脂联素与胎儿生长发育关系的研究进展

脂联素是由脂肪细胞产生和分泌的一种含有244个氨基酸的蛋白激素,具有重要的调节胰岛素敏感性、抗炎和抗动脉粥样硬化的作用.目前的研究已经发现,妊娠期胎盘有脂联素及其受体的表达,推测胎盘是妊娠期产生脂联素的重要来源[1];由于脂联素是调节胰岛素和糖代谢的关键因子,而胎儿的生长发育受胰岛素和糖代谢的影响,因此,脂联素可能是调节胎儿宫内发育的候选因子之一[2].现将脂联素与胎儿生长发育的关系综述如下.     

脂联素与多囊卵巢综合征胰岛素抵抗的研究现状

脂联素是一种脂肪组织特异性分泌表达的血浆蛋白，主要在白色脂肪组织中表达，具有增强胰岛素的敏感性、抗炎、抗动脉粥样硬化等多重效应。研究发现肥胖、糖尿病、冠心病患者脂联素水平明显降低，表明脂联素的分泌失调与这些疾病的发生有密切的关系。多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄妇女中常见的异质性内分泌疾病，胰岛素抵抗是PCOS病理生理过程中的中心环节，研究PCOS患者体内脂联素水平，分析其与胰岛素抵抗的关系，有利于进一步明确PCOS发病机制，为PCOS的诊断和治疗提供新的方法和途径。     

脂联素与动脉粥样硬化

脂联素为脂肪组织分泌的一种细胞因子,实验证实其具有改善胰岛素抵抗、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗炎等作用.脂联素与动脉粥样硬化具有明显相关性,低脂联素血症与初始的动脉粥样硬化相关,是动脉粥样硬化严重程度的重要标志.本文综述了现阶段脂联素与动脉粥样硬化的最新研究进展.     

脂联素在胰岛素抵抗中的作用

胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征、糖尿病和动脉粥样硬化的共同病理基础,对胰岛素抵抗发生机制的研究已成为当今的重要课题。脂联素是脂肪细胞分泌的特异性细胞因子,越来越多的研究证实脂联素能够改善胰岛素敏感性,具有拮抗胰岛素抵抗、抗炎和抗动脉粥样硬化等作用,而且脂联素还被认为是脂肪组织所表达和分泌的多种产物中与胰岛素抵抗关系最紧密的一个特异性细胞因子。现就脂联素在胰岛素抵抗中的作用及可能的作用机制作一综述。     

脂联素与多囊卵巢综合征胰岛素抵抗的研究现状

脂联素是一种脂肪组织特异性分泌表达的血浆蛋白,主要在白色脂肪组织中表达,具有增强胰岛素的敏感性、抗炎、抗动脉粥样硬化等多重效应.研究发现肥胖、糖尿病、冠心病患者脂联素水平明显降低,表明脂联素的分泌失调与这些疾病的发生有密切的关系.多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是育龄妇女中常见的异质性内分泌疾病,胰岛素抵抗是PCOS病理生理过程中的中心环节,研究PCOS患者体内脂联素水平,分析其与胰岛素抵抗的关系,有利于进一步明确PCOS发病机制,为PCOS的诊断和治疗提供新的方法和途径.     

071 脂联素在胰岛素抵抗中的作用

胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征、糖尿病和动脉粥样硬化的共同病理基础,对胰岛素抵抗发生机制的研究已成为当今的重要课题.脂联素是脂肪细胞分泌的特异性细胞因子,越来越多的研究证实脂联素能够改善胰岛素敏感性,具有拮抗胰岛素抵抗、抗炎和抗动脉粥样硬化等作用,而且脂联素还被认为是脂肪组织所表达和分泌的多种产物中与胰岛素抵抗关系最紧密的一个特异性细胞因子.现就脂联素在胰岛素抵抗中的作用及可能的作用机制作一综述.     

脂联素及相关疾病的研究进展

脂联素是白色脂肪组织合成和分泌最多的激素蛋白,健康成年人血浆脂联素浓度范围1.9 ～ 17.0 mg/L.脂联素具有胰岛素增敏、调脂、抗炎、抗动脉粥样硬化及抗肿瘤等作用.大量流行病学研究表明,在糖尿病、肥胖、心血管、肿瘤及生殖系统等疾病状态下,脂联素水平明显降低.本研究查阅相关文献,就脂联素与各种相关疾病的关系总结如下.     

新生儿脐血脂联素相关因素的研究进展

<正>脂联素(Adiponectin,APN)是近年来发现的一种由脂肪组织分泌的由244个氨基酸组成的蛋白质类激素,在血液中以二聚体、六聚体和多聚体(HWM)形式存在〔1,2〕,具有调节胰岛素敏感性、抗炎和抗动脉粥样硬化的重要作用。已发现两种脂联素受体在体内广泛分布,AdipoR1主要分布在骨骼肌,AdipoR2主要分布在肝脏。由于脂联素是调节胰岛素和糖代谢的关键因子,而胎儿的生长发育受胰岛素和糖代谢的影响,因此,脂联素可能是调节胎儿宫内发育的候选因子之一〔3〕。现就脐血脂联素相关因素的研究进展综述如下:     

脂联素与胎儿生长发育的关系及其研究进展

脂联素(adiponectin)是由脂肪细胞分泌的一种特异性蛋白。近年研究发现,脂联素与胎儿生长发育有着密切的关系。脂联素可调控胎儿体重的增长,在胎儿生长发育中起着重要的作用,成为近年的研究热点之一。胎儿脂联素可受到激素、性别、遗传等因素影响,本文将对脂联素与胎儿生长发育     

血清脂联素与肥胖、脂代谢异常的相关性研究

脂联素是主要由脂肪组织分泌的一种细胞因子，在肥胖和糖脂代谢中起重要作用；许多临床研究表明，低脂联素血症和肥胖及脂代谢密切相关；在肥胖、糖尿病和冠状动脉疾病的人群中脂联素水平是降低的。     

Recent advances in the measurement of adiponectin isoform distribution

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adiponectin has potent antidiabetic and antiatherosclerotic actions. Recent studies in animals and humans suggest that the high-molecular weight adiponectin complex, consisting of many adiponectin monomers, is the biologically active form of the peptide. This article will present recent methodological approaches for analyzing adiponectin isoform distribution. RECENT FINDINGS: A handful of methods have been used for the isolation and measurement of high-molecular weight adiponectin, based on velocity gradient centrifugation, gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recently, two novel sandwich enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays have been developed. The first makes use of antibodies raised against human high-molecular weight adiponectin and thus allows for the specific determination of high-molecular weight adiponectin in plasma. The second and more versatile enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay system enables the measurement of all adiponectin isoforms (i.e. low, middle and high-molecular weight) by means of selective digestion by proteases. SUMMARY: The development and commercial availability of novel enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay kits enables the easy and rapid measurement of high-molecular weight adiponectin in both research and clinical practice and will undoubtedly advance further our understanding of the role of adiponectin in health and disease.     

Adiponectin in relation to malignancies: a review of existing basic research and clinical evidence

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone that plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease, may also be of importance in the development and progression of several malignancies. Circulating adiponectin concentrations, which are determined mainly by genetic factors, nutrition, and adiposity, are lower in patients with breast, endometrial, prostate, and colon cancer. It has thus been proposed that adiponectin may be a biological link between obesity (especially central obesity) and increased cancer risk. Adiponectin may influence cancer risk through its well-recognized effects on insulin resistance, but it is also plausible that adiponectin acts on tumor cells directly. Several cancer cell types express adiponectin receptors that may mediate the effects of adiponectin on cellular proliferation. Herein, we review recent evidence supporting a role of serum adiponectin concentrations as a novel risk factor and possible diagnostic marker for obesity-related malignancies, including cancers of the breast, endometrium, colon, and prostate. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the potential role of adiponectin in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.     

脂粘素的研究现状

脂粘素（Adiponectin，GBP28，apM1）是最近发现的一种由脂肪组织分泌的胶原样蛋白质，其编码基因位于人染色体3q27，称apM1基因。初步研究显示：脂粘素具有抗动脉粥样硬化、改善胰岛素抵抗、抗炎等作用，血浆脂粘素水平降低与动脉粥样硬化、肥胖症、2型糖尿病的发病相关，但其具体作用机制尚未明确。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者血清脂联素检测的意义

目的:探讨多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrom e,PCOS)患者血清脂联素与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法:将42例PCOS患者分为非肥胖组(26例)和肥胖组(16例),28例正常妇女分为非肥胖组(19例)和肥胖组(9例)。测定黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)、胰岛素(INS)、空腹血糖(SG)、脂联素浓度。结果:PCOS组LH、LH/FSH、T均显著高于对照组;与非肥胖对照组相比,其他3组脂联素浓度显著降低,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)值显著升高;血清中脂联素水平与体重指数(BM I)、HOMA-IR、T值均呈显著负相关。结论:PCOS患者可能存在脂联素缺乏,且程度与胰岛素抵抗有关。脂联素具有广阔的药物开发前景。     

Relationship between plasma adiponectin levels and metabolic risk profiles in Taiwanese children

OBJECTIVE: Adiponectin, a novel adipokine with antiinflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties, has an important role in glucose metabolism and is negatively correlated with body fat amount in adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of plasma adiponectin level with metabolic risk profiles and insulin resistance status among Taiwanese children. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We enrolled 1,248 children (608 boys and 640 girls) to ascertain their demographic, anthropometric, and cardiovascular risk factors distribution in Taipei. We measured plasma insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels by radioimmunoassay (Linco Research Inc, St. Charles, MO). We calculated an insulin resistance index (IRI) using the Homeostasis Model Assessment model and also calculated an insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) summary score for each individual by adding the quartile ranks from the distribution of systolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (inverse), and insulin levels. RESULTS: In general, the boys had larger BMI, higher systolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride, and lower plasma leptin and adiponectin levels than girls. Plasma adiponectin levels were correlated negatively with BMI, leptin, insulin, IRI, and IRS summary score but positively correlated with HDL-C in both boys and girls. In multivariate regression analyses, adiponectin was negatively associated with insulin (girls only), IRI (girls only), and IRS score, and positively associated with HDL-C in both genders even after adjusting for age, BMI, plasma leptin level, and other potential confounders. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that plasma adiponectin levels were negatively associated with metabolic risk profiles that may have played a protective role in the development of insulin resistance among Taiwanese school children.     

Effects of an in-patient treatment program based on regular exercise and a balanced diet on high molecular weight adiponectin, resistin levels, and insulin resistance in adolescents with severe obesity

Adiponectin, the most abundant hormone produced by adipose tissue, circulates in 3 isoforms, including high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin. The latter has been suggested to be a better predictor of metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance associated with obesity. This study investigated changes in total and HMW adiponectin, resistin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) during a 9-month in-patient treatment program based on physical exercise and a balanced diet in 32 severely obese adolescents. Total and HMW adiponectin, resistin, and HOMA were measured at baseline (month 0) and during the program (months 3, 6, 9). In addition, a control group of 15 teenagers served as a reference for the baseline assessments. At baseline, HMW adiponectin was more markedly decreased in obese adolescents than total adiponectin, and both were lower than in controls. Conversely, resistin and HOMA were higher in obese adolescents. During the program, there was a significant change in body composition and improved insulin sensitivity among obese teenagers. In addition, HMW adiponectin and the ratio of HMW-to-total adiponectin increased throughout the study, whereas total adiponectin only increased up until the sixth month. On the contrary, resistin did not show any significant change. In obese adolescents, a long-term combination of aerobic exercise and a balanced diet, inducing change in body composition and improved insulin sensitivity, markedly increased HMW adiponectin compared with total adiponectin, without any change in resistin concentrations. Our results thus suggest that the determination of HMW adiponectin could be more useful than measurement of total adiponectin in clinical settings.     

普罗布考对2型糖尿病患者血浆脂联素水平的影响

目的观察普罗布考对2型糖尿病患者血浆脂联素水平的影响。方法用酶联免疫吸附法检测109例2型糖尿病患者血浆脂联素水平,并用随机双盲法比较109例2型糖尿病患者用普罗布考和安慰剂干预治疗12周后的血浆脂联素、血脂、血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、糖化血红蛋白、氧化低密度脂蛋白改变情况。结果普罗布考组和安慰剂组治疗前血浆脂联素水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经普罗布考治疗后,患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白、氧化低密度脂蛋白降低,胰岛素抵抗明显改善,血浆脂联素水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论普罗布考在调节血脂、降低血糖及氧化低密度脂蛋白、改善胰岛素抵抗的同时,可使糖尿病患者血浆脂联素水平升高。     

Serum adiponectin in young adults--interactions with central adiposity, circulating levels of glucose, and insulin resistance: the CARDIA study

PURPOSE: To study adiponectin, a circulating adipocytokine secreted by adipocytes inversely associated with diabetes and insulin resistance, and factors affecting its levels in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. METHODS: Adiponectin in serum was measured by radioimmunoassay in 3355 participants (ages: 23-45 years) categorized by fasting glucose levels as normal, impaired fasting glucose, or diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Levels of adiponectin were higher in women, in white participants, and with age. Waist circumference, estimating visceral fat, strongly and inversely correlated with levels of adiponectin, more than body mass index. Adiponectin values adjusted for gender and race were lower with higher fasting glucose values in the normal range and still lower with impaired fasting glucose and untreated diabetes mellitus, even further adjusting for waist circumference and fasting insulin levels (p < 0.0001). Gender- and race-adjusted adiponectin levels were inversely associated with insulin resistance at year 15 and with insulin resistance measured 15 years previously and with its change from baseline to year 15 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest complex and significant physiologic interactions among circulating levels of adiponectin and measures of insulin action throughout young adulthood, even from several years earlier. Central obesity, as measured with waist circumference, is a primary factor affecting levels of circulating adiponectin. Furthermore, levels of glucose and levels of adiponectin may directly influence one another.     

Determinants of plasma adiponectin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa examined before and after weight gain

Summary Objective To examine the determinants of adiponectin levels (i) in 23 women with anorexia nervosa (mean BMI 15.0 ± 1.2) and 43 healthy normal weight females (mean BMI 22.3 ± 2.3; cross–sectional design) as well as (ii) after six and twelve weeks of weight gain in subgroups of 18 and 11 anorectic patients (mean weight gain 5.8kg; longitudinal design). Plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations were measured and their relationships to body composition (fat mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometrics), different hormones and metabolic parameters (insulin, ACTH, cortisol, glucose, FFA, lipid profile) were investigated. Results In anorectic patients, adiponectin levels were higher (+29 %) and leptin levels were lower (–75 %) than in control subjects. There was a high variance in adiponectin levels in patients ranging from 2.6 to 18nM. Combining patients and controls, an inverse linear correlation was observed between adiponectin levels and fat mass (r = –0.36, p < 0.05), while a positive exponential relation was found between leptin levels and fat mass (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). In anorectic patients, there were no significant correlations between adiponectin and hormonal or metabolic parameters. Weight gain resulted in increasing leptin (+0.17 ± 0.12nM; p < 0.001) and a nonsignificant decrease in adiponectin concentrations (–1.12 ± 2.51nM). Changes in leptin levels were mainly explained by a gain in fat mass (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). In contrast, changes in adiponectin levels were closely linked to initial adiponectin levels (r = –0.84, p < 0.001) but not to changes in fat mass or BMI. Conclusion Cross–sectionally serum adiponectin concentration followed a linear inverse function with fat mass when patients and controls were combined. Longitudinally gain in fat mass was not associated with changes in adiponectin levels suggesting other yet unidentified influences on adiponectin secretion in anorexia nervosa.     

Adiponectin: novelties in metabolism and hormonal regulation

Adiponectin is a protein secreted exclusively by white adipose tissues and is abundantly present in human plasma. Adiponectin was found decreased in obese and diabetes mellitus type 2 patients and increased with weight reduction. A negative correlation between circulating adiponectin levels and body mass index and insulin resistance has been demonstrated. Plasma adiponectin concentrations were found lower in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients with coronary artery disease. Moreover, studies in aortic endothelial cells revealed that the protein exerts a dose-dependent decrease of the surface expression of vascular adhesion molecules and cytokine production from macrophages, suggesting the implication of adiponectin in atherosclerosis and inflammation. Weight loss and treatment with thiazolidinediones stimulate endogenous adiponectin production. Peripheral administration of adiponectin leads to reduction of visceral adiposity and increase of free fatty acid oxidation and insulin resistance. Furthermore, it enhances the expression of uncoupling proteins and sympathetic nerve activity in adipose tissues. Experimental studies in mice have shown that intraperitoneal administration of adiponectin lowers plasma glucose. These data show adiponectin to be an important factor in the issue of obesity and its associated disorders, and indicate a potential future utilization of adiponectin as a drug in the treatment of metabolic syndrome.