FFAR4基因多态性与藏族先天性心脏病关系的研究

目的:探讨游离脂肪酸受体4(FFAR4)基因多态性与藏族先天性心脏病(CHD)的关系。方法:选取103例藏族CHD患者和267例藏族健康对照者为研究对象,抽取外周血后提取基因组DNA,采用MassARRAY技术对FFAR4基因非编码区的5个候选标签单核苷酸多态性(tag SNP)位点(rs12219199、rs12220062、rs77999136、rs12243124和rs10882282)进行基因分型检测,在两组间进行基因型频率、等位基因频率和单体型分析。结果:筛选的5个候选tag SNP位点在样本中均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。(1)FFAR4基因rs10882282的等位基因C在两组间有显著差异(P0.05),rs12219199、rs12220062、rs77999136和rs12243124的基因型和等位基因频率在两组间无显著差异;(2)5个候选tag SNP位点间存在连锁不平衡,构成7类常见单体型;(3)携带rs10882282等位基因C的单体型CGCTC在两组间有显著差异(P0.05),与藏族CHD风险显著相关(OR=2.849,95%CI:1.400～5.798);(4)野生等位基因组成的单体型CGCTG在两组间有显著差异(P0.05),与降低藏族CHD风险显著相关(OR=0.702,95%CI:0.506～0.974)。结论:FFAR4基因非编码区rs10882282位点等位基因C是藏族CHD易感位点。单体型CGCTC可能为藏族CHD的危险因素;单体型CGCTG可能为藏族CHD的保护因素;携带等位基因C是可能的危险因素。FFAR4基因可能是CHD的易感基因。     

eNOS 基因标签单核苷酸多态性与新疆汉族原发性高血压的相关性研究

目的: 探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶( eNOS )基因标签单核苷酸多态性(tSNP)(rs2070744、rs1800779、rs1799983、rs3918188和rs7830)与新疆汉族原发性高血压(EH)的相关性,阐明连锁不平衡(LD)模式和单体型分布特征。方法: 采取整群抽取随机抽样的方法,选取新疆沙湾县汉族346名EH患者(EH组)与385名健康者(NT组)为研究对象,进行流行病学调查和临床检查,并采集血样。运用单碱基延伸分型(SNaPshot)技术检测 eNOS 基因标签单核苷酸多态性,确定基因型。结果: (1) eNOS 基因rs3918188位点等位基因C、A在EH组和对照组中分布频率分别为485(70.1%)、207(29.9%)和497(64.5%)、273(35.5%),EH组C等位基因频率高于对照组 (P<0.05),C等位基因患病风险为A等位基因1.287倍(95%CI 1.033-1.603,P<0.05)。rs7830位点基因型CC、AC、AA在EH组及正常对照组中的分布频率分别为126(36.4%)、185(53.5%)、35(10.1%)和145(37.7%)、173(44.9%)、67(17.4%),EH组和正常对照组基因型频率分布有显著差异(χ²=9.721,P<0.01)。其它tSNP位点基因型及等位基因频率分布在EH组和对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)除rs1800779和rs2070744位点间存在强连锁不平衡外;其它位点间不存在强连锁不平衡;单体型TAGAC在EH组和对照组中分布频率分别为183 (26.45％)和248 (32.21％),EH组低于对照组(P＜0.05);单体型TAGCC在EH组和对照组中分布频率分别为179(25.87％)和141(18.31％),EH组高于对照组(P＜0.01)。结论: eNOS rs3918188C等位基因可能是新疆汉族EH的易感因素,rs7830位点多态性可能与新疆汉族EH相关,其它tSNP可能与该民族EH不相关;除rs1800779和rs2070744位点间存在强连锁不平衡外,其它tSNP位点间不存在强连锁不平衡;tSNP构成的单体型可能与新疆汉族EH相关。     

EGLN1基因两个位点多态性与藏族人群高原低氧适应的关系

目的 探讨西藏藏族人群EGLN1基因2个SNP(单核苷酸多态性)位点rs479200（C/T）、rs480902（T/C）多态性与高原低氧适应的相关性。
方法 选取世居西藏拉萨藏族150人及辽宁汉族150人的血样,提取白细胞基因组DNA,应用限制性片段长度多态性-聚合酶链反应（PCR-RFLP）技
术检测EGLN1基因2个SNP位点,分析其多态性特征。结果 rs479200位点等位基因C等位基因频率在藏族人和汉族人分别为71.33%和38.17%,
rs480902位点等位基因T等位基因频率在藏族人和汉族人分别为66.67%和36.67%,两组比较差异显著（P<0.01）;rs479200位点TT、TC和CC基因
型频率在藏族人和汉族人分别为6.67%和56.67%、29.33%和33.33%、64%和10%,rs480902位点TT、TC和CC基因型频率在藏族人和汉族人分别为
60.67%和9.33%、30.66%和28.67%、8.67%和62%。两位点TC基因型两组比较差异无统计学意义;TT和CC基因型两组比较差异均显著（P<0.01）。
结论 EGLN1基因rs479200（C/T）和rs480902（T/C）SNP位点多态性与西藏藏族适应高原低氧环境存在相关性。rs479200位点的CC基因型和
rs480902位点的TT基因型可能更有利于适应低氧环境。     

SH2B3基因标签单核苷酸多态性与汉族原发性高血压的关系

目的探讨SH2B衔接蛋白3(SH2B3)基因标签单核苷酸多态(SNPs)与汉族原发性高血压(EH)的关系。方法用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP),对1 020例汉族人(EH患者和对照者各510例)SH2B3基因6个标签SNPs(rs7309325、rs11065898、rs10849947、rs2239196、rs2238154和rs739496)的多态性进行检测,运用遗传模型分析该基因与汉族EH的相关性。结果 rs2239196位点基因型和等位基因在EH组和对照组间的频率分布均具有显著性差异(Bonfferoni校正P0.05),Logistic回归分析结果显示T等位基因携带者的患病风险显著升高(OR=2.59,95%CI 1.36~4.96,Bonfferoni校正P0.05)。结论 SH2B3基因rs2239196位点T等位基因可能是汉族EH发生的危险因子。     

钠离子转运基因多态性及血清Na~+水平与朝鲜族女性原发性高血压相关性研究

目的探讨rs11643718、rs7187932、rs12447134和rs3743966位点多态性与血清Na~+与朝鲜族女性原发性高血压的相关性。方法对116例朝鲜族原发性高血压和109名朝鲜族健康者进行研究,运用LDR连接酶技术检测分析4个SNP位点多态性,全自动生化分析仪检测血清Na~+。结果朝鲜族女性原发性高血压组和正常对照组之间rs11643718高血压组和正常对照组GG基因型与GA和AA基因型频率及G,A等位基因频率分布差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。rs7187932、rs3743966位点高血压组和正常对照组基因型频率等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。朝鲜族女性原发性高血压组和正常对照组之间血清Na~+水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而rs7187932位点对照组GG基因型组与高血压组GG基因型组及对照组GA+AA组血清比较Na~+水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 rs11643718位点等位基因A是朝鲜族女性高血压的危险因素。rs7187932位点GG基因型组与血清钠离子水平正相关。     

血管紧张素原基因核心启动子区域突变与藏族原发性高血压的关联分析

目的 寻找血管紧张素原(angiotensinogen, AGT)基因核心启动子区域存在的突变,分析该突变在中国西藏人群中的分布以及与原发性高血压的关联.方法 以藏族103例原发性高血压患者和82名健康受试者为研究对象进行病例-对照研究.用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(polymerase chain reaction/single strand conformation polymorphism, PCR/SSCP)分析和自动荧光测序方法,对AGT基因核心启动子区域DNA序列进行突变分析;用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism, PCR-RFLP)方法分析AGT基因(-6)位点多态性.结果 PCR/SSCP分析发现,AGT基因转录起始位点上游(-20)位存在A→C突变,统计分析显示,藏族正常人群与高血压人群中该位点A等位基因均有较高的发生频率(0.9175,0.9124),突变位点多态性分布无统计学差异(P＞0.8).AGT基因转录起始位点上游(-6)位点存在A→G突变,在藏族正常人群中等位基因A和G分布频率分别为0.780和0.220,原发性高血压群体中它们的分布频率分别为0.626和0.374,两者之间存在差异(P＜0.025).结论 (1)藏族群体中AGT基因(-20)A等位基因有较高的分布频率;(2)AGT基因(-6)G等位基因在藏族高血压患者群体中发生频率较高,可能是藏族原发性高血压的遗传易感因子.     

新疆维吾尔族群体色氨酸羟化酶1基因T3804A位点多态性与抑郁症的关联

目的探讨新疆维吾尔族群体色氨酸羟化酶1(TPH1)基因T3804A(rs623580)位点多态性与抑郁症的关系。方法采用聚合酶链式反应产物直接测序的方法检测104例抑郁症患者(研究组)和90例正常体检者(对照组)TPH1基因rs623580位点的基因型。应用SPSS10.0分析基因多态性与抑郁症相关性。结果研究组与对照组TPH1基因rs623580位点的基因型频率差异(χ2=6.560,P=0.038)和等位基因频率差异(χ2=5.517,P=0.019)具有统计学意义。研究组与对照组按性别分亚组,女性研究组与对照组基因型频率差异(χ2=8.026,P=0.018)和等位基因频率差异(χ2=7.154,P=0.007)具有统计学意义。男性研究组与对照组基因型频率差异和等位基因频率差异不具有统计学意义。结论新疆维吾尔族群体色氨酸羟化酶1基因T3804A位点与抑郁症的发病可能具有关联性,A等位基因可能是抑郁症的易感基因。     

AXIN2基因三个位点与先天性巨结肠的关联研究

目的 探讨AXIN2基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)rs2240308、rs8081536和rs9913621 3个位点与先天性巨结肠(Hirschspnmg disease,HSCR)的关联性.方法 对120例HSCR患者和120名正常人群外周血进行基因组DNA抽提,用PCR技术对AXe2基因3个位点(rs2240308、rs8081536和rs9913621)进行PCR扩增,PCR产物用内切酶CviJ I、Dde I和BaN I消化,将SNPs位点进行分型与分析,应用X2检验统计分析病例组和对照组等位基因频率、等位基因型频率及其患病风险;同时将PCR产物进行测序,以进一步确定基因突变位点.结果 HSCR组与对照组AXIN2 rs8081536 CC和CT基因型频率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而HSCR组与对照组AXIN2 rs2240308 GG、AG和从基因型频率及A和G等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),GC和从基因型及G等位基因的患病风险分别为2.091、0.846和1.703;HSCR组与对照组AXIN2 rs9913621 CC、CT和TT基因型频率及C和T等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),CC和TT基因型及T等位基因的患病风险分别为0.535、1.113和1.569.测序rs2240308第301位密码子核苷酸GCA→CCA杂合突变;rs913621第199位密码子核苷酸CAC→CAG杂合突变.结论 AXIN2 rs8081536等位基因变异与HSCR的易感性无关;AXIN2 rs2240308和rs9913621与HSCR的发生可能有关联,具有GG基因型与CC基因型患HSCR的危险性相对较高.     

AT1R基因A1166C多态性与汉、藏和彝族原发性高血压的遗传易感性

目的 研究血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor，AT，R)基因A1166C多态性是否与汉族、藏族和彝族原发性高血压(essential hypertension，EH)的遗传易感性相关联。方法 以748名受试者的基因组DNA为模板，应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法检测A1166C多态性。结果 在汉、藏、彝3个民族正常人群中，A1166等位基因的频率分别为0．979、0．939和0．965，在藏族男性中，EH患者A1166等位基因的频率明显高于正常对照(P＝0．001)，AA基因型(P＝0．0034)是EH的独立危险因素，在汉族和彝族人群中，EH患者和正常对照之间A1166C基因型分布和等位基因频率的差异均无显著性。结论 在汉族、藏族和彝族人群中，ATlR基因A1166是最常见的等位基因；A1166C多态性是藏族男性EH的遗传易感因子，而不是汉族和彝族EH的主要遗传易感因素。     

三个不同海拔藏族群体HIF1A基因九个单核苷酸多态性位点研究

目的 研究不同海拔高度的低氧环境差异对基因缺氧诱导因子1α基因(hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha,HIF1A)的选择作用.方法 选取世居于西藏、青海、云南的3个不同海拔高度的藏族群体,利用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测HIF1A基因的9个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)位点.结果 所有非同义突变SNP位点的基因型频率与等位基因型频率在3个藏族群体之间差异无统计学意义,而rs11549465位点的基因型频率在云南藏族分别与西藏藏族和青海藏族之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).4个内含子SNP位点基因型频率与等位基因频率在西藏藏族与青海藏族之间差异均无统计学意义;但在西藏藏族和青海藏族分别与云南藏族比较时,基因型频率与等位基因频率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且跟海拔差异有相关性.结论 海拔高度不同引起的低氧环境差异有可能对 HIF1A 基因有选择作用.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.