正常压力脑积水患者分流手术适应症选择

正常压力脑积水(NPH)是一种脑室逐渐扩大而脑脊液压力却保护正常的交通性脑积水综合征。自1965年Hakim和Adams首次描述NPH至今已有30年历史,这期间分流手术被广泛应用,是治疗此病的常用方法。但多年来对手术效果仍存争议,文献报道分流手术后临床症状平均改善率约50％(21％～80％)。问题的关键在于正确的估计每个NPH病人预     

外阴派杰氏病8例分析

目的探讨外阴派杰氏病的治疗及预后。方法回顾分析我院自1992．1-2007.12共8例病理证实为外阴派杰氏病的诊断、治疗及预后。结果外阴派杰氏病属低度恶性肿瘤，病程长，预后较好。结论对于外阴湿疹样病变应尽旱行多点活检，早期诊断、早期手术，以提高治愈率。本病可采用手术为主，辅以放疗、激光等综合治疗。     

脑脓肿病人早期脑电图特征和诊断价值(附28例分析)

目的:对28例经临床和神经影像学检查证实的脑脓肿病人回顾性分析其脑电图资料,研究脑电图在脑脓肿的早期诊断和判断预后的价值.方法:28例患者经临床及医技检查,确诊为脑脓肿,保守治疗10例,微创穿刺引流脓肿4例,手术切除脓肿14例,脑电图检查分别在脑脓肿患者治疗前,保守治疗和手术后10～95 d(平均48 d)进行,日本光电16信道脑电图仪,参照国际10-20系统电极安置法安放头皮电极,接地电极置于FPz,行参考导联、双极导联和三角导联描记常规脑电图.结果:28例患者的脑电图在脑脓肿疾病早期就表现不正常,经过保守和手术治疗后脑电图显著好转,提示由于脑脓肿早期造成脑水肿,使神经细胞的正常活动受到阻碍,出现异常慢波,经过治疗后,临床症状改善或消失,脑电图也随之改善.结论:脑电图检查有助于发现脑脓肿早期引起的大脑皮层功能改变,有利于患者筛选进一步的检查;比较治疗前后脑电图变化,对诊断、治疗、观察脑脓肿病情变化及判断预后,在临床上具有重要的参考价值.     

重视十二指肠损伤体会

十二指肠损伤渐增多，对腹部损伤患者要高度重视有十二指肠损伤的可能。尽量作出早期诊断，防止漏诊，早期手术，术后综合治疗，对患者预后至关重要。     

老年高血压脑出血手术治疗预后的影响因素分析

目的 分析老年人高血压脑出血手术治疗预后的各种影响因素,以提高手术疗效.方法 回顾105例老年人(≥60岁)高血压脑出血手术治疗临床资料,分析GCS评分、出血量、手术时机、年龄对预后的影响.结果 患者术前GCS评分越高预后越好,血肿量较小者(≤50ml)预后较好,年龄越大者预后差,患者在6小时内及6-24小时内手术则较24小时后手术预后好.结论 患者术前GCS评分是HICH预后的重要指标,不同的出血量有不同的预后,超早期和早期手术疗效好,高龄患者(＞80岁)手术风险大,预后差.     

血清Ca199对于现代胰腺癌的临床意义

目的 探讨血清Ca199对于现代胰腺癌的诊断、围手术期评估及预后的临床意义.方法 回顾分析我院2003-2008年间61例手术治疗的胰腺癌患者术前、术后动态血清Ca199水平及术后患者癌症转移、复发、术后生存时间情况.结果 61胰腺癌患者,术前血清Ca199升高的阳性率为83.5%.术后血清Ca199水平明显下降者预后好,反之预后差,较早出现转移、复发.结论 血清Ca199对胰腺癌的早期诊断、围手术期评估及预后评估中发挥重要作用.     

嗜铬细胞瘤患者血浆和24h尿CAs水平变化及临床应用分析

目的:探讨嗜铬细胞瘤患者血浆、24h尿儿茶酚胺(CAs)水平变化与诊断、治疗及预后相互关系。方法:用酶联免疫分析(血浆)和高效液相色谱分析(24h尿)的方法,对97嗜铬细胞瘤患者、30例正常对照者,血浆及24h尿液中儿茶酚胺含量进行检测分析。结果:正常对照组与嗜铬细胞瘤患者组比较,血浆和24h尿儿茶酚胺(E、NE、DA)都明显高于正常对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.01);嗜铬细胞瘤患者血浆与24h尿儿茶酚胺(E、NE、DA)水平变化呈明显的正相关(r①=0.892,P<0.001;r②=0.781 P<0.001;r③=0.912,P<0.001);嗜铬细胞瘤患者手术治疗后跟踪随访血、尿CAs水平与正常对照组无明显差异。结论:嗜铬细胞瘤患者血浆和24h尿CAs水平变化与诊断、治疗及预后密切相关,24h尿CAs检测优于血浆,检测结果对临床早期诊断、治疗及预后判断具有重要意义。     

早期子宫内膜癌诊疗研究

多数子宫内膜癌早期可有症状,根据发病的危险因素、临床症状、体征、辅助检查及术中的相关手段进行评估,及早发现并治疗,预后良好。低危患者实施淋巴结的切除,对其预后可能无影响,还可能增加术中及术后并发症。而子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的特征为跳跃性转移,术前诊断存在局限性,手术病理分期仍是评估其转移状态的最佳方法,并为其预后及辅助治疗提供了一定的帮助。本文就子宫内膜癌的诊断及淋巴结切除指征、手术、预后及保留生育功能的治疗作一综述。     

原发性心脏血管肉瘤分子病理学研究进展

原发性心脏血管肉瘤(primary cardiac angiosarcoma, PCAS)十分罕见, 恶性程度高, 患者常表现为非特异性症状, 早期诊断困难, 预后差。目前对于PCAS治疗主要以手术切除为主并辅以放化疗, 但远期生存情况尚不理想。了解心脏血管肉瘤的分子病理研究进展, 寻找靶向治疗的可能有效靶点, 是目前延长PCAS患者生存期的希望。     

影响外伤性颅后窝血肿预后相关因素分析

目的探讨影响外伤性颅后窝血肿预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析56例外伤性颅后窝血肿患者的临床资料、治疗方案与临床预后,对影响颅后窝血肿预后的相关因素进行分析。结果全组56例患者,依据格拉斯哥临床预后评分（GOS评分）,恢复良好39例（4～5分）,预后不良17例（1～3分）,其中中残8例,重残4例,死亡5例。统计学分析外伤性颅后窝血肿预后与血肿部位、血肿量、GCS评分及伤后手术间期等因素相关,单纯颅后窝硬膜外血肿、血肿量少、入院时GCS评分高、以及伤后手术间期短患者预后较好。结论早期诊断、适当放宽手术指征并早期手术,有利于外伤性颅后窝血肿患者的预后,降低致死率和致残率。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.