鞍区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍区脑膜瘤显微手术的治疗效果.方法 对62例行显微手术治疗的鞍区脑膜瘤患者的临床资料及手术效果进行分析总结.结果 42例全切(Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ),16例次全切(Simpson Ⅲ),4例大部分切除,术中去骨瓣减压4例,无手术死亡.术后早期出现同侧动眼神经瘫12例,滑车和外展神经功能障碍8例,对侧肢体轻瘫4例.肿瘤未全切的20例中有11例术后行放射治疗.随访3-38个月,动眼神经瘫恢复5例,滑车和外展神经功能恢复3例,肢体活动障碍恢复2例.全切病例中,10例有肿瘤复发,4例行二次手术,6例行放射治疗.失访4例.结论 鞍区脑膜瘤显微手术的治疗效果良好.     

鞍区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨鞍区脑膜瘤的手术方法及影响患者术后生活质量的因素。方法 回顾性分析2007年10月至2012年10月显微手术治疗的44例鞍区脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,所有患者出院后随访3~60月（平均22.8月）,术后3个月采用Karnofsky功能状态量表（KPS）评分评估患者生活质量,KPS评分≥80分为优秀,<80分为不优秀;采用Logistic回归分析影响患者术后生活质量的因素。结果 按Simpson分级标准:Ⅰ级5 例,1级22例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级12例。本组肿瘤全切除（Simpson分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级）率为72.7%。术后死亡2例。Logistic回归分析显示,影响术后生活质量的因素有术后视力恢复情况、肿瘤与视神经的关系、肿瘤与颈内动脉及其分支的的关系。结论 对鞍区脑膜瘤患者,合适的手术入路、娴熟的显微操作技术、减少和避免对视神经、下丘脑、垂体等重要结构及其穿支血管的直接操作,是预防和减少术后并发症和提高术后生活质量的有效措施。     

经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区脑膜瘤的疗效

目的探讨经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区脑膜瘤的方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010-01—2013-01我院采用经眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区脑膜瘤11例患者的临床资料,探讨手术效果、手术技巧及并发症发生情况。结果肿瘤全切除10例(Simpson I级切除2例,Ⅱ级切除8例),次全切除l例(SimpsonⅢ级切除)。所有患者术后视力及视野缺损改善,术后出现尿崩3例,经治疗1~2周好转;随访6个月~5a,术后2a左右肿瘤复发1例,余均恢复良好。结论应用经眶上锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍区脑膜瘤有较好的临床效果,值得临床推广。     

鞍区脑膜瘤的诊断及治疗进展

鞍区脑膜瘤因其解剖位置复杂,相邻血管神经较多,最大限度的保护神经功能并达到肿瘤的全切除成为临床难点之一。磁共振氢离子波谱及磁共振成像的发展为脑膜瘤的诊断提供了新的思路,显微手术技术、手术器械,现代麻醉技术,颅底入路技术和术中监测技术的快速发展使鞍区脑膜瘤能够达到全切,同时立体定向放射技术的发展、生物学治疗技术的发展为脑膜瘤的治疗提供了新的方法。     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤手术入路的选择及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析经显微手术和病理证实的鞍结节脑膜瘤35例临床资料。35例分别经额下、翼点、额下-翼点联合入路,采用显微手术方法切除肿瘤。结果SimpsonⅠ级切除8例,Ⅱ级切除24例,Ⅲ级切除3例,无手术死亡。结论显微手术是最佳的治疗方法,选择合适的手术入路能够显著提高肿瘤的全切率和降低并发症。     

鞍区脑膜瘤的手术策略及治疗进展

鞍区脑膜瘤因其解剖结构、毗邻关系复杂,达到肿瘤全切除同时最大限度地保留神经功能是临床难点之一.当今显微手术技术、手术器械以及颅底人路技术的快速发展使鞍区脑膜瘤能够达到全切.而放射外科及神经放射学技术的发展,又为鞍区脑膜瘤的治疗开辟了另一有效途径.本文就鞍区脑膜瘤手术策略的制定及治疗进展进行综述.     

鞍区脑膜瘤的临床特点与显微外科治疗

目的 探讨鞍区脑膜瘤的临床特点、诊断及手术治疗效果。方法 对122例经病理证实的鞍区脑膜瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 Simpson Ⅰ级20例,Ⅱ 级61例, Ⅲ级18例,Ⅳ级23例。肿瘤全切除（Simpson Ⅰ~Ⅲ 级）99例,次全切除23例;全切除率为81.2%。术后3个月随访,首发症状（视力下降及头疼等）改善率为81%;术后6个月首发症状改善率为89%。1例肿瘤全切术后复发（因再次视力下降入院）。术后死亡2例。结论 对于鞍区脑膜瘤,仔细的术前评估、选择合适的手术入路,可以有效地提高显微手术效果。     

鞍区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗(附26例报告)

目的 :探索鞍区脑膜瘤的显微手术方法和治疗效果。方法 :总结近十年来采用显微技术治疗 2 6例鞍区脑膜瘤的临床资料。结果 :按Simpson手术分类 :1类 2例 ,2类 1 2例 ,3类 1 2例。术后死亡 1例。2 5例患者随访 2～ 1 0年 ,肿瘤复发死亡 1例 ,再次手术 1例 ,生活自理 4例 ,恢复工作 1 9例。结论 :对鞍区脑膜瘤 ,应在避免损伤正常结构前提下尽量切除肿瘤 ,采用膜内分块切除方法能最大程度地减少损伤周围结构     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗方法及其效果。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年7月显微手术治疗的45例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床治疗,采用单侧额下入路22例,纵裂入路5例,翼点或扩大翼点入路15例,翼点及额下联合入路3例。结果 肿瘤全切除程度:Simpson分级Ⅰ级23例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级3例;肿瘤全切除率达82.2%。术前合并不同程度视力障碍的37例患者中,术后视力较术前好转27例,无明显变化6例,恶化4例;视力改善率73.0%。结论 鞍结节脑膜瘤周围毗邻重要结构,显微手术是其的主要治疗方法;手术时应根据肿瘤大小、生长方式、视力受损程度及术者习惯等选择不同的入路;熟悉的显微解剖知识、娴熟的显微外科技巧是手术成功的关键。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.     

The influence of comorbid depression on seizure severity

PURPOSE: To determine the relation between depressive symptoms and seizure severity among people with epilepsy. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to survey a nationwide community sample about seizures and depression. The Seizure Severity Questionnaire (SSQ) assessed the severity and bothersomeness of seizure components. The Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale categorized levels of depression. RESULTS: Respondents categorized as having current severe (SEV, n = 166), mild-moderate (MOD, n = 74), or no depression (NO, n = 443) differed significantly in SSQ scores (all p < 0.0001). People with SEV or MOD reported significantly worse problems than did those with NO depression for overall seizure recovery (mean, 5.3, 4.9, 4.5, respectively); overall severity (5.0, 4.5, 4.2); and overall seizure bother (5.3, 4.8, 4.4) (all p < 0.005). Cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects of seizure recovery also were rated worse among people with SEV than with NO depression (all p < 0.05). Symptoms of depression were significantly correlated with higher levels of all components of generalized tonic-clonic seizure severity (r = 0.33-0.48; all p < 0.0001), and partial seizures (r = 0.31-0.38; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Clinically depressed people with epilepsy reported higher levels of perceived severity and bother from seizures, as well as greater problems with overall seizure recovery than did nondepressed people experiencing similar types of seizures. The pervasive influence of depressive symptoms on reports of seizure activity suggests that people with epilepsy should be screened for depression. These data highlight the importance of detecting and treating depression among people with epilepsy.     

Une phénoménologie de la dépendance à l'alcool. Une expérience primordiale de la « nostrité »

The phenomenological approach to alcoholism interestingly focuses on specific dynamics of interpersonal relationships displaying the founding of the Self from a primary “us” and its original basis in the human feast. Priorities for treatment intervention recommend to involve social setting and relationships of the patients, reaching their active participation to a motivational and long term group treatment, underlying the specific therapeutic effect of world exchanges. Biopsychosocial determination of alcoholism could be primarily based on components of interpersonal relationships. Regarding social background, drinking is one of the most famous supports for the achievement of the feast, a founding marker of present time. Taking an existential point of view, the feast appears as the heart of mankind because it presents a primary “us”, a plural state which indicates the beginning and founding of the Self from the others. During the feast, we regularly have to reach our Self from the “us” while avoiding two main dangers, drunkenness, an increase in the dizziness of upright verticality, and addiction, an opposite vertical surrender to alcohol and falling into in the alcoholic relapse, both situations imply a spatial domination and the disappearance of others. Treatment programs of alcohol addicts need to integrate the necessity of reaching the existential basic trust from the support of a group to the appropriation of the community which can be defined as an original “usness”.