大肝癌的二期切除

144例不能切除的腺发性肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞肿瘤缩小后二期切除11例。随访1、3、5年，生存率分别为90.9％、72.7％和60．5％。讨论了不能切除肝癌转变为二期切除的可能性与肝癌类型的关系，二期切除的手术时机及二期切除肝癌的预后。用多功能手术解剖器(PMOD)采取刮吸法断肝，能显露肝内大、小管道并加以处理，有助于提高肝癌的切除率。     

手术在原发性肝癌治疗中的地位

随着医学科技的发展 ,近年来对肝癌的治疗取得了长足进展 ,手术切除率明显提高 ,对不能手术切除的肝癌采用预治疗后 ,有些病例又可获二期切除。经过手术切除复发的肝癌还可以再次手术切除 ,以提高病人的生活质量和 5年生存率。迄今 ,医学界普遍认为 ,肝切除是治疗原发性肝癌的最有效方法。只有肝切除术治疗肝癌 ,才能使病人无瘤生存 ,而且 (1,3,5)年生存率也明显高于其他疗法。1.早期小肝癌的手术切除 :小肝癌的早期手术切除仍是延长肝癌病人生存期的主要途径。小肝癌局部切除与肝叶切除相比 ,前者 5年生存率虽低于后者 ,但无明显统计学差异…     

区域灌注化疗后肝癌二步切除8例

目的探讨不能切除肝癌区域灌注化疗后二步切除的必要性及手术指征和手术时机、手术方式。方法回顾性分析2004年2月至2010年9月收治的不能切除的肝癌患者8例,均经肝动脉门静脉双途径区域灌注化疗后获二步切除。结果二步切除距末次灌注化疗时间为20-46（34．5±4．6）d,术前接受化疗3-6（4．2±1．6）个疗程。8例二步切除标本均查见癌细胞,并有较多的纤维组织增生。切除后肿瘤直径平均（5．6±23）cm,1、2、3年生存率为87．5％、62．5％、50．0％。结论不能切除肝癌的二步切除是提高中晚期肝癌切除率、延长生存期的有效途径。二步切除手术时机一般以3-6个疗程区域化疗后、末次治疗后1个月左右为宜。     

103例肝门部胆管癌的外科手术切除治疗

目的总结103例肝门部胆管癌采用手术切除治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析10年来行手术切除的肝门部胆管癌103例患者的临床资料和随访结果。结果本组行根治性（‰）切除43例,根治性切除率为41．7％,非根治性（R,,R2）切除60例（58．3％）,术后发生并发症34例,手术死亡8例。根治性切除组中位生存期29．9个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为69．6％、42．0％、20．9％,明显优于非根治性切除组34．1％、10．2％、0（P＜0．05）。本组近5年术前减黄治疗42例,合并肝切除达53．8％,根治性切除率达45．7％,中位生存期24．7个月,疗效明显提高（P＜0．05）。结论肝门部胆管癌作根治性手术切除能更好延长患者生存期,使手术治疗获得良好的疗效。随着近年来加强围手术期处理、术中行切缘冰冻病理检查、联合肝切除等提高了肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率。     

肝动脉、门静脉双管灌注化疗联合碘油乙醇注射治疗不能切除的原发性肝癌

目的：探讨肝动脉,门静脉双管灌注化疗联合碘油乙醇注射治疗不能手术切除的原发性肝癌的临床疗效。方法：138例经病理证实的不能手术切除的中晚期原发性肝癌患者,分为2组进行治疗：（1）经皮下埋植式药泵经肝动脉和门静脉双插管灌注化疗组（AVPC组,80例）;（2）经皮下埋植式药泵经肝动脉和门静脉双插管灌注化疗联合碘油乙醇注射治疗组（联合治疗组,58例）。结果：治疗后获得二期手术切除率为AVPC组2．5％,。联合治疗组12．1％（P＜0．05）,治疗后0．5,1,2年生存率AVPC组分别为56．3％,45．0％,21．2％。联合治疗线分别为81．0％,61．2％,39．6％,两组间0．1,1,2年生存率均有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,两组并发症率无明显差异,结论：联合治疗是治疗不能手术切除的原发性肝癌的有效方法,效果优于单纯双管灌注化疗。     

肝门部胆管癌86例的诊断与治疗

目的：总结近7年来肝门部胆管癌的诊断及手术治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析1992年1月至1998年10月手术治疗的肝门部胆管癌86例的临床资料及随访结果。结果：本组手术切除率为37％（32／86）,手术并发症率为47％,围手术期死亡率为7％,切除组中位生存期为16个月,1年,3年,5年生存率分别为63％,21％,15％,根治性切除中位生存期为19个月,1年,3年,5年的生存率分别为80％,35％,25％,明显优于姑息性切除（P＝0．038）,引流组的中位生存期为5个月;1年,3年,4年生存率分别为28％,8．4％,5％。结论：提高早期诊断率,改善患者术前状态与提高手术者的操作技巧,可能提高根治性手术切除率,减少术后并发症及围手术期死亡率,并且是提高肝门部胆管癌患者预后的关键。     

胰腺癌的外科治疗及随访研究(附216例报道)

目的 探讨胰腺癌的治疗方法对其生存时间及生存率的影响，总结胰腺癌的治疗经验。方法 回顾分析我院1990年1月至2000年12月收治的216例胰腺癌病人资料（部分），并进行了随访研究。应用SPSS10．0统计软件包进行统计学分析，生存分析采用乘积极限法（Kaplan-Meier method)，并进行时序检验（log-rank test)。结果 本组手术切除率为40．24％（68／169），根治性切除率31．36％（53／169），切除组院内死亡率为2．37％（4／169）。根治性切除组，姑息性切除组，姑息性旁路引流组，单纯手术探查组，未手术组的中位生存期分别为30 4d,138d,134d,123d,86d。根治性切除组的1，3，5年生存率分别为44．71％，14．98％，9．99％。I，Ⅱ期病人根治性切除术后1，3和5年生存率分别为69．23％，38．46％，12．82％。1995年以来，我们对胰腺癌尤其是胰头癌采用较为系统和规范的评估与探查方案，手术切除率和生存率明显改善，手术切除率上升到50．88％，根治性切除率达38．60％，根治性切除组的5年生存率达12．93％。结论 根治性切除仍是目前唯一有效的治疗方法；姑息性治疗不能延长胰腺癌病人生命；胰腺癌进行单一外科治疗的效果不容乐观，应寻求一种更为有效的治疗模式。     

手术切除治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 总结肝门部胆管癌手术治疗的经验.方法 回顾性分析本院9年因肝门部胆管癌行手术切除的83例病人的临床资料和随访结果.结果 83例手术切除病人中行根治性切除（R0）31例,非根治切除52例（R1,R2）,术后出现并发症29例,死亡5例.根治性切除组中位生存期21.5个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为79.6%,43.3%和25.9%,明显优于非根治性切除组（P＜0.05），近5年本院根治性切除率达44.8%,中位生存期18.7个月,疗效明显提高（P＜0.05），结论 加强围手术期处理、术中行切缘冰冻病理检查、联合肝切除等可提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率、减少并发症和死亡率;根治性切除可更好延长病人生存期,使手术治疗肝门部胆管癌获得良好的疗效.     

肝动脉、门静脉栓塞化疗治疗不可切除的原发性肝癌

目的：探讨肝动脉、门静脉双管栓塞化疗对不可切除的原发性肝癌的治疗作用。方法：对19例不可切除的原发性肝癌患者采用手术方法向肝动脉、门静脉植入皮下埋藏式投药泵,术中即开始经肝动脉投药泵栓塞化疗,术后7－10d在X线监测下经门静脉投药泵栓塞化疗,以后定期经两投药泵栓塞化疗,术后观AFP的变化、Bus或CT检查并与同期3次以上的32例HACE进行比较。结果：双栓化疗组17例术后1月AFP均下降、3月下降为正常8例,84．2％的肿瘤缩小,6月、9月、12月、24月生存率分别为89．5％、78．9％、68．4％、31．6％,中位生存期17．1月,其中2例进行了二期手术切除。HACE组术后1月AFP下降10例、3月后下降21例,46．9％的肿瘤缩小,6月、9月、12月、24月生存率分别为71．9％、53．1％、31．3％,中位生存期11．2月、12月、24月生存率组间比较P＜0．01;两组均无异位栓塞。结论：皮下埋藏式投药泵肝动脉、门静脉双插管栓塞化疗术后给药途径简单、方便、疗效好、并发症少,是治疗不可切除的肝癌有效方法之一。     

原发性肝癌治疗方法的选择:附265例报告

目的　探讨肝癌综合治疗的方法和疗效。方法　回顾性分析 5年余收治的原发性肝癌2 65例各种治疗方法的疗效。男 2 3 8例 ,女 2 7例 ,平均年龄 47.5岁 ;手术 2 15例 ,非手术治疗 5 0例 ,手术包括肝癌切除治疗和 /或加辅助治疗 ;非手术治疗包括TACE ,PEI ,DDS ,冷冻 ,射频等治疗。结果　手术根治性切除率 74.9% (161/2 15 ) ,手术死亡率 0 .5 % (1/2 15 ) ,术后并发症发生率19 %。接受以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗的 174例患者 ,其总的 1,2 ,3年生存率分别为 78.9% ,5 9 .3 % ,3 3 .5 % ,采用以非手术治疗的 45例 ,其总的 1,2 ,3年生存率分别为 62 .3 % ,3 2 .3 % ,2 2 .8%。结论　以手术为主的综合治疗仍是目前原发性肝癌的理想治疗模式 ,并且对不同分期的肝癌采用不同的治疗模式     

肝门胆管癌外科治疗体会：附36例报告

目的:探讨肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗及疗效。方法:对近5年间手术治疗的肝门胆管癌36例的临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结。结果:全组均行手术治疗，发生手术后并发症8例，其中胆瘘5例，腹腔内感染2例，上消化道出血1例，均保守治疗而愈，无手术死亡。在行肿瘤切除术的20例中，15例获随访，存活最短时间为11个月，最长时间3年2个月，中位生存时间1年9个月，1年生存率86.7%(13/15)， 3年生存率13.3%(2/15)。其他各种内外引流术式16例，术后生存5~12个月，平均10个月，术后短期内黄疸减轻，生活质量提高。 结论:肝门部胆管癌应积极手术，不能切除者应力争行各种引流术。     

Clinical management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term benefits of the aggressive treatments with resection or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Primary HCC is one of the most fatal malignancies in Taiwan. The result of resection for HCC remains unsatisfactory, primarily due to the high recurrence rate. To improve surgical results, recurrent HCC must be treated with aggressive resection or TACE. METHODS: The authors evaluated the results of repeated hepatic resection among 25 patients with recurrent HCC and of TACE among 12 patients with resectable recurrent HCC. The outcomes of an additional 64 patients with unresectable recurrent HCC were also evaluated. RESULTS: During the follow-up period from 2-112 months, 52% (13/25) of patients receiving repeat resection (group 1) were alive, whereas 42% (5/12) of patients receiving TACE (group 2) were alive. No perioperative deaths within 30 days after surgery occurred in the repeated resection group. The cumulative survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after the first operation were 92%, 84%, 71.6%, and 65.1% in group 1 and 83.3%, 75%, 75%, and 22.5% in group 2. The survival rates at 6 months and at 1, 2, and 3 years after recurrence were 92%, 72%, 64%, and 44.8% in group 1 and 83.3%, 75%, 66.7%, and 48% in group 2. The survival of patients with unresectable recurrent HCC was much worse: 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival after surgery was 57.8%, 29.8%, 15.5%, and 0%; and 6-month and 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival after recurrence was 46.5%, 29.2%, 12.5% and 7.8%. CONCLUSIONS: More aggressive treatment with repeated hepatic resection can prolong survival time after recurrence of HCC in selected patients. However, TACE can also achieve good results although it is not thought of as curative.     

Surgical treatment of 1450 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma]

An analysis of 1450 patients with pathologically and surgically proved hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) revealed a steadily increased 5-year survival rate of 2.8% (1958-1968), 10.5% (1969-1979), and 36.6% (1980-1990), owing to increased number of cases with small HCC (0.9%, 9.9%, 25.2%, respectively), more and more patients undergoing tumor resection (0, 14, 59) and preoperative tumor bulk reduction for otherwise unresectable HCC (0, 1, 33 cases). Small HCC resection (n = 250) resulted in a high 5-year survival rate as compared to non-small HCC resection (n = 491) (66.3% versus 31.2%). The 5-year survival of 73 patients undergoing tumor re-resection was 40.6%, and the 5-year survival of 34 patients having second stage resection was as high as that of those having small HCC resection (62.0%). 125 patients survived more than 5 years; of these 65 underwent small HCC resection, and 43 non-small HCC resection. Thus, early resection, re-resection for subclinical recurrence, and second stage resection for originally unresectable HCC play an important role in improving prognosis of HCC.     

Gallbladder Cancer with Duodenal Infiltration: Is it still resectable?

Objective To assess the resectability and the long-term survival in patients of gallbladder cancer with duodenal involvement. Background Duodenal infiltration in patients of carcinoma gallbladder is generally regarded as a sign of advanced disease and an indicator of unresectable disease. Methods A total of 252 patients of gallbladder cancer (GBC) who underwent surgery over a 5-year period were studied for duodenal involvement. Patients with duodenal infiltration on per-operative assessment were analyzed for resectability, postoperative morbidity, mortality and disease free survival. Results Forty-three patients were detected to have duodenal infiltration on per-operative assessment out of which 17 had unresectable disease (39.54%), whereas the remaining 26 patients underwent R0 resection (61.9%). Of these, nine underwent distal gastrectomy with resection of the first part of the duodenum (34.62%), 16 underwent duodenal sleeve resection (61.54%), and in one patient pancreatoduodenectomy (HPD) (3.85%) was performed. With regard to the extent of liver resection, two underwent extended right hepatectomy, whereas the remaining 24 underwent segment IVB and V resection. Bile duct and adjacent viscera were resected when involved. Of the resected patients, eight underwent bile duct excision, seven had colonic resection, and three had vascular resection and reconstruction. The postoperative morbidity and mortality was 15 (34.9%) and three (6.97%), respectively, in the resected group of patients. The overall actual survival in the resected group was a mean of 15.87 months, median of 14 months (range 3 to 56 months). Conclusion Duodenal infiltration is neither an indicator of unresectability nor an indication to perform Hepato-pancreatoduodenectomy (HPD). In most of these patients, an oncologically adequate R0 resection can be performed with either a duodenal sleeve resection or distal gastrectomy with resection of the first part of the duodenum.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea: a long-term problem

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea, although rare, is the second most common primary tumour of the trachea. It is a slow-growing tumour found in younger patients than the more common squamous cell carcinoma and is relatively resistant to treatment, but metastasizes late in the course of disease and even in unresectable cases can be palliated successfully for many years. We present a retrospective 20-year series of this condition from a single institute encompassing 13 patients of whom 6 were resected and 7 treated by palliative methods. A review of hospital records was carried out over the period 1984-2003. Details collected included symptoms before diagnosis, length of time from onset of the first symptom to diagnosis, resection details, survival statistics and accessory procedures tried before and after consideration of resection. The overall 5-year survival was 38.5%, but the mean survival in resected patients was 66 months as against 36 months for unresectable patients. Although most patients presented with dyspnoea, this was initially often attributed to other factors. The mean time of diagnosis from the onset of symptoms was 16 months. Although complete resection remains the management of choice if feasible, modern techniques of maintaining the airway in unresectable patients can give useful palliation for years.     

肝细胞肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合索拉非尼降期后二期切除的初步报告

目的探讨不可一期切除肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization,TACE)联合索拉非尼(Sorafenib)降期治疗后,二期再行根治性切除的可行性。方法回顾性分析2010年3月至2015年1月在南方医科大学南方医院肝胆外科经TACE及口服分子靶向药物索拉非尼治疗、成功降期后再行二期切除的21例HCC病人的临床资料。该组病人平均年龄45.5岁(20~67岁),肝切除手术后持续服用索拉非尼。结果该组病人经TACE联合口服索拉非尼成功降期,降期治疗所需时间平均为52.3 d。降期后实施左、右半肝切除分别为5例和3例,扩大左半肝切除1例,扩大右半肝切除1例,肝脏区段切除11例。术中平均出血量为356.3 ml(150~1 200 ml),平均手术时间为243.3 min(145~365 min)。经过12~62个月随访(中位随访时间为30.1个月),1、2、3年的无瘤存活率分别为76.2%、52.4%、43.6%,复发后病人再次接受TACE、放疗、射频消融等综合治疗者5例,接受再次手术切除的病人3例,1、2、3年总生存率分别为85.7%、71.4%、57.1%。结论 TACE联合口服索拉非尼全身治疗,可使部分初期不可切除肝癌成功降期,降期后接受外科根治性切除手术,初步效果令人鼓舞。     

Surgical resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhotic liver

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the experience of 2 different surgical units in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis with resection or percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), respectively. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: When allowed by the hepatic functional reserve, surgery is the therapy for HCC on cirrhosis; alternative treatments are proposed because of the high tumor recurrence rate after resection. RFA is being widely adopted to treat HCC. METHODS: Over a 4-year period, 79 cirrhotics with HCC underwent resection in 1 surgical unit (group A) and another 79 had RFA at a different unit (group B). Patient selection, operative mortality, hospital stay, and 1- and 3-year overall and disease-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Group A (surgery): mean follow-up was 28.9 +/- 17.9 months; operative mortality was 3.8%, mean hospital stay 9 days; 1- and 3-year survival were, respectively, 83 and 65%. One- and 3-year disease-free survival were 79 and 50%. Group B (RFA): mean follow-up was 15.6 +/- 11.7 months. Mean hospital stay was 1 day (range 1-8). One- and 3-year survival were 78 and 33%; 1- and 3-year disease-free survival were 60 and 20%. Overall and disease-free survival were significantly higher in group A (P = 0.002 and 0.001). The advantage of surgery was more evident for Child-Pugh class A patients and for single tumors of more than 3 cm in diameter. Results were similar in 2 groups for Child-Pugh class B patients CONCLUSIONS: RFA has still to be confirmed as an alternative to surgery for potentially-resectable HCCs.     

巨大肝癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨巨大肝癌(直径≥10cm)手术切除的安全性、可行性和治疗结果。方法 分析我院手术治疗大肝癌103例的效果。比较巨大肝癌与直径＜10cm一般肝癌切除组(34例)、以及巨大肝癌的切除组(68例)和非切除组(35例)的手术并发症、生存率。结果 巨大肝癌切除组与一般肝癌切除组的手术时间与出血量均无明显差异，手术并发症、死亡率三组间也无差异。一般肝癌组、巨大肝癌切除组与非切除组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为78．64％、53．73％、23．76％；72．8％、47．84％、21．26％及32．56％、11．37％、5．45％。后两者差异有显著的统计学意义(P＜0．05)。结论 对巨大肝癌的手术切除应持积极态度，一期切除能获得良好的治疗效果，如同时施行综合治疗可提高巨大肝癌远期疗效。     

Prognostic factors and survival after pulmonary resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary metastasectomy as well as immunotherapy have reproducible, albeit limited efficacy in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We examined whether metastasectomy improved overall survival compared with results of immunotherapy. METHODS: Between 1975 and 2003, 64 patients (41 men, 23 women) underwent pulmonary resection of metastatic RCC. Only patients who met the criteria for potentially curative operation, that means, control of primary tumor, ability to resect metastatic disease and no other extrapulmonary metastases, were included. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival was 33.4% (median survival: 39.2 months). A significant longer survival was observed using multivariate analysis in patients with complete pulmonary resection (R0), with a 5-year survival of 39.9% and a median survival of 46.6 months in correlation to patients with incomplete resection (5-year survival 0%, median survival 13.3 months). In multivariate analysis patients with synchronous metastases had a significant worse prognosis in correlation to patients with metachronous metastases. The 5-year survival of curative resected patients with metachronous metastases was 43.7% versus 0% for synchronous metastases, respectively. In patients with solitary metastasis and R0 resection, we observed a 5-year survival of 49%, whereas the rate was 23% in patients with more than a single metastasis. When establishing prognostic groups as suggested by the International Registry based on the risk factors disease-free interval, number of metastasis and complete resection the group with the best prognosis showed a 5-year survival of 52% (median survival 75.2 months). CONCLUSION: Metastasectomy nowadays is the best treatment option in cases with technical resectable metastases with as much as possible good prognostic factors (metachronous metastases with long DFI, number up to 6 metastases).     

Preoperative systemic chemoimmunotherapy and sequential resection for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To examine the surgical and pathologic findings of 15 patients who had initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and received preoperative systemic chemoimmunotherapy and sequential resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: More than 80% of patients with HCC present for treatment at an unresectable stage. Conventional treatment has produced a low tumor response rate in this group of patients. Recently, new systemic chemoimmunotherapy has been found to be effective and able to make previously unresectable HCC resectable. Sequential resection after response to chemoimmunotherapy could therefore induce complete clinical remission. METHODS: From July 1996 to February 1999, 150 patients with unresectable HCC were treated with systemic chemoimmunotherapy consisting of cisplatin, alpha-interferon, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil for a maximum of six cycles. The residual tumors were reassessed for resectability after treatment aiming at complete remission in the patients after combined modality treatment. Twenty-seven patients had a more than 50% regression in tumor size (2 complete remissions, 25 partial remissions). Fifteen patients had resectable disease after treatment, and all underwent sequential resection with curative intent. Treatment outcome and the surgical and pathologic features of these 15 patients were studied. RESULTS: Fifteen of 150 patients responded to chemoimmunotherapy and underwent sequential resection. They were considered to have unresectable disease as a result of extensive local disease (with and without major vascular involvement) in 10 patients and the presence of extrahepatic or metastatic disease in 5 patients. All patients except two were hepatitis B carriers. Surgical resection of the residual lesion after chemoimmunotherapy was successful for all patients. Eight of the patients had complete pathologic remission. The rest had minimal residual disease (<5%) only. All 15 patients entered complete clinical remission after surgery. Thirteen patients were still alive as of this writing and two had died of recurrent disease. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 100%, 100%, and 53%, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 27 months (range 15-37). Neither the median disease-free nor overall survival had been reached. Ten patients remained in complete remission as of this writing. CONCLUSION: Combined modalities with systemic chemoimmunotherapy and surgical resection can achieve complete clinical remission and long-term control of disease in patients with unresectable HCC.