Ｓｈｉｍｐａｃｋ ＣＬＣ－ＯＤＳ为分析柱，水为预处理流动相，０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙酸和乙酸铵为净化清洗液，在线净化富集样品；通过柱自动切换，以甲醇－乙酸铵（０．２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｐＨ２．７）（３２：６５）为分析流动相，将净化富集于预处理柱上的被测组分冲至分析柱上分离，在２８０ｎｍ处测定。本法操作简单，血浆     

反相高效液相色谱法测定洛伐他汀的血浆药物浓度

采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中洛伐他汀浓度，色谱柱采用Ｎｏｖａ－Ｐａｋ Ｃ１８柱，柱温控制在５０℃，流动相为乙腈－磷酸铵缓冲液，检测波长为２３８ｎｍ，血浆样品应用ＰＳＥ固相小柱萃取。     

智能多柱高效液相色谱系统及其在中药质量控制中的应用

高效液相色谱法在中药分析领域发挥了一定作用，但传统的单一色谱柱模式已无法满足现代中药研究中提供多成分乃至全成分信息的要求，智能多柱高效液相色谱系统是在多柱切换高效液相色谱与智能化技术的基础上提出的新概念，根据分析样品成分繁多、性质复杂的物点，利用切换技术的模块式分离性能，把样品分块地切换进不同性质的色谱柱，再用合适的流动相洗脱，全过程采用智能化控制，前期选择合适的色谱柱、流动相、操作条件，设计多柱色谱流路，中期控制多柱自动切换的精确性；后期对检测到的大量信息进行分析，去芜存真，得到可靠的定性定量结果。该系统的建立有望解决中药、生物体液、环境样品等复杂样品的快速、多成分分析。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.