药物洗脱支架的光学相干断层成像评价

药物洗脱支架（DES）在心脏介入治疗中有着里程碑式的重要作用,2002年第一种DES西罗莫司洗脱支架应用于临床.DES通过向血管壁局部输送抗增殖药物,解决了裸金属支架（BMS）新生内膜组织（NIH）增生的弊端,显著降低了支架内再狭窄（ISR）的发生,其后紫杉醇药物洗脱支架（PES）和其他新型药物支架相继应用于临床,且临床使用比例逐年快速增长.但是与传统BMS相比,DES虽有降低ISR的优势,但也存在一些不良后果,如支架内血栓形成、晚期支架贴壁不良、内皮功能受损等.研究及尸检结果显示,DES并发症发生与术后内皮化程度密切相关,由于DES的抗增殖药物可使血管内膜修复延迟,而导致支架小梁不完全覆盖可能是重要因素之一.     

紫杉醇洗脱支架置入后应用阿司匹林辅以噻氯匹啶与氯吡格雷的比较：TRUE（Taxus紫杉醇洗脱支架实际应用评价）研究结果

噻吩并吡啶类药物和阿司匹林对接受裸金属支架置入的患者有益,而阿司匹林和氯吡格雷已被证实是药物洗脱支架(DES)置入后的有效治疗。然而,尽管常因价格或患者不能耐受以噻氯匹啶替代氯吡格雷,但尚无关于DES置入后应用噻氯匹啶与氯吡格雷的比较资料。因此,在前瞻性、多中心Taxus紫杉醇洗脱支架实际应用评价(TRUE)研究纳入的受试者中,比较了紫杉醇洗脱支架置入后应用噻氯匹啶和氯吡格雷的疗效。共对505例患者进行了分析,其中112例接受噻氯匹啶,393例接受氯吡格雷治疗。两种抗血小板治疗的早期和中期(7个月)血栓形成不良事件发生率相似。…     

无聚合物药物洗脱支架与支架内血栓

药物洗脱支架(DES)明显地降低了支架内再狭窄率和靶病变重建率,但支架内血栓形成使其安全性受到质疑。导致其形成的机制及影响因素多种多样,患者的临床及病变特点、介入操作因素、抗栓治疗等都与其形成相关。药物支架所致的内皮愈合延迟、炎性反应、支架贴壁不良等为其重要机制。现对其机制、影响因素及无聚合物涂层支架在临床的应用进行综述。     

药物洗脱支架置入术后长期随访中支架血栓形成的发生率和危险因素

尽管因迟发支架血栓形成而使药物洗脱支架(DES)置入的长期安全性受到关注,但是支架置入后1年的支架血栓形成发生率尚不清楚。作者观察了DES置入后长期随访过程中支架血栓形成的发生率、危险因素及其与抗血小板治疗停止的关系。研究共纳入1911例行DES置入的连续病例(1545例患者共2045处病变置入西罗莫司洗脱支架,366例患者共563处病变置入紫杉醇洗脱支架)。长期随访过程中(中位时间19.4个月,IQ R15.3～24.3),15例患者(0.8%,95%CI0.5%～1.3%)在6h至20.4个月内发生支架血栓形成。11例患者(0.6%,95%CI0.3%～1.0%)为迟发支架血栓形成(中位…     

药物洗脱支架与金属裸支架置入术后对糖尿病患者远期死亡、心肌梗死和支架血栓发生情况的影响

目的本研究通过比较糖尿病患者置入金属裸支架(bare metal stents,BMS)vs药物洗脱支架(drug eluting stents,DES)后发生死亡、心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)、再次血运重建和支架血栓的情况,以评价糖尿病患者置入DES后的远期安全性和有效性。方法本研究于2003年7月～2005年12月连续入选了834例因冠心病合并糖尿病在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的患者,按置入支架类型将患者分为DES组(n=583)和BMS组(n=251)。主要终点事件为24个月时全因病死率;次要终点事件为24个月时非致死性MI、再次血运重建以及主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)的发生率。结果本研究结果经多因素回归分析显示,DES组明显降低了24个月时死亡[3.2%vs 5.1%,危险比(hazard ratio,HR)0.34,95%可信区间(confidential interval,CI)0.12～0.94,P=0.038]和心性死亡的风险(2.2%vs 4.4%,HR=0.29,95%CI:0.13～0.87,P=0.027),非致死性MI和心性死亡与非致死性MI复合终点发生风险比较差异无统计学意义;明确和可能的支架血栓的发生风险比较差异也没有统计学意义(1.9%vs 2.0%,HR=0.96,95%CI:0.51～2.17,P=0.351)。DES明显降低了再次血运重建的风险(10.5%vs 20.7%,HR=0.24,95%CI:0.11～0.78,P<0.001)和靶血管再次血运重建的风险(8.9%vs 17.1%,HR=0.33,95%CI:0.16～0.87,P<0.001);与BMS组比较DES组的MACE的风险也明显降低,差异有统计学意义(15.8%vs 27.9%,HR=0.19,95%CI:0.09～0.85,P<0.001);其主要与DES组患者的死亡和靶血管再次血运重建的风险降低有关。结论与BMS相比,DES可显著降低糖尿病患者的24个月时死亡、再次血运重建和MACE的风险,而未增加非致死性MI和支架血栓的风险。置入DES后死亡风险的降低原因,主要与DES降低再狭窄后的死亡和MI风险,获得更高的完全血运重建率以及未增加支架血栓的风险相关。     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的临床观察

目的观察药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉支架内再狭窄的临床疗效。方法对入选的患者行药物洗脱支架治疗,术后观察心脏不良反应事件的发生情况。结果 44例患者中发生不良反应事件22例,其中胸痛复发19例,TVR7例,ISR处原支架的类型是影响术后疗效的重要因素,本研究认为DES术后ISR的疗效好于BMS术后ISR(P=0.002)。而患者的年龄、性别、病变血管的直径和病变部位、病变的严重程度以及DES涂层材料的不同与治疗效果无明显的相关性。结论药物洗脱支架是治疗冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的有效手段。     

药物洗脱支架和金属裸支架对冠心病患者近远期疗效比较

目的对比观察药物洗脱支架(DES)和金属裸支架(BMS)治疗冠心病(CHD)患者近远期临床疗效的影响。方法收集我院2005年1月至2007年1月CHD患者305例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,其中治疗组接受DES治疗,对照组接受BMS治疗,于术后1、3、6、9和12个月进行电话或门诊随访,并于12个月做冠状动脉造影,观察不良心脏事件、支架内血栓及再狭窄的发生率,并评价两组不同因素对再狭窄的影响。结果治疗组置入支架成功率为98.7%,而对照组置入支架成功率为100%。在主要临床事件方面,治疗组主要心脏不良事件、支架内狭窄发生率明显低于对照组,二者相比有显著性差异(P<0.01);而近期血栓事件发生率为2.58%,与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。亚组分析,治疗组中在弥漫病变、重叠支架、长支架时的再狭窄率小,与对照组相比,具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术支架置入中,DES具有较低的不良心脏事件、近期血栓及再狭窄的发生率,同BMS相比有显著的优势,近远期疗效是安全、可靠的。     

西罗莫司洗脱支架置入和β射线照射治疗支架内再狭窄病变：比较容积血管内超声所评估的急性获得和晚期丢失的潜在机制

背景:本研究旨在通过血管内超声(IVU S)检测,比较药物(西罗莫司)洗脱支架置入(DES)和血管内放射(V BT)治疗支架内再狭窄(ISR)的血管成形机制。方法:纳入采用血管成形术治疗ISR的53例患者(28例行DES,25例行VBT),在术前、术后及6个月随访时进行IVU S检测。测量外弹力膜、支架和管     

药物洗脱支架和金属裸支架在急性心肌梗死中应用的对比研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗与药物治疗相比,已被证明能降低急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的病死率和复发性缺血率。在当前介入时代,药物洗脱支架(DES)和金属裸支架(BMS)已被广泛使用。使用DES和BMS发生的病死率、心肌梗死、支架内再狭窄、支架内血栓和主要心脏不良事件成为现在研究的热点。该文主要总结使用DES和BMS对AMI患者的安全性和有效性。     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的临床观察

目的观察药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉支架内再狭窄的临床疗效。方法对入选的患者行药物洗脱支架治疗,术后观察心脏不良反应事件的发生情况。结果 44例患者中发生不良反应事件22例,其中胸痛复发19例,TVR7例,ISR处原支架的类型是影响术后疗效的重要因素,本研究认为DES术后ISR的疗效好于BMS术后ISR（P=0.002）。而患者的年龄、性别、病变血管的直径和病变部位、病变的严重程度以及DES涂层材料的不同与治疗效果无明显的相关性。结论药物洗脱支架是治疗冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的有效手段。     

植入金属裸支架治疗急性冠脉综合征患者的长期疗效与安全性随访研究

目的　探讨植入金属裸支架（BMS）治疗急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者的长期疗效和安全性。方法　选择2000—2005年北华大学附属医院住院植入BMS随访资料完整的ACS患者491例为研究对象,均行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗植入BMS。经住院冠状动脉造影随访、门诊随访或电话随访,记录主要终点事件。结果　平均随访（95±39）个月,随访期间累积171例发生主要心脏不良事件（MACE）,MACE发生率为34.83%,年均MACE发生率为4.38%。死亡68例（13.85%）,靶病变血管重建71例（14.46%）,靶血管重建28例（5.70%）,晚期支架内血栓（LST）和极晚期支架内血栓（VLST）0例,心力衰竭2例（0.41%）,冠状动脉旁路移植2例（0.41%）。发生支架内再狭窄106例（21.59%）,支架节段内再狭窄60例（12.22%）,支架内再狭窄合并支架节段内再狭窄127例（25.87%）。结论　植入BMS治疗ACS患者,远期MACE、LST、VLST发生率较低,安全性较好。     

Intravascular ultrasound assessment of very late bare-metal stent thrombosis: a case report

Very late stent thrombosis (VLST) is increasingly being regarded as a complication of drug-eluting stents (DES), and delayed endothelization, local hypersensitivity reactions, and late stent malapposition due to excessive positive remodeling have been postulated as mechanisms. Considering that stent endothelialization seems to be completed within 4 weeks following bare-metal stent (BMS) placement and that BMS do not possess antiproliferative coating, the mechanism of VLST may differ between patients with DES and those with BMS. We report a case of VLST 9 years after BMS implantation, in which thrombus from the ruptured neointima was confirmed by intravascular ultrasound. This finding suggests that de novo plaque rupture at the neointimal layer within the stent may be one of the explanations for VLST.

     

冠状动脉植入金属裸支架适应证的研究

背景　目前国内植入金属裸支架（BMS）的比例不足5%,远低于美国和欧洲国家的30%~40%。其原因是对植入BMS适应证研究报道较少,BMS的认识还停留在初级阶段。BMS的适应证、效果和安全性受到质疑。目的　探讨急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者植入BMS的适应证、长期效果和安全性。方法　选取2001—2010年在北华大学附属医院心脏中心住院植入BMS和药物洗脱支架（DES）随访资料完整的ACS患者1 203例为研究对象,其中BMS组491例和DES组712例。患者均住院行冠状动脉造影（CAG）或门诊行CT血管造影（CTA）随访,随访时间为12~175个月,平均随访（71.4±36.4）个月。比较两组不同病变类型（A、B1、B2、C型病变）患者随访终点事件及再狭窄发生率的差异。结果　BMS组与DES组患者心力衰竭、靶血管重建（TVR）、冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;BMS组患者全因死亡、总主要不良心血管事件（MACE）、靶病变血管重建（TLR）发生率高于DES组,再发非致命性心肌梗死、支架内血栓形成（ST）发生率低于DES组（P<0.05）。两组A型病变患者全因死亡、总MACE、再发非致命性心肌梗死、心力衰竭、TLR、TVR、ST发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。BMS组B1型、B2型、C型病变患者全因死亡、总MACE、TLR发生率高于DES组（P<0.05）。两组A型、B1型病变患者支架内再狭窄、节段内再狭窄、支架内再狭窄和/或节段内再狭窄发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组B2型、C型病变患者节段内再狭窄发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;BMS组B2型、C型病变患者支架内再狭窄、支架内再狭窄和/或节段内再狭窄发生率高于DES组（P<0.05）。结论　A型病变ACS患者植入BMS长期全因死亡、总MACE、TLR发生率和再狭窄发生率与DES无差异,远期效果好,安全性高,故可把A型病变ACS作为植入BMS的适应证。     

西罗莫司洗脱支架对心绞痛患者血浆MCP-1的浓度及其受体CCR2表达的影响

目的比较成功植入冠状动脉支架后的再狭窄患者金属裸支架（BMs）与西罗莫司洗脱支架（SES）对单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）和趋化因子受体（CCR2）表达水平的影响。方法32例受试者随机分成BMS组与SES组,每组各16例,BMS组稳定型心绞痛患者成功植入冠状动脉BMS,SES组植入冠状动脉SES。结果BMS支架置人第14天和6个月后血浆MCP-1浓度显著上升,BMS支架置入后24h和48h单核细胞CCR2表达增加,SES组没有变化。支架置入后6个月内血浆中MCP-1（AMCP1）的变化与支架内管腔丢失明显相关。结论降低血浆MCP-1水平是降低管腔丢失的最好方法。通过植入SES减少MCP-1的生成,可能防止冠状动脉支架置入后再狭窄的发生。     

Outcomes of Second Revascularization Procedures after Stent Implantation

Drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce subsequent revascularization procedures. Although randomized trials have compared DES to brachytherapy and balloon angioplasty (PTCA) for in-stent restenosis, few long-term comparisons have been made to bare metal stents (BMS) or bypass surgery (CABG), particularly following second procedures. We sought to assess the association between revascularization modality and long-term clinical outcomes of patients receiving a second procedure for coronary artery disease. Between January 2000 and July 2005, 4,666 consecutive patients underwent initial coronary stent implantation (DES or BMS). From this population we identified 569 patients undergoing a second target vessel revascularization (DES, BMS, PTCA or CABG). Outcomes were assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months after the second procedure, with follow-up through September 2006. Adjusted cumulative incidence rates were calculated using inverse probability weighted estimators. We found that at 24 months, there were no significant differences in death or myocardial infarction for PTCA, BMS, DES, and CABG (17.7%, 14.9%, 7.5%, and 10.2%, p = 0.26[3df]). DES patients had lower rates of death or myocardial infarction or third target vessel procedures than patients receiving PTCA (14.6% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.01) and BMS (14.6% vs. 42.2%, p < 0.01), but rates similar to CABG patients (14.6% vs. 14.6%, p = 0.99). For patients undergoing a second revascularization procedure, PTCA, BMS, DES, and CABG are associated with a similar risk of death or non-fatal myocardial infarction. DES and CABG are associated with lower rates of third revascularization procedures compared to PTCA and BMS. Further studies are needed to determine the optimum application for CABG vs. DES as a second or third revascularization procedure.     

Comparison of long-term clinical outcome after successful implantation of Firebird sirolimus- and Taxus paclitaxel-eluting stents in Chinese population: analysis of a large single center registry

Background Recent studies have shown that drug eluting stent （DES） implantation improved clinical outcome concerning efficacy compared with bare-metal stent （BMS） implantation, and sirolimus-eluting stent （SES） seemed superior to paclitaxel-eluting stent （PES） in improving the outcomes. Firebird SES is the most widely used SES in China. Long-term comparison of safety and efficacy between Firebird SES and Taxus PES in Chinese popuation is still not available. The aim of this research was to compare the safety and efficacy at 24 months after the successful implantation of Firebird SES and TAXUS PES in Chinese population.Methods From April 2004 to October 2006, 3110 consecutive patients who underwent successful DES （Firebird SES 2274; Taxus PES 836） implantation were prospectively enrolled into this study. All enrolled patients were divided into two groups based on stent type. By outpatient clinic visit and telephone interview, we obtained 24-month clinical outcome including death, myocardial infarction （Ml）, thrombosis, target lesion revascularization （TLR）, target vessel revascularization （TVR）, and major adverse cardiac events （MACE, the composite of death, Ml, and TVR）. We used Cox＇s proportional-hazards models to assess relative risks of all the outcome measures before and after propensity match. Results Unadjusted clinical outcomes indicated that the patients treated with Firebird SES were associated with lower risk of TLR （HR0.38, 95%CI 0.26-0.54）, TVR （HR 0.51,95%CI 0.38-0.68） and MACE （HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.41-0.68）. The results after propensity match were consistent with that before matching, lower risk of TLR （HR 0.33, 95%CI 0.19-0.58）, TVR （HR 0.41, 95%CI 0.26-0.64）, MACE （HR 0.48, 95%CI 0.33-0.68） in Firebird group.Conclusion Compared with Taxus PES, the use of domestic Firebird SES may decrease the risk of TLR, TVR and MACE in daily practice.     

药物洗脱支架和金属裸支架治疗冠状动脉小血管病变的疗效

目的 评估雷帕霉素洗脱支架(SES)治疗小管径冠状动脉内粥样硬化病变的疗效. 方法 回顾性分析448例小血管病变SES植入病人和124例裸金属支架(BMS)植入病人的长期疗效.统计并比较住院期间及9个月不良心血管事件发生率(MACE). 结果 SES组治疗复杂病变更多,平均支架长度更长,9个月后再狭窄率明显低于BMS组(1.6% vs 9.9%,P＜0.001);MACE发生率也显著低于BMS组(4.3% vs 13.90%;P＜0.001). 结论 与BMS组相比,在小血管复杂病变中植入SES是有效的,能明显减少术后9个月再狭窄和靶病变血运重建率.     

Sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents restenosis: 42-month clinical outcomes from a Chinese single center

Background  Restenosis of bare-metal stents (BMS) and drug-eluting stents (DES) has been increasingly treated with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES), but the long-term outcomes are unknown.

Methods  In our study, 388 consecutive patients (144 DES restenosis and 244 BMS restenosis) with 400 lesions (147 DES restenosis and 253 BMS restenosis) treated with SES were included. The rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 42 months were analyzed.

Results  At the mean follow-up of 42 months, the rates of death (3.5% vs. 3.3%, P=1.000) and myocardial infarction (2.8% vs. 1.2%, P=0.431) in the DES group and BMS group were comparable. Compared with the BMS group, ischemia-driven TLR occurred with a higher frequency in the DES group (18.8% vs.10.7%, P=0.024). This translated into an increased rate of MACE in the DES group (22.2% vs. 14.0%, P=0.034). Stent thrombosis occurred with a similar frequency in both groups (2.8% vs. 1.6%, P=0.475). Multivariate analysis showed that DES restenosis (OR=1.907, 95% CI 1.108–3.285, P=0.020) and smoking (OR=2.069; 95% CI 1.188–3.605; P=0.010) were independent predictors of MACE.

Conclusions  Although SES implantation appears to be safe and effective, it was associated with higher TLR recurrence for DES than BMS restenosis.

     

Clinical outcomes and cost-utility after sirolimus-eluting versus bare metal stent implantation

Background Randomized studies have shown beneficial effects of drug-eluting stent （DES） in reducing the risk of repeated revascularization. Other studies have shown higher proportion of death, myocardial infarction （MI） and increased cost concerning DES. However the long term safety and effectiveness of DES have been questioned recently.Methods To compare long term clinical outcomes, health-related quality of life （HRQOL） and cost-utility after sirolimus-eluting stent （SES） and bare metal stent （BMS） implantation in angina patients in China, 1241 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization （PCl） with either SES （n=632） or BMS （n=609） were enrolled continuously in this prospective, nonrandomized, multi-center registry study.Results Totally 1570 stents were implanted for 1334 lesions. Follow-up was completed in 1205 （97.1%） patients at 12 months. Rates of MI, all causes of death were similar between the two groups. Significant differences were found at rate of cardiovascular re-hospitalization （136 （22.4%） in BMS group vs. 68 （10.8%） in SES group, P=0.001） and recurrent angina （149 （24.5%） vs. 71 （11.3%）, P=0.001）. Dramatic difference was observed when compared the baseline and 9-month HRQOL scores intra-group （P 〈0.001）. However no significant difference was found inter-group either in baseline or follow-up HRQOL. Compared with SES, the total cost in BMS was significantly lower on discharge （62 546.0 vs. 78 245.0 Yuan, P=0.001）. And follow-up expenditure was remarkably higher in the BMS group than that in the SES group （13 412.0 vs. 8 812.0 Yuan, P=0.0001）.Conclusions There were no significant differences on death, in-stent thrombosis, MI irrespective of stent type. SES was superior to BMS on improvement of life quality. SES was with higher cost-utility compared to BMS.     

药物洗脱性支架和裸金属支架植入治疗冠状动脉狭窄的临床随访观察

目的探讨药物洗脱性支架(DES)和裸金属支架(BMS)治疗冠状动脉狭窄的远期疗效。方法对成功进行DES植入术患者2734例和BMS植入患者216例术后6个月、1年进行随访,观察其支架内再狭窄(ISR)发生率、急性心肌梗死发生率、冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)或再次经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)治疗率、病死率,分析术后再狭窄的独立危险因素。结果术后6个月、1年时DES组ISR发生率均低于BMS组(9.58%vs 18.98%,18.32%vs 31.94%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);随访6个月时,急性心肌梗死发生率、CABG或再次PCI治疗率和病死率方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是随访1年后,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析发现,支架直径≤3 mm、吸烟和年龄是支架植入术后发生再狭窄的独立危险因素。结论在冠状动脉狭窄的治疗中,DES的远期疗效优于BMS,但临床应用还需要进一步的循证医学研究证据。