高脂血症对大鼠肾脏内质网应激的影响及辛伐他汀的干预作用

目的： 探讨内质网应激在高脂血症引起的肾脏损伤中的作用及辛伐他汀的干预作用。方法: 30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：正常对照组（n=10）给予普通饲料喂养;高脂组（n=10）给予高脂饲料喂养;辛伐他汀组（n=10）在高脂饲料喂养的基础上给予辛伐他汀10 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃。18周后检测大鼠24 h尿蛋白及血清胆固醇、甘油三酯水平。光镜观察大鼠肾组织病理改变。免疫组化方法检测大鼠肾脏GRP78、p-JNK的表达。TUNEL检测肾组织凋亡细胞。RT-PCR检测肾组织GRP78 mRNA、CHOP mRNA的表达。结果: 18周时,高脂组大鼠24 h尿蛋白、血脂水平、GRP78及p-JNK蛋白的表达、GRP78及CHOP mRNA的表达、肾组织凋亡细胞均高于正常对照组（P<0.01）; 辛伐他汀组上述改变显著低于高脂组（均P<0.05）。结论: 内质网应激参与了高脂血症引起的肾脏损伤,辛伐他汀可以通过抑制肾脏的内质网应激反应而起肾脏保护作用。     

右美托咪定通过抑制内质网应激反应减轻肺缺血/再灌注小鼠肾损伤

目的:评价右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)通过抑制内质网应激反应减轻小鼠肺缺血/再灌注(I/R)诱发肾损伤的机制。方法:雄性健康SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠50只,体重20~24 g,8~10周龄,随机分为5组(n=10):假手术组(sham组)、I/R组、阿替美唑(atipamezole,Atip)组、DEX组和DEX+Atip组。采用小鼠在体左侧肺门夹闭30 min再灌注180 min方法制备肺缺血/再灌注损伤(I/R)模型。Atip组、DEX组和DEX+Atip组分别在肺门阻断前30 min腹腔注射Atip(250μg/kg)、DEX(20μg/kg)和DEX+Atip,其余处理同I/R组。再灌注结束后眼眶采血检测血肌酐与尿素氮浓度,取肾组织光镜下观察肾细胞的形态学改变,检测caspase-3的酶活性,TUNEL法检测肾细胞凋亡指数,Western blot和RT-PCR检测c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、caspase-12、CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)和葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的蛋白及mRNA水平。结果:与假手术组相比,其余组光镜下肾组织有明显损伤,血肌酐与尿素氮、肾细胞凋亡指数、caspase-3酶活性、JNK、caspase-12、CHOP和GRP78的蛋白及mRNA水平均升高(P0.01)。与I/R、Atip组和DEX+Atip组相比,DEX组光镜下可见肾细胞损伤减轻,血肌酐与尿素氮、肾细胞凋亡指数、caspase-3酶活性、JNK、caspase-12和CHOP表达均有下降,GRP78表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:右美托咪定预先给药可减轻小鼠肺缺血/再灌注诱发的肾损伤,其机制可能与激动α2-肾上腺素能受体,抑制内质网过度应激有关。     

单侧输尿管梗阻的大鼠内质网应激相关蛋白表达上调

目的探究内质网应激(ERS)相关凋亡通路在单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)大鼠肾间质纤维化中的作用机制。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组及UUO模型组,UUO组行左侧输尿管结扎术,于术后3、7和14 d HE和Masson染色观察肾脏病理变化;眼底静脉丛取血,分离血清测定血尿素氮及肌酐;Western blot检测葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、内质网源性转录因子(CHOP)、凋亡相关蛋白半胱氨酸天门冬氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)及caspase-12蛋白表达。结果与假手术组相比,UUO模型组可见:1)肾小管扩张和肾间质纤维化程度随输尿管梗阻时间延长而渐进性加重;2)GRP78、CHOP、caspase-3及caspase-12蛋白表达在术后3 d均有上调,随着梗阻时间延长,上述蛋白表达更显著(P0.01)。结论内质网应激相关标志性蛋白在UUO大鼠肾间质纤维化的早期即存在表达上调,可能促进了肾间质纤维化不断进展。     

脂氧素A4对横纹肌溶解所致急性肾损伤大鼠肾的保护作用

目的:探讨脂氧素A4(LXA4)是否能减轻横纹肌溶解所致急性肾损伤(AKI)大鼠肾损害程度并探讨其机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分成健康对照组、AKI组和LXA4干预组(造AKI模型同时腹腔注射LXA4);采用大鼠双侧后腿注射甘油建立横纹肌溶解所致AKI动物模型。常规生化方法检测血肌酐、血尿素氮的水平,HE染色观察肾脏组织学改变,ELISA法检测血清TNF-α及IL-6水平,比色法检测肾组织MPO的活性,Western blot法检测肾组织NF-κB的蛋白表达。结果:与AKI组相比,LXA4干预组的血尿素氮及肌酐水平明显下降(P<0.05),肾脏病理损害明显改善;血清TNF-α及IL-6水平表达明显下降(P<0.05),肾组织MPO的活性及NF-κB表达明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:LXA4对横纹肌溶解所致急性肾损伤有明显的保护作用,可能与LXA4降低肾组织NF-κB活化,减少炎症因子的产生和炎症细胞的浸润有关。     

重组球形脂联素减轻糖尿病小鼠肾脏损伤

目的探讨重组球形脂联素(APN)是否通过调节自噬和内质网应激减轻糖尿病小鼠肾脏损伤。方法将小鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病模型组、脂联素低和高剂量组(腹腔注射5和15μg/kg重组球形脂联素),每组8只。8周后取血用生化方法测定血糖、尿素氮和肌酐,用酶联免疫法测定胰岛素;取双侧肾脏计算肾脏质量/体质量;取部分肾脏皮质行HE染色,余保存于-70℃冰箱待用;用实时定量PCR测定内质网应激指标(GRP78、CHOP和caspase-12)和自噬指标(LC3、Beclin1和p62)mRNA表达。结果与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血糖、肌酐、尿素氮、肾质量/体质量水平均显著升高(P<0.05);胰岛素水平显著降低(P<0.05);肾脏病理改变加重;肾脏GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12和p62 mRNA表达显著升高(P<0.05);LC3和Beclin1 mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,脂联素可显著缓解模型组的上述变化(P<0.05)。结论重组球形脂联素通过调节自噬和内质网应激减轻糖尿病小鼠肾脏损伤。     

PI3K/Akt信号通路及内质网应激在肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞凋亡中的作用

目的观察磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶(PI3K/Akt)信号通路及葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、生长停滞及DNA损伤基因(CHOP/GADD153)在四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的肝纤维化中的表达并探讨其可能的作用。方法将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、肝纤维化模型(皮下注射40%CCl4橄榄油溶液)4及8周组。HE染色法观察肝组织病理形态学;用real-time PCR技术检测肝脏内GRP78及CHOP mRNA的表达;用Western blot检测肝脏内PI3K/Akt信号通路中Akt1、磷酸化Akt1及内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78及CHOP的表达;用原位末端转移酶标记(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果与正常组大鼠比较,肝纤维化模型4及8周组大鼠肝脏内GRP78及CHOP mRNA和蛋白表达均明显升高(P0.05),而肝脏内Akt1和磷酸化Akt1蛋白的表达则较正常大鼠显著降低(P0.05);与正常组大鼠比较,肝纤维化模型4及8周组大鼠肝细胞凋亡显著升高(P0.05)。结论 PI3K/Akt信号通路及内质网应激可能在肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞凋亡中发挥了重要作用。     

促红细胞生成素通过调节未折叠蛋白反应减轻顺铂所致的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡

 目的：探讨促红细胞生成素（EPO）能否通过调节未折叠蛋白反应减轻顺铂(CP)诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（每组12只）,包括正常对照组（control 组）、CP组和CP+重组人EPO组（CP+rHuEPO组）。顺铂或生理盐水注射96 h后处死SD 大鼠,留取血液和肾脏组织,检测血尿素氮（BUN）和血清肌酐（SCr）水平,PAS染色光镜观察肾脏形态结构变化;TUNEL染色检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡;采用Western blotting法、免疫组化及激光共聚焦技术检测EPO受体(EPOR)和葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)蛋白表达。结果：与control组比较,CP组与CP+rHuEPO组大鼠BUN及SCr水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,TUNEL染色显示凋亡细胞阳性率显著上升（P＜0.05）,EPOR及GRP78蛋白表达显著上调（P＜0.05）;PAS染色光镜示CP组肾脏组织结构出现明显损伤性变化;与CP组比较,CP+rHuEPO组SCr水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,凋亡细胞阳性率显著下降（P＜0.05）,EPOR及GRP78蛋白表达下调（P＜0.05）,肾脏病理损伤减轻。结论：EPO可以减轻顺铂引起的肾损害,其机制可能与调节未折叠蛋白反应减轻肾小管上皮细胞凋亡相关。     

沉默葡萄糖调节蛋白78基因增强高氧诱导的肺泡上皮细胞凋亡北大核心CSCD

目的探讨小干扰RNA(siRNA)干扰内质网应激相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)基因表达对高氧诱导肺泡上皮细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法培养人肺腺癌A549细胞,用构建的siRNA片段通过脂质体LipofectamineTM2000转染A549细胞,将细胞分为高氧空白组、阴性对照(阴性siRNA)组和实验(GRP78-siRNA)组3组,利用950 mL/L O2建立高氧细胞损伤模型。48 h后通过实时定量PCR检测C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)mRNA的表达,Western blot技术检测CHOP蛋白表达,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果应用siRNA抑制GRP78表达后,GRP78 mRNA和蛋白表达下调、CHOP mRNA和蛋白表达上调、A549细胞凋亡增加。结论下调GRP78基因可增强高氧活化的CHOP凋亡途径,诱导肺泡上皮细胞凋亡。     

沉默葡萄糖调节蛋白78基因增强高氧诱导的肺泡上皮细胞凋亡

目的探讨小干扰RNA(siRNA)干扰内质网应激相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)基因表达对高氧诱导肺泡上皮细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法培养人肺腺癌A549细胞,用构建的siRNA片段通过脂质体LipofectamineTM2000转染A549细胞,将细胞分为高氧空白组、阴性对照(阴性siRNA)组和实验(GRP78-siRNA)组3组,利用950 mL/L O2建立高氧细胞损伤模型。48 h后通过实时定量PCR检测C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)mRNA的表达,Western blot技术检测CHOP蛋白表达,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果应用siRNA抑制GRP78表达后,GRP78 mRNA和蛋白表达下调、CHOP mRNA和蛋白表达上调、A549细胞凋亡增加。结论下调GRP78基因可增强高氧活化的CHOP凋亡途径,诱导肺泡上皮细胞凋亡。     

4-苯基丁酸钠盐通过抑制内质网应激反应改善大鼠创伤性脑损伤

目的 观察内质网应激相关蛋白葡萄糖调控蛋白78(GRP78)、磷酸化胰腺内质网激酶(p-PERK)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)在大鼠弥漫性脑创伤后的表达变化,探讨4-苯基丁酸钠盐(4-PBA)通过抑制内质网应激,减轻创伤后脑损伤(TBI)程度的机制.方法 将90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术(sham)组、TBI组和4-PBA组.Marmarou法建立SD大鼠中度弥漫性脑创伤模型;于伤后即刻腹腔注射4-PBA(120 mg/kg)每天1次,共3d.分别于伤后3、6、12、24、48和72 h处死大鼠,观察伤后24、48和72 h大鼠的神经行为表现;HE染色观察病理学改变;免疫组织化学法及Western blotting检测伤后不同时间点皮质区GRP78、p-PERK和CHOP蛋白的表达.结果 4-PBA组大鼠脑创伤后的神经功能缺损明显改善,与TBI组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).与Sham组相比,TBI组GRP78、p-PERK和CHOP蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),GRP78于伤后3 h增加,12 h达高峰,之后逐渐减少,72 h回落至基线水平;p-PERK于12 h达高峰(P<0.05);CHOP于24 h达高峰,48～72h回落,仍高于基线水平(P<0.05);4-PBA组GRP78、p-PERK与CHOP的表达均低于TBI组(P<0.05).结论 脑创伤后启动内质网应激反应,4-PBA对脑创伤大鼠具有脑保护作用,其机制之一是通过阻断内质网应激启动的PERK/CHOP途径而实现的.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.