2型糖尿病患者颈动脉病变及其大血管并发症危险因素相关性研究

目的:分析2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度与大血管并发症及危险因素相关性。方法:2型糖尿病伴发大血管病变组141例,2型糖尿病未伴发大血管病变组128例,正常对照组133例,检测其颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块,同时测定其血糖、血脂、C肽、体重指数及高敏C反应蛋白(hCRP)水平,比较3组间颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块发生率,分析其影响因素。结果:2型糖尿病伴发大血管病变组、2型糖尿病未伴发大血管病变组及正常对照组颈动脉内膜平均厚度分别为(1．09±0．22)mm、(O．89±0．23)mm、(0．66±0．13)mm,组间均有显著性差异(P<0．01);3组中斑块的发生率分别为63．1％、28．91％及0％,均有显著性差异(P<0．05)。在2型糖尿病患者合并大血管病变中,颈动脉内膜中层厚度与hCRP呈正相关(P<0．001)。结论:血清hCRP与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度显著相关,hCRP是2型糖尿病大血管病变的显著指标。     

老年糖尿病合并高血压患者隐性心肌缺血与颈动脉内膜中层厚度关系的研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病合并高血压患者隐性心肌缺血与颈动脉内膜中层厚度关系。方法选择2014年12月—2015年12月期间120例于该院就诊的老年糖尿病合并高血压患者,另外选择同期老年高血压患者120例,选择同期健康体检健康者120例。均给予颈动脉超声检查,测量记录颈动脉内膜中层厚度。比较心肌缺血发生率以及颈动脉内膜中层厚度。结果 1单纯高血压和糖尿病伴高血压组心肌缺血发生率高于对照组(P0.05)。糖尿病伴高血压组心肌缺血发生率高于单纯高血压组(P0.05)。2糖尿病颈动脉内膜中层厚度比对照组厚(P0.05);糖尿病伴高血压颈动脉内膜中层厚度比单纯高血压患者厚(P0.05)。结论老年糖尿病合并高血压患者隐性心肌缺血与颈动脉内膜中层厚度关系密切相关。     

2型糖尿病患者脂蛋白亚组份与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性分析

目的研究2型糖尿病患者脂蛋白各亚组份与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系。方法采用超速离心及高效液相色谱法测定55例2型糖尿病患者的血清脂蛋白亚组份,根据超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度分为有、无病变组,分析其与脂蛋白亚组份之间的关系。结果(1)有病变组的年龄高于无病变组(P<0.05)。(2)有病变组脂蛋白(a)水平高于无病变组。其余脂蛋白及其亚型组间差异无统计学意义。(3)调整年龄、性别、体质指数后,颈动脉内膜中层增厚分别与脂蛋白(a)和B型低密度脂蛋白呈正相关;脂蛋白(a)与低密度脂蛋白呈正相关;甘油三酯分别与空腹血糖、B型低密度脂蛋白呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白2和A型低密度脂蛋白呈负相关(P<0.05)。以有病变、无病变为因变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄、脂蛋白(a)水平升高是2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层增厚的独立危险因素(P<0.001和P=0.021)。结论脂蛋白(a)可能是2型糖尿病患者早期动脉粥样硬化的危险预测指标。     

老年高血压合并糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的观察

目的 观察老年高血压患者合并2型糖尿病时对颈动脉内膜中层厚度的影响及血脂水平的变化,探讨此类患者颈动脉粥样硬化的特点.方法 将120例患者分为高血压组（EH组,60例）、高血压合并糖尿病组（EH＋DM组,60例）,并按性别年龄匹配对照组.采用高分辨率超声采集患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度数据并收集患者其他一般情况数据.结果 EH＋DM组及EH组患者血浆甘油三酯水平均明显升高,EH＋DM组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显增高,颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块发生率均明显高于EH组.结论 高血压患者一旦合并糖尿病,相对于单纯高血压患者,其血脂异常及动脉粥样硬化的危险均增加,更易形成斑块.     

2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系

目的观察糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性，并探讨其临床意义。方法2型糖尿病患者98例（T2DM组），糖尿病合并颈动脉内膜中层增厚患者（T2DM＋IMT组）55例，正常对照组64例，分别测定空腹血糖、血脂、尿微量白蛋白，并统计微量白蛋白尿的阳性例数及阳性率。结果T2DM组、T2DM＋IMT组空腹血糖、血脂、尿微量白蛋白水平及阳性率高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），T2DM＋1MT组尿微量白蛋白水平及阳性率高于单纯T2DM组（P〈0．05），尿微量白蛋白水平与颈动脉内膜中层厚度呈正相关（r=0．22，P〈0．05）。结论T2DM患者尿微量白蛋白与颈动脉内膜中层厚度密切相关。     

血清C肽与2型糖尿病血管并发症的关系分析

选取2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者282例检测空腹C-肽、甘油三酯、胆固醇、LDL—C、HbA1C、尿白蛋白／肌酐,并查眼底及测定颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）。根据患者血清C肽水平将其分为正常C肽组与低C肽组。结果正常C肽组HbA1c、甘油三酯、胆固醇、LDL—C显著低于低C肽组;正常C肽组糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）、糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）的发生率显著低于低C肽组;正常C肽组颈动脉内膜中层厚度均值显著高于低C肽组;结论血清C肽与糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病呈负相关,与颈动脉内膜厚度呈正相关。血清C肽可能是DN、DR的保护因素,其下降可能导致了T2DM微血管病变的发生发展,2型糖尿病中升高的C肽可能反映动脉粥样硬化的发生。     

老年患者代谢综合征不同组合成份与颈动脉内膜的关系

目的探讨老年患者代谢综合征不同组合成份与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系。方法选择老年代谢综合征患者79例、年龄60岁以上,按组成成份不同分为老年伴糖尿病组41例,老年非糖尿病组38例,同时选年龄<60岁年轻伴糖尿病组37例。用彩色多普勒超声心动图仪检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度。结果老年伴糖尿病组与老年非糖尿病组颈动脉内膜中层厚度均较年轻伴糖尿病组明显增厚,二者之间有统计学意义(P<0.01),而老年伴糖尿病组又较老年非糖尿病组增厚明显,二组统计有显著意义(P<0.05)。相关分析显示颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度与年龄(r=0.300,P<0.01)、高血压病程(r=0.255,P<0.01)呈显著正相关,斑块发生率以老年伴糖尿病组最高(73.2%),其次为老年非糖尿病组(50%),年轻伴糖尿病组最少(21.6%)三组差异有显著性(P<0.05和0.01)。结论合并糖尿病的代谢综合征患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度较非糖尿病代谢综合征患者明显增厚,老年代谢综合征患者的颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度又较非老年患者增厚明显。     

糖尿病肾病与颈动脉内膜中层厚度相关性研究

探讨糖尿病肾病的进展与大动脉硬化的关系.结果 发现糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度 (CIMT)与尿白蛋白/肌酐显著正相关,与肾小球滤过率显著负相关.提示有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病患者,CIMT的增厚预示其糖尿病临床肾病发生的风险增加.     

脂联素基因多态性与2型糖尿病及颈动脉内膜中层厚度有关

采用PCR—RFLP技术研究脂联素基因多态性与2型糖尿病及颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系。脂联素基因外显子2Gly15Gly位点T→G变异可能与北京地区人群2型糖尿病发生有关，且与颈动脉内膜中层厚度增加有关。     

糖尿病伴颈动脉粥样硬化Hs-CRP水平及罗格列酮疗效探讨

目的:探讨超敏c反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)之间的关系及罗格列酮对Hs-CRP水平,颈动脉内膜中层厚度疗效。方法:将2型糖尿病患者分为2组:2型糖尿病伴颈动脉硬化组、单纯2型糖尿病组,并测定超敏反应蛋白、颈动脉内膜中层厚度,血糖、胰岛素等。结果:2型糖尿病伴颈动脉硬化组的Hs-CRP明显高于单纯2型糖尿病组,对2型糖尿病患者进行线性相关分析表明2型糖尿病患者hs-CRP与胰岛素抵抗指数、糖化血红蛋白、颈动脉IMT都有极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,罗格列酮治疗组治疗后HOMA-IR、Hs-CRP、颈动脉颈IMT值明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:hs-CRP不仅与2型糖尿病相关,而且与胰岛素抵抗及颈动脉硬化有密切的关联。而罗格列酮可以降低hs-CRP的水平,改善2型糖尿病患者大血管并发症。     

Does renal failure cause an atherosclerotic milieu in patients with end-stage renal disease?

PURPOSE: Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease, but the independent contribution of renal failure rather than associated risk factors is unclear. We sought to examine the relative contribution of these factors to the severity of atherosclerosis by measuring intima-medial thickness and brachial artery reactivity in uremic patients and controls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cardiovascular risk factors, including lipid and homocysteine levels, were evaluated in 213 patients (69 on hemodialysis, 60 on peritoneal dialysis, and 82 nonuremic controls). High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography with automated off-line analysis was used to measure the intima-medial thickness in the common carotid artery and to measure the lumen diameter of the brachial artery at rest, during reactive hyperemia, and after sublingual nitroglycerine. The correlations of risk factors with intima-medial thickness and brachial reactivity were examined using a general linear regression model. RESULTS: Patients with renal failure had a greater mean (+/- SEM) maximum intima-medial thickness than controls (0.83 +/- 0.02 mm versus 0.70 +/- 0.02 mm, P < 0.05), but the brachial artery response to reactive hyperemia was not significantly different between the renal failure patients and the control group (4.7% +/- 6.1% versus 6.1% +/- 8.6% dilatation, P > 0.05). The uremic state was an independent predictor of intima-medial thickness (r2 = 0.16, P < 0.001) but not of brachial artery reactivity (P = 0.99). CONCLUSION: The atherosclerotic burden in patients with renal failure, as indicated by an increased intima-medial thickness, may reflect effects of uremia that are independent of cardiovascular risk factors.     

2型糖尿病患者血管舒张功能和一氧化氮释放变化及与动脉硬化的关系

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病患者血管舒张功能和一氧化氮释放与糖尿病血管病变的关系。方法　选择 2 0名正常人 (对照组 )和 62例 2型糖尿病患者 (糖尿病组 ) ,并根据患者是否合并冠心病进行分组分析。采用高频超声方法测定反应性充血试验和口服硝酸甘油前后的肱动脉内径变化 ,以反映血管内皮依赖性和非内皮依赖性舒张功能 ,以及静脉闭塞试验测定一氧化氮储备释放 ,同时利用超声方法检测颈总动脉内膜厚度。结果　与对照组比较 ,糖尿病组的非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能无显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而内皮依赖性血管舒张功能和内皮一氧化氮释放明显低下 (P<0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ,颈总动脉内膜厚度明显增厚 (P <0 .0 1)。糖尿病合并冠心病患者血管内皮依赖性和非内皮依赖性舒张功能均较非合并冠心病患者明显低下。结论　高频超声检测方法能够较好地判断糖尿病患者血管舒张功能。糖尿病患者存在明显的动脉硬化和因一氧化氮释放减少而出现的内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍 ,此与糖尿病性血管病变密切相关     

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and preclinical carotid artery disease in untreated hypertensive men.

METHODS: The apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism was evaluated alone, and in interaction with smoking status, in predicting carotid intima-medial thickness and plaque among 182 untreated, hypertensive, white men (mean age 56+/-8.9 years).RESULTS: After covariate adjustment (age, education, smoking, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, total : high-density lipoprotein), apoE genotype (no [epsilon]4 versus any [epsilon]4) predicted mean ([beta]=-0.139, P=0.023) and maximum ([beta]=-0.138, P=0.028) intima-medial thickness, as well as plaque ([beta]=-0.744; P=0.072). Tests of a genotype-x-smoking interaction were non-significant.CONCLUSIONS: Mean intima-medial thickness was greater in men with the 3/3 than [epsilon]4 genotypes (2/4 3/4 4/4), suggesting genetic risk for carotid atherosclerosis may be conferred by the [epsilon]3, rather than the [epsilon]4, allele.     

成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病与2型糖尿病动脉内中膜厚度的研究

目的探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化(AS)的差异及其影响因素。方法选取2002年8月至2005年2月中南大学湘雅二医院70例LADA患者,检测其颈总动脉及股动脉内中膜厚度(IMT),与匹配的T2DM患者进行比较。采用多元线性回归分析LADA患者IMT增加的危险因素。结果LADA和T2DM患者亚临床AS发生率相似(11.4%对17.1%,P>0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,年龄、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、吸烟及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)是颈总动脉IMT增加的主要影响因素;年龄、HOMA-IR、性别及LDL-C是股动脉IMT增加的主要影响因素。结论该组LADA与T2DM患者亚临床AS发生率相似。LDL-C、吸烟、性别、年龄及HOMA-IR可能是LADA患者IMT增加的主要影响因素。     

Reference values of intima-medial thickness of carotid and femoral arteries in subjects aged 20 to 60 years and without cardiovascular risk factors

Many studies have shown a close correlation between intima-medial thickness of the carotid artery measured by high resolution ultrasonography and the presence of coronary artery disease or atherogenic risk factors. However, reference values for the value of intima-medial thickness (IMT) in healthy subjects have not yet been established. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the reference values of carotid (C-IMT) and femoral intima-medial thickness (F-IMT) with respect to age and gender in healthy subjects (53 women and 45 men) aged 20 to 60, with no family or personal history of cardiovascular disease or atherogenic risk factors, underwent high resolution colour echo-Doppler examination. The mean C-IMT was 556 +/- 57 microns in women and 573 +/- 70 microns in men (NS), and the femoral equivalent was 543 +/- 63 microns in women and 562 +/- 74 microns in men (NS). Between the ages of 20 and 60, the C-IMT increased by 1.8 microns per year (p < 0.03) in women and 3.4 microns (p < 0.001) in men, the variations being respectively 1.2 microns (NS) and 3.1 microns (p < 0.002) in the femoral artery. Multiple regression analysis including gender and individual values of age, body mass index and lipid profile confirmed that only age was significantly correlated to the increase in thickness. The authors conclude that the reference values of IMT do not differ with gender or site of analysis, but there is a slight influence with respect to age.     

罗格列酮对初诊2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮对初诊2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的影响,探讨其对大血管的保护作用.方法 60例初诊2型糖尿病患者随机分为罗格列酮组和对照组,治疗12周后,高分辨超声测量IMT,并检测两组患者服药前后糖基化血红蛋白、血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆同醇.结果 与对照组比较,罗格列酮组IMT明显降低（P＜0.05）,两组治疗前后IMT值均具有显著差异.结论 罗格列酮能明显降低初诊2型糖尿病患者的IMT水平,可能延缓2型糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化进展,从而改善2型糖尿病患者大血管并发症.     

The EGIR-RISC STUDY (The European group for the study of insulin resistance: relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk): I. Methodology and Objectives

Aims/hypotheses Insulin resistance is thought to be a key predictor for the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in Europe. Insulin resistance is influenced by both genetic and lifestyle factors (e.g. obesity and physical inactivity). The RISC (Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular disease) Study is using the infrastructure of an extended European collaborative research group to study insulin resistance and CVD risk in 1500 healthy people aged 30 to 60 years from 20 centres in 13 countries.Methods Baseline measurements of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity are made by the oral glucose tolerance test and the euglycaemic insulin clamp, respectively; carotid artery intima-medial thickness (by ultrasound), ankle/brachial pressure index and electrocardiography will enable evaluation of subclinical CVD at baseline and at follow-up. Classic CVD risk factors, as well as socioeconomic and lifestyle factors will be recorded at baseline; samples for measurement of biochemical and genetic markers will be collected and stored for future analyses. Investigations will be repeated after 3 and 10 years to evaluate the relationship between insulin resistance and the development of atherosclerosis as measured by carotid artery intima-media thickness. Development of Type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular events are additional endpoints.Conclusions This study will evaluate the importance of insulin resistance in the development of CVD and diabetes, and has implications for the development of prevention and treatment strategies.Abbreviations CVD Cardiovascular disease - cIMT carotid intima-medial thickness - CCA common carotid arteries - CB carotid bifurcation - ICA internal carotid arterySee the Acknowledgements for the full list of members of the EGIR-RISC Study Group     

The incremental value of ambulatory blood pressure persists after controlling for methodological confounds: associations with carotid atherosclerosis in a healthy sample

BACKGROUND : Ambulatory blood pressure assessments have been shown to be associated with subclinical and clinical endpoints even after controlling for the effects of clinic blood pressure. OBJECTIVE : To examine the incremental validity of ambulatory over clinic blood pressures using equivalent time periods, equivalent numbers of observations, and comparable measurement instruments across both settings. DESIGN AND METHODS : In this cross-sectional study of 216 healthy, community volunteers (ages 50-70 years), we compared three types of assessment in terms of their association with carotid artery atherosclerosis: manual clinic blood pressure (two readings, 10 min interval), automated clinic blood pressure (four readings, 2.5 h interval), and automated ambulatory blood pressure (four readings, 2.5 h interval) using the same type of automated device for the latter two conditions. These measurements were obtained during the morning hours on three separate occasions. Carotid intima-medial thickness and plaque were assessed, by ultrasound, as markers of atherosclerosis. RESULTS : Greater ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure were associated with increased intima-medial thickness and an increased prevalence of plaque (odds ratios > 3.0), even after statistical adjustment for clinic blood pressure assessments and demographic covariates. CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that the independent utility of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure cannot be attributed to methodological issues that have traditionally confounded these comparisons. These findings highlight the potential importance of behavioral and lifestyle factors in contributing to the incremental value of ambulatory blood pressure.     

糖尿病患者内皮tPA、NO储备与血管舒张功能变化

目的　探讨糖尿病患者血管舒张功能和内皮组织纤溶酶原激活物 (tPA)、一氧化氮 (NO)储备释放功能与糖尿病性血管病变的关系。方法　对 15名正常人和 2 3例 2型糖尿病患者 ,采用高频超声方法测定血流介导和硝酸甘油介导的血管舒张功能和颈总动脉内膜厚度 ,以及采用静脉闭塞试验测定tPA和NO储备释放。结果　与正常对照组比较 ,糖尿病组的非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能无显著变化 ,而内皮依赖性血管舒张功能和tPA、NO释放明显低下 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,颈总动脉内膜增厚 ,但差异无显著性。正常组血tPA水平与NO水平 ,以及tPA释放与NO释放呈显著正相关 ,而糖尿病组收缩压、舒张压均与内皮依赖性血管舒张功能和非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能呈显著负相关。结论　糖尿病患者存在明显的内皮tPA、NO储备释放功能和内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍 ,此与糖尿病性血管病变密切相关     

吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响

目的 探讨吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响。方法 68名2型糖尿病患者，随机双盲分为吡格列酮组（n=34）和安慰荆组（n=34），治疗3个月后，应用B超技术检测患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度，并检测两组患者服药前后餐后2h血糖、糖基化血红蛋白、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。结果 与安慰剂组比较，吡格列酮治疗后颈动脉内膜中膜厚度变小（P〈0．01），餐后2h血糖、糖基化血红蛋白和甘油三酯水平明显下降（P〈0．01），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显增加（P〈0.01），两组血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在治疗后无显著性差异。吡格列酮治疗后颈动脉内膜中膜厚度变化值与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的变化值密切相关（P〈0.01）。结论 吡格列酮能够显著降低2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度，有益于改善2型糖尿病患者大血管并发症。