雌激素对阿尔茨海默病去势雌性SD大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察雌激素对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠学习记忆能力的影响。方法首先采用Aβ1～40,1μL(10μg/μL)立体定位SD大鼠单侧海马内注射建立AD动物模型,二周后双侧卵巢切除术(OVX)制备去卵巢大鼠模型后给予雌激素替代治疗(ERT),最后通过Morris水迷宫观察动物模型的学习、记忆能力变化情况。结果 ERT组AD动物模型的水迷宫逃避潜伏期和目标象限游泳时间比OVX组明显缩短(P0.05)。结论雌激素具有改善AD大鼠模型认知功能的作用。     

雌激素联合女贞子处理改善去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松及机制

目的观察雌激素联合女贞子(FLL)对去卵巢(OVX)大鼠骨质疏松(OP)的治疗作用及对β联蛋白(β-catenin)表达的影响。方法雌性健康SD大鼠60只,采用卵巢摘除法建立大鼠骨质疏松模型,随机分为假手术组、骨质疏松模型组、0. 5 mg/kg雌二醇组、0. 5 mg/kg雌二醇联合(5、2. 5、1. 25) g/kg FLL组,灌胃给药。ELISA试剂盒测定各组大鼠血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血清骨特异性碱性磷酸酶B(BALP)、骨钙素(OCN)及尿液中脱氧吡啶啉(DPD)的含量;骨密度仪分析大鼠股骨骨矿物质密度(BMD),HE染色观察股骨病变情况,免疫组织化学染色检测股骨β-catenin的表达,Western blot法检测股骨β-catenin蛋白水平。结果雌激素联合FLL能有效降低OVX大鼠ALP、BALP、OCN、DPD的含量,增加股骨骨小梁,改善骨质疏松大鼠骨代谢平衡,并增加股骨中β-catenin的蛋白水平,其联合用药作用优于雌激素单一用药。结论雌激素联合FLL能有效减轻OVX大鼠骨质疏松程度,其可能机制是增加股骨β-catenin的表达,进而调节骨代谢平衡发挥作用。     

内皮源性硫化氢在雌激素抗动脉粥样硬化中的作用及机制

 目的：探讨内皮源性硫化氢（H2S）在雌激素诱导的抗动脉粥样硬化过程中的作用及其机制。方法：在体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）上观察17β-雌二醇（E2）促进H2S快速释放的效应,并进一步观察雌激素受体在此过程中的作用。在去势雌性ApoE–/–C57BL/6小鼠中建立动脉粥样硬化模型,实验分为去势组（OVX）、去势+E2治疗组（OVX+E2）、去势+E2+内源性H2S生成酶抑制剂DL-炔丙基甘氨酸(PPG)治疗组（OVX+E2+PPG）,观察各组大鼠血液中H2S的浓度和动脉粥样斑块大小。结果：E2可以促进HUVECs快速释放H2S,且具有时间效应和浓度效应。雌激素受体α亚型激动剂丙基吡唑三醇(而不是β亚型激动剂二芳丙腈）可以模拟E2促H2S释放效应,雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI 182780可以阻断E2促H2S释放效应。在动物模型上,与OVX相比,OVX+E2组动脉粥样硬化明显改善,血液中H2S浓度升高;而OVX+E2+PPG组动脉粥样硬化无明显改善,H2S浓度无明显差异。结论: 雌激素通过细胞膜上的ERα促进内皮源性H2S的快速释放,H2S在雌激素抗动脉粥样硬化的过程中起着重要作用。     

雌激素对阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型MAPK蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨雌激素对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型学习记忆能力及丝裂霉原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)蛋白表达的影响。方法30只大鼠行卵巢切除术(OVX)后,均分成OVX组和雌激素替代治疗组(ERT),然后采用1μlofAβ1～40(10μg/μl)立体定位单侧海马内注射建立AD动物模型,通过水迷宫实验检测动物模型的学习、记忆能力;免疫组化检测MAPK蛋白表达情况。结果ERT组AD动物模型的水迷宫逃避潜伏期较OVX组明显缩短(P<0.05),同时ERT组AD动物模型的海马CA1、CA3区的MAPK表达上调(P<0.05)。结论雌激素可以改善AD动物模型的认知功能,其神经保护作用可能与上调海马MAPK表达有关。     

雌激素对大鼠心脏雌激素受体α和β表达的影响

目的研究雌激素受体（ER）α和β在新生、成年和卵巢切除大鼠心脏的表达。方法采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western blot方法,分析新生和成年大鼠心脏各部的ERα和βmRNA及ER蛋白质的表达,探讨不同剂量的17β雌二醇对卵巢切除大鼠心脏ERα和βmRNA、ER蛋白质的表达调控及对心房、心室重量和它们与体重比变化的影响。结果ERα mRNA在新生大鼠心脏各部表达较低,而成年大鼠心脏各部ERα mRNA的转录水平提高3～20倍,这种差别体现在ERα蛋白质的表达水平不同。反之新生大鼠心脏ERβ mRNA表达水平较高,而成年大鼠心脏ERβ mRNA的表达降低2～7倍。卵巢切除减少成年大鼠心房ERαmRNA和蛋白质的表达,减轻心房重量及心房／体重比;17肛雌二醇替代却能反转这些改变,同时随着血浆17β-雌二醇水平的增高,这种影响在一定程度上呈剂量依赖关系。卵巢切除和178一雌二醇替代并不改变心脏和心室／体重比,也不影响ERβ mRNA的表达。结论雌激素受体α和β在新生和成年大鼠心脏的表达存在差别,ERβ可能在大鼠心脏的发育过程中起重要作用,ERα足雌激素对成年大鼠心脏调控的优势受体;雌激素的主要靶器官是心房,且通过其受体的介导促进心房肌细胞的增生。     

雌二醇对大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖的影响

目的观察雌二醇对大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖的影响及其作用机制。方法取20只孕17d的SD大鼠海马组织,进行神经干细胞的培养和增殖,添加不同浓度的雌二醇(E2)。通过5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)免疫荧光、MTT方法检测神经干细胞的增殖;通过免疫荧光技术和巢蛋白(Nestin)双标观察神经干细胞球中雌激素受体ERα和ERβ的表达情况。结果 BrdU与MTT检测结果显示,随着雌二醇浓度从10-10mol/L增加至10-8mol/L,神经干细胞数量逐渐增加。雌二醇在10-8mol/L时,细胞增殖数目最多而且细胞活力最好。随着雌二醇浓度进一步增加至10-6mol/L,神经干细胞增殖能力逐渐下降。免疫荧光技术检测显示神经干细胞均表达ERα和ERβ两种受体。结论在一定浓度范围内,雌二醇能促进海马神经干细胞的增殖,并可能是通过ERα和ERβ介导促进神经干细胞增殖。     

雌激素及其受体对低氧性肺血管重建的作用

 目的：探讨雌激素及其受体对低氧性肺血管重建的作用。 方法:采用间断常压低氧法建立大鼠低氧性肺动脉高压模型。将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分成：对照组、雌激素预防组、低氧组、雌激素治疗组、治疗对照组。以右心导管法测定平均肺动脉压(mPAP)；测定右心室肥厚指数［RV/(LV+S)］；图像分析技术测定肺小血管管壁厚度；用放射免疫法测定血清17-β雌二醇浓度。用RT-PCR方法检测肺组织中ERβ mRNA的表达，用免疫组化染色法检测肺小血管壁的ERβ蛋白表达。 结果:①低氧组、治疗对照组大鼠mPAP、RV/(LV+S)、WT%和WA%均高于对照组；雌激素预防组、雌激素治疗组大鼠mPAP、RV/(LV+S)、WT%和WA%均低于低氧组、治疗对照组。②低氧组、治疗对照组大鼠ERβ mRNA表达量和ERβ蛋白表达与正常对照组无差异。经雌激素干预后，雌激素预防组、雌激素治疗组的ERβ mRNA表达和ERβ蛋白表达显著高于低氧组、治疗对照组。 结论:17-β雌二醇能有效降低低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠的肺动脉压力、阻抑右心室肥厚,对低氧性肺动脉高压血管重建具有一定的预防和治疗作用，其作用可能是通过雌激素受体β实现的。     

雌激素α、β受体在雌性大鼠眼葡萄膜组织中的表达

目的 探讨雌激素α、β受体（ERα、ERβ）在雌性大鼠眼葡萄膜组织的表达。方法 选择青春期SD雌性大鼠22只,采用颈椎脱臼处死大鼠, 取眼球作常规石蜡包埋,连续切片, SP免疫组织化学方法显示ERα、ERβ在葡萄膜组织的表达;采用Tanaka记分法对ERα、ERβ进行定量分析,并设正常大鼠子宫作阳性对照;PBS代替一抗作阴性对照。同时采用放射免疫分析方法检测大鼠血清雌二醇的浓度。结果 ERβ在虹膜基质细胞、虹膜前后两层色素上皮细胞、睫状体非色素上皮和色素上皮、脉络膜各层血管内皮的表达水平主要呈中表达或高表达;ERα则表达不明显。ERβ阳性表达率明显高于ERα,经统计学分析两者间有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。ERα、ERβ免疫阳性反应物呈颗粒状,定位在细胞质或细胞核。正常大鼠血清雌二醇水平经检测含量为(22.13±3.54)ng/L。结论 大鼠葡萄膜组织以ERβ表达为主,雌激素主要通过ERβ信号转导途径对这些组织的功能起调控作用。     

卵巢切除对大鼠肾上腺雌激素受体亚型表达的影响

目的通过对去卵巢大鼠雌激素受体(ER)亚型在肾上腺表达的观察,研究去卵巢对大鼠肾上腺功能影响的机制。方法选择成年Wistar大鼠20只,10只为假手术组,10只为模型组(去卵巢组),6周后处死大鼠,分离摘取肾上腺,称重后常规石蜡包埋切片,分别进行ERα、ERβ抗体的免疫组织化学染色,并取动物血清测量雌二醇(E2)和促卵泡生成素(FSH)的含量。结果1.ERα与ERβ在大鼠肾上腺均有表达,主要分布在肾上腺皮质部,以球状带和束状带为主,网状带有少量分布,ERβ的表达强于ERα。2.ERβ在大鼠模型组的表达强于假手术组,有统计学意义,ERα在模型组的表达略强于假手术组,但无统计学意义。3.卵巢切除后,大鼠血清FSH升高,E2下降,与假手术组相比,有显著差异。结论卵巢切除可影响雌激素受体在大鼠肾上腺的表达,尤其是对ERβ表达的影响较为显著。卵巢切除能够减少大鼠血清雌激素的分泌,使垂体反馈性的增加FSH的分泌。     

雌激素对ERα-/ERβ-乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的调节作用及分子机制

目的 研究雌激素对ERα-/ERβ-乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的调节作用及分子机制.方法 选择乳腺癌细胞株SK-BR-3(GPR30+,ERα-/ERβ-)进行研究,用不同水平的雌二醇进行处理,同时将GPR30的siRNA和阴性对照的siRNA转染进入细胞.处理24h后,检测细胞的增殖情况和侵袭情况.结果 雌二醇处理能够以剂量依赖的方式增加细胞活力以及侵袭细胞的数目;转染GRP30-siRNA能够显著降低GPR30的mRNA含量,抑制效率为75.42％;雌二醇处理组的细胞活力以及侵袭数目均高于对照组,雌二醇联合GRP30-siRNA组的细胞活力以及侵袭数目均低于雌二醇处理组(P＜0.05).结论 雌激素能够促进ERα-/ERβ-乳腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,受体GPR30可能是雌激素发挥作用的分子机制.     

雌激素及雌激素受体对高血压心肌肥厚的影响

雌激素通过雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）的介导对心血管系统发挥保护作用。雌激素被动扩散进入细胞后与雌激素受体结合,通过影响肾素血管紧张素系统（RAS）、NO合成、钙离子通道,改善脂质代谢等方面导致高血压心肌肥厚。雌激素受体调节剂（SERMs）如雷洛昔芬等也可以与ER结合,发挥抗心肌肥厚的作用。     

左旋18-甲基炔诺酮对大鼠雌激素水平及下丘脑雌激素受体阳性细胞的影响

目的:观察左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(LNG)对大鼠雌激素(E)水平及下丘脑内雌激素受体(ER)阳性细胞的影响。方法:正常雌性SD大鼠分为给药对照组、给药组、停药对照组、停药组,应用免疫组织化学方法显示下丘脑ER阳性细胞并检测血清E浓度。结果:给药组较给药对照组E浓度下降,弓状核(Arc)、下丘脑腹内侧核(VMH)内ER阳性细胞的数量减少、光密度下降。停药后基本恢复正常。结论:长期LNG作用导致给药大鼠血清E水平下降;长期LNG作用引起大鼠下丘脑ER数量减少、活性减低,推测ER可能参与影响促性腺激素释放激素的分泌;停药后ER的形态学变化恢复正常,所以LNG的作用基本上是可逆的。     

雌激素作用分子机制研究进展

雌激素在体内具有广泛的生物学活性。女性进入绝经期后 ,体内雌激素水平显著下降 ,出现与之相关的绝经期综合症 ,以及心血管疾病如冠心病、动脉粥样硬化和骨质疏松等。使用激素替代疗法能明显减少上述疾病的发生[1 ] 。本文重点在分子机制水平上对雌激素作用研究进展进行综述。     

雌激素与甲状腺癌的关系

 雌激素主要通过其特异受体作用于甲状腺癌细胞。雌激素可以通过其特异受体即雌激素受体（ER）结合雌激素反应因子,激活多种基因影响甲状腺癌细胞生长。以及雌激素通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号转导途径刺激甲状腺癌细胞生长。     

Enzymes of estrogen metabolism in endometrial cancer

Activities of estrogen metabolism enzymes (aromatase, 2-and 4-estrogen hydroxylases, catechol-O-methyltransferase, and glutathione transferase) were studied by modern biochemical methods in tumors of patients with endometrial cancer. Relationships between enzyme activities and body weight index, age of menarche, stage of the disease, tumor histotype, differentiation degree, and depth of invasion into the myometrium were detected. The detected relationships between enzyme activities and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone and level of estrogen receptors in tumor tissue attest to hormone dependence of aromatase, estrogen hydroxylases, and glutathione transferase. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 141, No. 2, pp. 202–204, February, 2006     

Human fetal testis: source of estrogen and target of estrogen action

BACKGROUND: Estrogens are involved in masculine fertility and spermatogenesis. However, little is known about estrogen involvement in human testicular organogenesis. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the cellular sources and targets of estrogens and their variations in the human testis during fetal development. Expression profiles of aromatase (CYP19) and estrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta were analysed in human fetal testes at various gestational stages by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. METHODS: Fifty-four archival paraffin-embedded and four frozen fetal testes were studied by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Tissue quality was confirmed by histology and expression of specific functional markers: androgenic enzymes for Leydig cells, anti-Müllerian hormone for Sertoli cells and Steel factor receptor for germ cells. RESULTS: We demonstrate that the human fetal testes express aromatase and ERbeta simultaneously in Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells but are devoid of ERalpha. Quantification of positive cells indicates a window of protein expression, especially between 13 and 22-24 weeks. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that the human fetal testis expresses CYP19 and ERbeta but not ERalpha mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that locally produced estrogens influence human testicular development through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, most notably during the period of maximal testicular susceptibility to endocrine disruptors.     

人胎盘滋养层细胞雌激素α,β受体免疫细胞化学研究

目的:探讨雌激素-α,β型受体（estrogen recoptor α,β）在人胎盘滋养层细胞的表达和定位。方法:采用细胞培养结合免疫细胞化学ABC法。结果:人胎盘及培养的人胎盘绒毛合体、细胞滋养层细胞均呈雌激素α,β受体免疫反应性,雌激素受体免疫反应阳性物质定位于胞核内,细胞质为阴性。结论:人胎盘滋养层细胞存在雌激素α,β受体,这为研究雌激素对人胎盘滋养层细胞的功能调控提供了形态学依据。     

Expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in irritable bowel syndrome and its clinical significance

Objectives: Estrogen is suggested to participate in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the colon of IBS patients has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GPER and classical estrogen receptors in the colon of IBS patients and healthy controls. Methods: Colonic biopsies were obtained by endoscopy from patients with IBS (n = 46) and healthy subjects (n = 13). Expression of GPER, estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in mast cells were measured by double-labelling immunofluorescence. Quantification of mRNA expression was performed for GPER, ERα and ERβ by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Differential distribution of GPER, ERα and ERβ were detected in human colonic mucosa. The expression of GPER in the cytoplasm of mast cells and GPER-positive cells was significantly higher in diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS) patients than that in constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS, P < 0.001) patients and healthy subjects (P = 0.005). ERα and ERβ were not detected in majority of mast cells in colonic mucosa and no difference of immunostaining results for ERα and ERβ was found among these three groups. A positive correlation (r = 0.451, P = 0.011) between GPER-positive cell counts and abdominal pain severity was observed in D-IBS group. Relative mRNA expression of GPER in D-IBS was also higher than that in C-IBS (P = 0.018) and healthy subjects (P = 0.011). Conclusions: The present study, for the first time, demonstrated the expression of GPER in human colonic mucosa and its correlation with abdominal pain severity.     

Amelioration of estrogen deficiency-induced obesity by collagen hydrolysate

Objectives: Menopausal transition with declining estrogen levels significantly affects the physiological properties of women and consequently contributes to a series of medical conditions, including obesity. Obesity is a crucial risk factor associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and breast cancer. Increasing dietary protein content improves satiety and energy expenditure. Thus, we hypothesize that supplementing with collagen, a common dietary protein, may alleviate menopause-induced obesity.Methods: We used ovariectomized (OVX) rats to mimic a menopausal human. The body weight of OVX rats significantly increased compared with that of sham-operated rats (P<0.05), but uterus weight was decreased. Adipocyte size in perigonadal adipose tissue also increased (P<0.05).Results: By contrast, OVX rats supplemented with aqueous collagen hydrolysate (2.5 mg/mL) exhibited significant attenuation in body weight gain and adipocyte enlargement (P<0.05), but insignificant change in uterus weight. Further investigation indicated that collagen hydrolysate supplementation insignificantly affected the levels of dorsal fat, serum total cholesterol, and serum triacylglycerol. Levels of serum biochemical factors, calcium, phosphorus, and glucose were also insignificantly altered by collagen hydrolysate supplementation.Conclusion: Collagen hydrolysate supplementation reduced body weight gain and adipocyte enlargement in response to ovariectomy but slightly affected blood lipids, calcium, and glucose in both sham-operated and OVX rats. Collagen hydrolysate supplementation is beneficial in ameliorating estrogen deficiency-induced obesity and its associated risk factors.     

Fibrous tumor of the breast in a postmenopausal woman receiving estrogen

Fibrous tumor of the breast is a rare, benign stromal proliferation with atrophy of the epithelial component. Almost all patients who develop fibrous tumors are premenopausal. An unusual example of fibrous tumor of the breast is reported in a 62-year-old postmenopausal woman. The mass, first noted 1 year previously, progressively enlarged over the year. The patient noted a history of taking exogenous estrogens for 10 years. Intense estrogen administration during the year of enlargement may be associated with accelerated growth of the tumor. In addition, positive nuclear staining for estrogen receptor antibodies in stromal cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods.