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1.
基于小波的医学超声图像斑点噪声抑制方法 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
斑点噪声是超声图像中固有的噪声。本文提出了一种新的去除斑点噪声的方法,这种方法结合中值滤波和多尺度非线性小波软阈值的优点,首先把原网像进行对数转换,然后把对数转换后的图像进行中值滤波处理,从而把转换后的图像分成两部分,对每一部分进行小波分析,假设小波系数服从广义高斯分布(GGD),利用小波系数的统计特性估计出各个部分各个尺度的阈值,最后用软阈值方法对上述两部分分别去噪。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法在有效去除斑点噪声方面,优于中值滤波,维纳滤波和多尺度非线性阈值算法(MSSNT-A)。 相似文献
2.
Biased cell migration of fibroblasts exhibiting contact guidance in oriented collagen gels 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Richard B. Dickinson Stefano Guido Robert T. Tranquillo 《Annals of biomedical engineering》1994,22(4):342-356
We present here the first quantitative correlation for cell contact guidance in an oriented fibrillar network in terms of
biased cell migration. The correlation is between the anisotropic cell diffusion parameter,D
A=Dx/Dy, and the collagen gel birefringence, Δn, a measure of axially biased collagen fibril orientation in thex-direction. The cell diffusion coefficients,D
x andD
y, measure the dispersal of cells in the directions coincident with and normal to the axis of fibril orientation, respectively.
Three essential methodological components are involved: (i) exploiting the orienting effect of a magnetic field on collagen
fibrils during fibrillogenesis to systematically prepare uniform axially oriented collagen gels; (ii) using a microscope/image
analysis workstation with precise, computer-controlled rotating and translating stages to automate birefringence measurement
and, along with rapid “coarse optical sectioning” via digital image processing, to enable 3-D cell tracking of many cells
in multiple samples simultaneously; and (iii) employing a rigorous statistical analysis of the cell tracks to estimate the
magnitude and precision of the direction-dependent cell diffusion coefficients,D
x andD
y, that defineD
A. We find that this measure of biased migration in contact guidance (D
A) increases with increasing collagen fibril orientation (Δn) due mainly to a rapid enhancement of migration along the axis of fibril orientation at low levels of fibril orientation,
and to a continued suppression of migration normal to the axis of fibril orientation at high levels of fibril orientation. 相似文献
3.
Real-time extraction of tissue impedance model parameters for electrical impedance spectrometer 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
S. Kun B. Ristic R. A. Peura R. M. Dunn 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1999,37(1):428-432
This paper presents a new algorithm for real-time extraction of tissue electrical impedance model parameters from in vivo
electrical impedance spectroscopic measurements. This algorithm was developed as a part of a system for muscle tissue ischemia
measurements using electrical impedance spectroscopy. An iterative least square fitting method, biased with a priori knowledge
of the impedance model was developed. It simultaneously uses both the real and imaginary impedance spectra to calculate tissue
parameters R0, R∞, α and τ. The algorithm was tested with simulated data, and during real-time in vivo ischemia experiments. Experimental results
were achieved with standard deviations of
, σα=0.72%, and στ=1.26%. On a Pentium II based PC, the algorithm converges to within 0.1% of the results in 17 ms. The results show that the
algorithm possesses excellent parameter extraction capabilities, repeatability, speed and noise rejection. 相似文献
4.
R. Plonsey 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1990,28(4):312-316
Expressions are available for describing, quantitatively, the source associated with an action potential propagating along
an excitatble fibre. For a nerve fibre one such expression defines an equivalent volume dipole density function τ(x) = − ∂/∂x
(σi φi(x) − σe φe(x))ax (where x is the axial co-ordinate, i is the intracellular and e the extracellular region, σi and σe are isotropic conductivities, ϕ the potential at the membrane, while axial symmetry is assumed), and this source fills the
intracellular region. This source, as distinct from transmembrane current formulations, lies in a uniform, isotropic, extracellular,
medium. Consequently, for a fibre bundle a simple superposition of sources, all lying in a uniform, isotropic, extracellular
space, can be accomplished. However, for muscle fibres the presence of non-conducting myofibrils causes the intracellular
space to be anisotropic. The paper describes the modification in the aforementioned expressions for the case of longitudinal
and transverse propagation and extrapolation to an arbitrary angle of propagation. The resultant source continues to be expressed
relative to a uniform, isotropic, extracellular medium. 相似文献
5.
Kryzhanovskyi SA Stolyaruck VN Vititnova MB Tsorin IB Seredenin SB 《Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine》2010,149(3):314-317
Effect of afobazole on the threshold of electrical fibrillation of the heart was studied on anesthetized rats with intact
myocardium. It was shown that the drug considerably increased the threshold of electrical fi brillation of the heart, being
not inferior to reference class I antiarrhythmic drugs (lidocaine and procainamide) according to V. Williamse classification.
Against the background of preliminary injection of σ-receptor antagonist haloperidol, afobazole exhibited no antifibrillatory
activity. These findings and analysis of published reports suggest that antifibrillatory activity of afobazole is determined
by its antagonistic influence on σ1-receptors localized in cardiomyocyte cytosol. 相似文献
6.
The inadequacies of currently employed methods for assessment of cardiac mechanics are discussed, and the need for development
of more intrinsic assessment parameters is emphasised. To this end, a new technique is presented to enable determination of
regional mechanical constitutive properties of the myocardium during diastole; this technique has been originally named left-ventricular
mechanomyocardiography (or l.v.-m.m.c.g.). The data required for implementation of the techniques consist of left-ventricular
sequential dynamic geometry and associated recorded chamber pressure. The method entails matching of the inner-boundary deformations
of the instantaneous finite-element model of the left ventricle (which is loaded by the recorded instantaneous incremental
pressure) with the actual instantaneous endocardial deformations (as derived from either cineangiocardiography or 2-dimensional
echocardiography), to determine the regional distribution of the Young's modulus Ene and the incremental stresses Δσne (and hence the total stress σne=∑nΔσne) of the myocardial elements. The mechanical constitutive properties of the myocardial elements can be then characterised
by the constitutive relation Ene=a+bσ. The constitutive parameters a and b have typical ranges for normal and pathological (ischaemic and infarcted) myocardial
elements and hence can be employed to distinguish diseased elements. The values of a and b are calculated for normal and pathological
subjects and their normal and pathological ranges are presented. 相似文献
7.
M. L. Raghavan Marshall W. Webster David A. Vorp Ph.D. 《Annals of biomedical engineering》1996,24(5):573-582
Knowledge of the biomechanical behavior of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) as compared to nonaneurysmal aorta may provide
information on the natural history of this disease. We have performed uniaxial tensile testing of excised human aneurysmal
and nonaneurysmal abdominal aortic specimens. A new mathematical model that conforms to the fibrous structure of the vascular
tissue was used to quantify the measured elastic response. We determined for each specimen the yield σy and ultimate σu strengths, the separate contribution to total tissue stiffness by elastin (E
E) and collagen (E
C) fibers, and a collagen recruitment parameter (A), which is a measure of the tortuosity of the collagen fibers. There was no significant difference in any of these mechanical
properties between longitudinal and circumferential AAA specimens, nor inE
E andE
C between longitudinally oriented aneurysmal and normal specimens.A, σy, and σu were all significantly higher for the normal than for the aneurysmal group:A=0.223±0.046versus A=0.091±0.009 (mean ± SEM;p<0.0005), σy
versus σy (p<0.05), and σu
versus σu (p<0.0005), respectively. Our findings suggest that the AAA tissue is isotropic with respect to these mechanical properties.
The observed difference inA between aneurysmal and normal aorta may be due to the complete recruitment and loading of collagen fibers at lower extensions
in the former. Our data indicate that AAA rupture may be related to a reduction in tensile strength and that the biomechanical
properties of AAA should be considered in assessing the severity of an individual aneurysm. 相似文献
8.
The normalised back-scattered intensity (NBI) profiles at various locations on the forearms of ten human subjects were obtained
by moving the multi-probe of a laser reflectometer. The statistical analysis of the NBI data showed that the variation in
the NBI was significantly higher at the ulnar region compared with that at other regions. For determination of the scattering
(μ
s
) and absorption (μ
a
) coefficients and the anisotropy parameter g at each location on the forearm, these profiles were matched with the NBI profiles
simulated by a Monte Carlo procedure (χ
0.99
2
). For the reconstruction of images of variation of these parameters, the averaged values ofμ
a
,μ
s
and g at all locations on the forearms of the subjects were determined. The absorption coefficient had a minimum (1.92 cm−1) and maximum (2.21 cm−1) at the wrist and the lateral region of the forearm, respectively. The scattering coefficient had a maximum (194 cm−1) at the medial side and near the elbow, and a minimum (186 cm−1) at the lateral side of the forearm. Similar changes in the anisotropy parameter were also observed. By interpolation of
the data of each parameter on a 100×100 image matrix and after median filtering, colour-coded images of the variation in the
optical parameters were constructed. These images could be useful for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of lasers. 相似文献
9.
Gielen F. L. H. Cruts H. E. P. Albers B. A. Boon K. L. Wallinga-de Jonge W. Boom H. B. K. 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1986,24(1):34-40
Recent experiments carried out in our laboratory with the four-electrode method showed that the electrical conductivity of
skeletal muscle tissue depends on the frequency of the injected current and the distance between the current electrodes. A
model is proposed in order to study these effects. The model takes into account the structure of the tissue on the scale of
individual fibres. It discerns three main components with respect to electrical properties: (a) extracellular medium with
electrical conductivity σe; (b) intracellular medium with electrical conductivity σi; (c) muscle fibre membrane with impedance Zm. The model results show an apparent frequency dependence of the electrical conductivity of skeletal muscle tissue, as well
as the way the conductivity is affected by the length the current is conducted. 相似文献
10.
Quaternion-based strap-down integration method for applications of inertial sensing to gait analysis
Sabatini AM 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2005,43(1):94-101
The proposed strap-down integration method exploits the cyclical nature of human gait: during the gait swing phase, the quaternion-based
attitude representation is integrated using a gyroscope from initial conditions that are determined during stance by an accelerometer.
Positioning requires double time integration of the gravity-compensated accelerometer signals during swing. An interpolation
technique applied to attitude quaternions was developed to improve the accuracy of orientation and positioning estimates by
accounting for the effect of sensor bias and scale factor drifts. A simulation environment was developed for the analysis
and testing of the proposed algorithm on a synthetic movement trajectory. The aim was to define the true attitude and positioning
used in the computation of estimation errors. By thermal modelling, the changes of bias and scale factor of the inertial sensors,
calibrated at a single reference temperature, were analysed over a range of ±10°C, for measurement noise standard deviations
up to σg = 2.5° s−1 (gyroscope) and σa = 0.05 m s−1 (accelerometer). The compensation technique reduced the maximum root mean square errors (RMSEs) to: RMSEθ=14.6° (orientation) and RMSEd=17.7 cm (positioning) for an integration interval of one gait cycle (an improvement of 3° and 7 cm); RMSEθ=14.8° and RMSEd=30.0 cm for an integration interval of two gait cycles (an improvement of 11° and 262 cm). 相似文献
11.
Conclusions 1. Sorption capacities have been measured for some polymer materials used in medical components in relation to E0 as sterilizing
gas.
2. Effective sorption coefficients for E0 have been calculated for these materials.
3. The values of σef lead to the recommendation that polyethylene and silicone rubbers should be used preferentially for components of apparatus
that is to be gas sterilized. These rubbers have a fairly high sorption (close to that for natural rubber), but they differ
from other rubbers in having very high diffusion coefficients [2], so they are degassed rapidly.
4. The effective sorption coefficients enable one to calculate the equilibrium E0 sorption by a polymer for various E0 concentrations
and temperatures within the range examined.
All-Union Disinfection and Sterilization Research Institute, Ministry of Health of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Meditsinskaya
Tekhnika, No. 6, pp. 46–48, November–December, 1982. 相似文献
12.
J. G. Villa G. Cuadrado J. E. Bayón J. González-Gallego 《European journal of applied physiology》1997,77(1-2):106-111
The effects of physical conditioning on antipyrine clearance were studied in two groups of subjects. Healthy men not engaged
in the systematic practice of any sport were compared with endurance runners (defined as men running >80 km/week). Studies
were carried out at three different periods of the annual plan training at 4-month intervals. Antipyrine was administered
orally and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from saliva samples by the multiple-sample method. Endurance performance,
expressed in terms of the maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2
max), the ventilatory threshold and the 4-mM · l−1 lactate threshold (OBLA), was higher in trained than in control subjects at each of the three periods. Antipyrine clearance
was also significantly elevated and antipyrine half-life reduced in runners during all periods. No significant difference
in V˙O2
max or antipyrine clearance was found between the various periods in either trained or control subjects. Both ventilatory threshold
and OBLA increased significantly along the training period in conditioned subjects. Significant correlations were found between
antipyrine clearance and V˙O2
max, ventilatory threshold and OBLA. In summary, these results indicate an association between aerobic conditioning and increased
hepatic oxidative metabolism of low-clearance drugs.
Accepted: 15 July 1997 相似文献
13.
Prof. R. Burattini P. Reale P. Borgdorff N. Westerhof 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1987,25(3):269-276
The purpose of this study was to characterise the dynamics of the short-term control of arterial pressure in the cat with
the aid of a model consisting of a nonlinear negative-feedback control system. The arterial system was described by a three
element windkessel model (peripheral resistance, R, aortic characteristic impedance, Rc, and total arterial compliance, C). The resistance regulation was represented by a second-order system with static gain GR, a damping factor σ and an undamped natural frequency ωn. The resistance gain, GR, and the windkessel parameters were obtained from measurements of aortic and venous pressures and cardiac output in two steady
states. The parameters σ and ωn were estimated from mean pressure and mean flow during the transient from control to the new steady state. Pressure reductions
averaged 10 per cent and resistance changes averaged 12 per cent. Average windkessel model parameters in the control condition
were: C=(25·9±6·1) 10−6 g−1 cm4 s2, Rc=(2·51±0·53) 103 g cm−4 s−1, R=(40·9±9·8) 103 g cm−4 s−1. Average estimates of parameters of the resistance regulator were: GR=(4·14±2·38) 10−3 min ml−1, ωn = 1·0 ± 1·0 rad s−1, σ=0·41±0·19. A satisfactory fit was found between model predicted and measured pressure. The results suggest that the dynamic
short-term control of pressure is underdamped and oscillatory. The amplitude of these oscillations is affected by arterial
compliance, suggesting an interaction between the arterial system and short-term resistance regulation. 相似文献
14.
This study determines the RBFPD (resin-bonded fixed partial dentures) biomechanical aspects to retainer height using structural-thermal
coupled finite element (FE) analysis under normal (37°C) and high (51°C) oral temperatures. Three RBFPD FE models with different
retainer heights (100, 75, and 50% of the distance from 2 mm above the CE (cementum-enamel) junction to the occlusal surface)
were created using image processing, contour stacking, and mapping mesh procedures. After FE model validation, the maximum
first principal and von Mises stresses in the remaining tooth (σT) and prosthesis (σP), were recorded for all models under structural-thermal coupled analyses. The simulation results showed that the σT and σp values decreased with greater retainer height as a result of the increasing prosthesis stiffness and maximizing bonding area
between the enamel and retainer at normal oral temperature (37°C). However, no significant stress differences were found according
to the retainer height varying dimensions at high (51°C) temperatures. The RBFPD retainer height biomechanical response is
dominated by the structural analysis result (at 37°C) and it is recommended that the prosthesis retainer have as great a height
as possible to decrease the stress values. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents a simple and straightforward method for synthetically evaluating digital radiographic images by a single
parameter in terms of transmitted information (TI). The features of our proposed method are (1) simplicity of computation,
(2) simplicity of experimentation, and (3) combined assessment of image noise and resolution (blur). Two acrylic step wedges
with 0–1–2–3–4–5 and 0–2–4–6–8–10 mm in thickness were used as phantoms for experiments. In the present study, three experiments
were conducted. First, to investigate the relation between the value of TI and image noise, various radiation doses by changing
exposure time were employed. Second, we examined the relation between the value of TI and image blurring by shifting the phantoms
away from the center of the X-ray beam area toward the cathode end when imaging was performed. Third, we analyzed the combined
effect of deteriorated blur and noise on the images by employing three smoothing filters. Experimental results show that the
amount of TI is closely related to both image noise and image blurring. The results demonstrate the usefulness of our method
for evaluation of physical image quality in medical imaging. 相似文献
16.
In cardiovascular variability analysis, the significance of the coupling between two series is commonly assessed by defining
a zero level on the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC). Although the use of the conventional value of 0.5 does not consider
the dependence of MSC estimates on the analysis parameters, a theoretical threshold Tt is available only for the weighted covariance (WC) estimator. In this study, an experimental threshold for zero coherence
Te was derived by a statistical test from the sampling distribution of MSC estimated on completely uncoupled time series. MSC
was estimated by the WC method (Parzen window, spectral bandwidth B=0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03 Hz) and by the parametric autoregressive
(AR) method (model order M=4, 8, 12, 16), on time series with length L=180, 300, 420, 540s. Te decreased with increasing B and L and with decreasing M (range: 3.11–0.54 for WC estimator, 0.06–0.46 for AR estimator).
Values for the typical parameter settings of WC and AR estimation (B=0.025Hz; M=8; L=300s) were, respectively, 0.24 and 0.17.
Moreover, Tt was always higher (range: 0.12–0.65) and the results were less dependable than those for Te in defining the zero level of MSC. Thus, with the proposed method, the hypothesis of uncoupling is rejected by accounting
for the parameters that affect the confidence of spectral and cross-spectral estimates. The broad applicability of this approach
should favour its introduction for assessing the significance of the coupling between cardiovascular variability series. 相似文献
17.
The matched filter has been widely used in the detection of blood vessels of the human retina digital image. In this paper, the matched filter response to the detection of blood vessels is increased by proposing better filter parameters. These filter parameters are found by using an optimization procedure on 20 retina images of the DRIVE database. Comparisons with other approaches show that the matched filter that uses the newly found parameters outperforms the matched filter that uses the classical filter parameters as well as some vessel detection techniques. A technique is also discussed to find the best threshold value for the continuous matched filter output image and hence the best segmented vessel image. 相似文献
18.
In this paper, a detail-enhanced multimodality medical image fusion algorithm is proposed by using proposed multi-scale joint decomposition framework (MJDF) and shearing filter (SF). The MJDF constructed with gradient minimization smoothing filter (GMSF) and Gaussian low-pass filter (GLF) is used to decompose source images into low-pass layers, edge layers, and detail layers at multiple scales. In order to highlight the detail information in the fused image, the edge layer and the detail layer in each scale are weighted combined into a detail-enhanced layer. As directional filter is effective in capturing salient information, so SF is applied to the detail-enhanced layer to extract geometrical features and obtain directional coefficients. Visual saliency map-based fusion rule is designed for fusing low-pass layers, and the sum of standard deviation is used as activity level measurement for directional coefficients fusion. The final fusion result is obtained by synthesizing the fused low-pass layers and directional coefficients. Experimental results show that the proposed method with shift-invariance, directional selectivity, and detail-enhanced property is efficient in preserving and enhancing detail information of multimodality medical images. 相似文献
19.
J. C. Spinelli Dr. M. E. Valentinuzzi 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》1986,24(5):460-464
With a model based on Poisson’s equation, computations employing published data and measurements made in glass cylinders filled
with saline, the influence of conductivity and geometry on the determination of volume was analysed with an impedancimetric
catheter. Two distal electrodes inject a constant current while a set of central electrodes sense by sections the potential
along the cylindrical chamber. It was concluded that each section ought to be independently calibrated, the distribution of
the electrodes along the catheter and its relationship to the chamber radius being of paramount importance for a linear calibration.
The ratio σ
r
, of the external medium conductivity σ
e
to the internal conductivity σ
i
influences drastically both the linearity and the calibration of each section. If a section volume is linearly related to
the total chamber volume, that section admittance is a total volume estimator. 相似文献
20.
This article discusses an adaptive filtering technique for reducing speckle using second order statistics of the speckle pattern in ultrasound medical images. Several region-based adaptive filter techniques have been developed for speckle noise suppression, but there are no specific criteria for selecting the region growing size in the post processing of the filter. The size appropriate for one local region may not be appropriate for other regions. Selection of the correct region size involves a trade-off between speckle reduction and edge preservation. Generally, a large region size is used to smooth speckle and a small size to preserve the edges into an image. In this paper, a smoothing procedure combines the first order statistics of speckle for the homogeneity test and second order statistics for selection of filters and desired region growth. Grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is calculated for every region during the region contraction and region growing for second order statistics. Further, these GLCM features determine the appropriate filter for the region smoothing. The performance of this approach is compared with the aggressive region-growing filter (ARGF) using edge preservation and speckle reduction tests. The processed image results show that the proposed method effectively reduces speckle noise and preserves edge details. 相似文献