德清县计划免疫管理系统及实施效果

目的：为强化计划免疫管理，降低传染病发病率，方法：德清县从“四苗六病”入手，加强了计划免疫管理工作，建立计划免疫管理系统，并有步骤地进行了推广，实施。1971－1984年为计划免疫试点，推广及管理工作不断完善阶段；1985年以后该县依据卫生部提出的指标，制定了计划免疫工作实施细则，此项工作转入规范化运转阶段。结果：该县于1990年，1996年分别通过卫生部以县和乡为单位的计划免疫85％目标考核；1991年被授予全国实施普及儿童计划免疫目标先进集体称号，接种人群抗体水平不断提高，相关传染病发病率降至全省最低水平。结论：该县计划免疫[管理系统实施取得了明显的社会效益和经济效益。     

江苏省计划免疫规范化接种门诊建设的实践与体会

随着计划免疫疫苗制造技术的不断发展，疫苗的质量稳定，免疫效果提高。怎样科学、合理地组织疫苗的接种，成为计划免疫工作成败的关键。江苏省计划免疫工作经过多年探索和实践，总结推广了符合本省实情的以乡为单位规范化门诊接种模式，使得江苏省的计划免疫工作开创了新...     

加强乡镇规范化接种门诊建议

加强乡镇规范化接种门诊建议铜山县卫生防疫站王素珍乡镇计划免疫规范化接种门诊的建设，对于加强计划免疫工作的科学管理，非常重要，几年来，我们重视将规范化门诊作为计划免疫工作的基础建设，促进了计划免疫工作的全面落实。１领导重视，管理体制健全铜山县政府将计划...     

东台市实施计划免疫门诊按旬按种的做法与体会

随着计划免疫工作的深入发展，实施计划免疫门诊按旬接种是提高免疫及时率的有效措施。我市自1993年起实施按旬门诊接种后收到了显著效果。1措施1．1我市计划免疫工作有较好的基础，即每个乡（镇）有专用计划免疫门诊，免疫保偿制的推行，使乡村医生为计划免疫工作服务的劳务报酬得到合理解决，专业队伍素质好，工作积极性高，每月召开乡村医生例会已形成制度。1．2由乡村医生按免疫程序和免疫及时率要求，抄摘接种通知单，发至儿童家长，全市逢8．18．28日进行预防接种，在工作程序上得到了统一．1．3按旬接种的疫苗使用率虽比按月接种的使…     

宜昌市城区免疫接种门诊优化与调整模式的探讨

为了探索出一条在新形势下免疫接种门诊的管理模式。促进计划免疫工作的可持续发展，我们利用2个月时间，对城区接种门诊进行了全面摸底调查，结果表明，城区传统计划免疫网络与新设社区卫生服务机构存在工作上的交叉和邓质问健段接种门诊设置不合理，一些企业因效益不佳，计划免疫网络已名存实亡等，根据调查结果，我市结合区域隆重规划对接种门诊进行了优化和调整，理顺了接种门诊与社区卫生服务机构的工作关系。对接种门诊和接种人员实施了资格认证制度，并利用计算机对接种门诊进行管理，促进了城区计划免疫工作的发展。     

乡镇计划免疫实施规范化接种的评价

计划免疫实施规范化集中接种能够提高计划免疫管理水平及接种工作质量。为了总结经验教训，对潍坊市寒亭区１９９７～１９９９年实施乡镇计划免疫规范化接种门诊的有关情况进行了分析。     

高邮市1983—1995年卡介苗接种工作的初步评价

我市于１９８３年将卡介苗接种工作列入计划免疫范畴，按计划免疫程序开展卡介苗接种工作。为了更好地开展卡介苗接种工作，预防儿童结核，特对全市１３年来卡介苗接种工作进行初步评价，结果如下。１组织和技术措施１．１市、乡（镇）均建立领导小组，负责制定工作计划和...     

应用计划免疫金卡的体会

为全面加强计划免疫（计免）工作，规范预防接种行为，提高免疫服务质量，加快建立以家庭为单位的儿童免疫信息个案库，促进预防接种工作的信息化管理。计免金卡制是增进计免管理工作的重要方法之一，它通过接种者与被接种者之间相互监督、相互制约的关系，在计免接种一级管理的基础上有组织、有计划地进行，从而提高儿童五苗接种率的目的。它彻底改变现有的手工登记和统计的计免工作模式，进一步提高计划免疫工作质量和工作效率，提升计免疫管理水平，应用了儿童计划免疫信息管理系统，它使日常的免疫接种、疫苗管理、统计报表实现了信息化、网络化，科学化，成为计免良好的工作模式。     

创建计划免疫等级接种站的做法及效果分析

为适应新形势下城乡居民日益增长的防病保健需求，不断提高预防保健工作质量和卫生服务水平，从1998年开始，我市开展了以提高计免质量 为核心的计划免疫等级接种站创建活动。两年来，共创建计划免疫文明接种站46个，规范接种站21个、合格接种站18个。同时，增加对预防保健工作的经费投入，通过培训接种人员，配备宣教、冷藏及取暖设备，规范和完善消毒规程等举措，有效地改善了计划免疫接种站基础条件，促进了我市计划免疫工作的进一步深入，也取得了较好的社会效益和经济效益。     

TOPSIS法结合RSR法拓展评价计划免疫工作质量

计划免疫工作考核是计划免疫工作的重要组成部分是卫生防疫工作规范的内容之一，是推动各地计委工作的进一步发展的有效措旅。业已证明，计划免疫考核有力地促进各地计划免疫工作的科学化、规范化管理。本文应用TOPSIS法结合RSR法拓展评价1993～2002年计划免疫工作质量，总结经验，促使定点接种和计划免疫工作更好的发展。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.