Current Approaches to Venous Ulcers and Compression

BACKGROUND: Venous ulcers affect as many as 2.5 million people in the United States and can cause substantial pain and loss of function. OBJECTIVE: To review current approaches to venous ulcers and compression. METHOD: Treatment options that have been proposed in the literature are discussed utilizing the Cochrane library database, Medline, and the author's clinical experience. RESULTS: Diagnostic findings and management strategies for venous ulcers are reviewed. CONCLUSION: Good wound care and compression therapy will heal the majority of small venous ulcers of short duration. For ulcers that are slow to heal, other approaches such as venous surgery and grafting with conventional or bioengineered skin substitutes should be considered.     

乳腺超声及X线检查在鉴别乳腺导管原位癌是否伴微浸润中的价值

目的　比较导管原位癌（DCIS）及导管原位癌伴微浸润（DCISM）超声及X线特征的差异。方法　经手术病理诊断为DCIS和DCISM的病例共147例（DCIS94例,DCISM53例）。超声上,病变分为肿块及非肿块。X线上,病变分为单纯钙化、肿块、局灶不对称或结构扭曲。统计分析采用χ2检验,Fisher确切概率法及多因素logistic回归分析。结果　单因素及多因素分析结果显示,超声上病变内可见钙化及血流提示DCISM可能（P=0.038,P=0.025）。此外,X线上钙化范围越大,DCISM可能性越高（P=0.002）。结论　与DCIS相比,超声上病变内可见钙化及血流、X线上钙化分布范围较大与DCISM相关。     

Current Approaches to the Use of Sirolimus In Renal Transplantation

Sirolimus, a macrolide with immunosuppressive properties, was introduced into clinical practice a decade ago. The optimal use of this drug remains controversial: It displays a wide range of organ and tissue toxicities owing to the critical role of its therapeutic site— the kinase mammalian target of rapamycin—in the signal transduction pathways of numerous cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and nutrients. However, it displays unique, recognized benefits for renal transplant recipients: synergistic interactions with cyclosporine and possibly tacrolimus, allowing marked reduction in exposure to the calcineurin inhibitor; reduction in the frequency of posttransplant malignancies, particularly lymphomas, Kaposi sarcomas, and hypernephromas; and modest nephrotoxicity in comparison with calcineurin inhibitors. Because of its inhibitory effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation, sirolimus may be a useful tool to dampen chronic vasculo-obliterative processes that attenuate graft survival. With increasing experience with the drug, the true potential of sirolimus will be realized to be a critical element in the immunosuppressive matrix.     

Current Approaches for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

With advancement in biomechanical and biological research on idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, the insight on the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome has gained much clinical relevance. Open carpal tunnel release is still a gold standard procedure for carpal tunnel syndrome, which has evolved into mini-open procedure with development of new devices. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release has become popular in recent practice of hand surgery with an advantage of early recovery of hand function with minimal morbidity. However, endoscopic carpal tunnel release has its own limitation such as long learning curve with obvious surgical risk reported in the literature. In this review article, various treatment protocols for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome are presented with special highlight on endoscopic carpal tunnel release, which is gaining popularity in current practice.     

乳腺导管原位癌、微浸润癌及浸润性癌临床病理指标表达差异分析

目的：比较乳腺导管原位癌（DCIS）、导管原位癌伴微浸润（DCIS-MI）及浸润性乳腺癌（IDC）临床病理及免疫组化特征。方法回顾性分析2008至2013年的214例乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,其中DCIS 66例,DCIS-MI 48例,IDC 100例。根据免疫组化结果分为4组：Luminal-A [ER（＋）和／或 PR（＋）,HER2（－）],Luminal-B [ER（＋）和／或 PR（＋）,HER2（＋）],HER2（＋）型[ER（－）,PR（－）,HER2（＋）],和三阴型[ER（－）,PR（－）,HER2（－）]。结果从DCIS、DCIS-MI到IDC,肿瘤大小逐渐增加（P＜0．001）。IDC腋窝淋巴结阳性率高于DCIS和DCIS-MI（P＜0．001）。ER、PR、HER2阳性表达在纯DCIS、DCIS-MI与IDC之间的表达显著差异,P值均小于0．05。随着浸润的发展,Luminal-like 型比例下降,而HER2＋型和三阴型的比例增加（P＝0．016）。Ki-67指数分别为DCIS（10．4±12．9）％,DCIS-MI（13．9±16．3）％,IDC（43．9±26．4）％（P＜0．001）。结论在DCIS、DCIS-MI、IDC中不同亚型的分布以及各自的临床病理特点表明它们之间存在很大不同。     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020