糖尿病住院患者护理质量评价指标体系的构建

目的构建糖尿病住院患者护理质量评价指标体系,为糖尿病护理质量提供评价工具。方法以Donabedian结构-过程-结果模式为理论框架,通过文献研究、专家会议法、德尔菲专家咨询法、层次分析法,构建糖尿病护理质量评价指标体系和各指标权重。结果 2轮专家咨询的专家积极程度分别为93.75%和100%,专家权威程度系数为0.95,2轮专家咨询后各项指标变异系数0～0.110,协调系数0.143～0.295。最终形成3个一级指标、10个二级指标和46个三级指标的评价体系。结论糖尿病住院患者护理质量评价指标体系可靠,有较好的适用性,进一步验证后可作为糖尿病护理质量评价工具。     

住院患者肠造口护理质量敏感性指标体系的构建

目的 构建住院患者肠造口护理质量敏感性指标体系，为住院患者肠造口护理管理提供监测依据。方法 基于循证和小组讨论法，拟订肠造口护理质量敏感性指标初级条目池；通过2轮专家函询，修订并确立住院患者肠造口护理质量敏感性指标体系。结果 2轮函询专家积极系数均为100%，权威系数为0.898与0.908，协调系数为0.189～0.239与0.215～0.258（均P＜0.05）。构建的住院患者肠造口护理质量敏感性指标体系包含3项一级指标、6项二级指标、22项三级指标。结论 构建的住院患者肠造口护理质量敏感性指标体系严谨、全面，可用于住院患者肠造口护理质量管理。     

眼科病房护理质量评价指标的构建

目的构建眼科病房护理质量评价指标。方法结合文献初步构建眼科病房护理质量评价指标框架,形成专家咨询问卷,应用德尔菲专家咨询法对23名眼科医疗和护理专家进行2轮咨询,确定眼科病房护理质量评价指标,最后利用层次分析法设置各项指标权重。结果构建的眼科病房护理质量评价指标包括3个一级指标、11个二级指标、48个三级指标。两轮专家咨询的积极系数均为100%,权威系数分别为0.859和0.879;协调系数分别为0.256和0.224,各级指标的层次单排序及总排序一致性比率均0.1,具有满意的一致性检验结果,说明咨询结果和权重设置比较可靠。结论构建的指标符合眼科病房专科特色、各指标间层次分明、临床操作性强,可作为眼科病房护理质量的评价工具。     

基于循证构建静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系

目的 构建静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系,为静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理质量评价和监测提供工具.方法 以"结构—过程—结果"模式为理论框架,采用澳大利亚JBI循证方法收集评价证据,由小组讨论筛选指标,初步拟订静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标,进行2轮专家函询确立静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系,最后通过层次分析法计算指标权重.结果 静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系包含3项一级指标、6项二级指标、22项三级指标;2轮函询专家积极系数分别为84.85％与96.43％,权威系数分别为0.863与0.869,协调系数分别为0.099～0.163,0.096～0.135.结论 构建的静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理敏感质量指标体系过程严谨,具有可靠性,权重分配合理,可用于临床静脉血栓栓塞症预防护理质量评估.     

城市居家老年人宜老环境自我报告评估指标的构建

目的 构建城市居家老年人宜老环境自我报告评估指标,为了解城市老年人居家环境的质量水平和相关服务需求提供评价工具.方法 以世界卫生组织老年友好城市指南作为理论框架,在文献回顾和质性访谈的基础上形成草稿.采用德尔菲法对20名专家进行2轮咨询.结果 2轮专家咨询问卷有效回收率分别为90.91％、90.00％;第2轮专家咨询的权威系数为0.865,专家意见协调系数为0.305～0.671;最终确定的指标体系包括户外空间和建筑、交通、家庭住宅、社会交往和参与、社区服务和信息与通讯6项一级指标,84项二级指标.结论 城市居家老年人宜老环境自我报告评估指标有较好的专家认可度,可作为评价中国城市居家老年人环境质量的工具.     

患者出院计划核心评价指标的构建

目的 构建出院计划核心评价指标,为出院计划实施效果评价提供参考.方法 运用文献分析法分析、整合出院计划评价指标,运用小组讨论法制定专家咨询问卷,通过德尔菲法对16名专家进行3轮咨询,完成指标筛选与修改,确定出院计划核心评价指标.结果 专家权威系数为0.945,每轮问卷有效回收率均为100％.第3轮专家咨询结束后,最终形成的出院计划核心评价指标集涵盖患者相关、照护者相关和医疗机构相关3大类共12项.各指标重要性赋值均数为8.88～9.63,变异系数为0.064～0.187;适用性赋值均数为8.75～9.63,变异系数为0.064～0.235.结论 构建的出院计划核心评价指标具有可靠性,可用于患者出院计划实施质量评价.     

静脉用药调配中心静脉输液安全质量敏感指标构建

目的构建静脉用药调配中心静脉输液安全质量敏感性指标,为静脉输液质量评价与监测提供参考。方法通过检索国内外文献和研究小组讨论,初步确立静脉用药调配中心敏感性指标及其计算公式与资料收集方法。并采用德尔菲专家函询法,对24名专家进行3轮函询。结果构建的静脉输液安全质量敏感指标体系包括一级指标3项、二级指标13项、三级指标27项。3轮专家咨询积极系数分别为86.7%、92.3%和100%,权威系数分别为0.88、0.90和0.90,Kendall协调系数分别为0.189、0.302和0.487(均P0.01)。结论构建的静脉用药调配中心静脉输液质量敏感性指标具有一定可信度,可为静脉用药调配中心的静脉输液安全质量评价提供客观、可量化的评估工具。     

护理专业硕士研究生核心能力指标体系的构建

目的 构建护理专业硕士研究生核心能力指标体系,为推动我国护理专业研究生教育的发展提供参考.方法 在查阅文献、小组讨论的基础上初步构建护理研究生核心能力框架,采用Delphi专家咨询法对各指标进行筛选,经过两轮咨询各专家意见趋于一致.结果 两轮咨询问卷有效回收率为93.75％、95.56％;专家权威系数分别为0.82、0.87;一、二级指标变异系数分别为0.072～0.165、0.077～0.204;一、二级指标的协调系数分别为0.28、0.21(均P＜0.01).最终确定包含临床实践能力、评判性思维能力、临床科研能力、专业发展能力等8个一级指标,24个二级指标的护理专业硕士研究生核心能力评价指标体系.结论 该指标体系的构建更注重临床护理科研能力,可作为护理硕士研究生核心能力的考核评价工具.     

Development of an index system for evaluating caring capacity of nurses based on Confucianism

目的 构建基于儒家思想的护理人文关怀能力评价指标体系(下称评价指标体系),用于评价中国护理人员的人文关怀能力.方法 拟定3项一级指标、8项二级指标及75项三级指标的“评价指标体系”咨询表,采用Delphi法对分布于临床护理、护理管理、护理教育及医学人文教育领域的30名国内外专家进行3轮咨询,采用层次分析法确定权重.结果 获得包含4项一级指标、8项二级指标和59项三级指标的评价指标体系;专家积极系数为93.3％～100％,权威系数为0.86,第2、3轮调查肯德尔协调系数为0.358、0.335,集中度好.结论 评价指标体系与中国文化紧密结合,具有客观、系统、可操作的特点,可用于护理人员人文关怀能力的自我定性评价.     

住院患者肠内营养护理质量敏感性指标的构建

目的构建适用于住院患者肠内营养护理质量的敏感性指标,为提高肠内营养护理质量提供参考。方法在文献检索基础上,以结构—过程—结果质量管理模式为理论依据,结合专题会议讨论构建住院患者肠内营养护理质量敏感性指标初稿,对20名专家进行两轮函询。结果最终构建的住院患者肠内营养护理质量的敏感性指标包含一级指标3项,二级指标11项。两轮专家积极系数为100%,Kendall协调系数分别为0.305和0.368(均P0.01),专家权威系数分别为0.870和0.860。结论构建的住院患者肠内营养护理质量敏感性指标可为专科护理质量评价提供客观、可量化的参考。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.